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INJURIOUS INSECTS 



Orchard, Vineyard 



FIELD, GARDEN, CONSERVATORY, 



HOUSEHOLD, STOREHOUSE, DOMESTIC ANIMALS, ETC, 



) -UJ-Ul) 



REMEDIES FOR THEIR EXTERMINATION 



'K/ 



BY MATTHEW COOKE, 



\0 LATE CHIEF EXECUTIVE HORTICULTURAL OFFICER OF CALIFORNIA 



ILLUSTRATED WITH OVER 750 WOOD CUTS, AND 25 PAGES OF CLASSIFIED ILLUSTRATIONS. 




SACRAMENTO: 

H. S. CROCKER & CO., PRINTERS AND STATIONERS. 

188:5. 



5f333 
C77 



OF SACRAMENTO, CALIFORNIA, 

AS A TOKEN OF SINCERE REGARD, AND ACKNOWLEDGMENT FOR KIND 

ASSISTANCE IN PLACING ME IN A 

MANUFACTURING BUSINESS IN 1874, WHICH LED TO MY 

INVESTIGATIONS IN ECONOMIC ENTOMOLOGY, 

THIS BOOK IS 

RESPECTFULLY DEDICATED BY THE 

AUTHOR. 



Entered according to Act of Congress, in the jear 1883, 

BY MATTHEW COOKE, 

III the office of the Librarian of Congress, at Washington. 



P REPACK 



This book is designed for the use of orchardists, vineyard- 
ists, farmers, and others interested in the subjects treated. It 
is designed to convey practical information concerning some 
of the species of insects injurious to the industries of cultiva- 
tors of the soil, and those interested in earth produce generally. 

It has been my aim to free the volume, so far as was possible, 
from technical terms, and I have retained the technical or sci- 
entific names of insects only to aid the reader in reference to 
scientific works. 

It must not be assumed that there has been any intention to 
present this work as a scientific treatise, and I may be par- 
doned for supplementing the statement by the information, that 
I have never laid claim whatever to scientific education. My 
advantages were limited in youth to a common school system, 
and since that period I have, from time to time, pursued the 
study of economic entomology, as opportunity allowed, up to 
the year 1874. Since that date I have been enabled to engage 
in extended practical investigations into the realm which before 
I had knowledge of only by reading. 

I was led to the field of experiment and investigation through 
my business. In 1874 I engaged in the manufacture, in the 
City of Sacramento, of fruit boxes. The next year the codlin 
moth appeared in some orchards, and the fruit of the country 
was threatened. Naturally, its injury would affect my busi- 
ness, and thus I was draAvn to a consideration of means to pro- 
tect it. I therefore entered upon the field of investigation, as 
I found the text-books and treatises did not afford the desired 
information — at least such as I was enabled to find in the lit- 
erature of the subject. 

In 1878 I began to give the result of my inquiries to the 
public through the columns of the daily and the weekly press. 
Very few persons in this State, especially of those who should 
have manifested the deepest interest at that time, paid any 
attention to economic entomology. In time, however, through 
the assistance of the Sacramento Record-Union and the Pacific 
Rural Press, and some other journals, and the discussions 



4 PREFACE. 

engaged in at the meetings of the State Horticultural Society, 
the public was brought to a degree of appreciation of the dangers 
threatening the fruit interests, and as a result, protective legis- 
lation was had in March, 1881. 

In connection with the investigations made, the results of 
which appear in this volume, I deem it not out of place to 
state that I have been engaged in mechanical pursuits nearly 
forty years. I became interested in the fruit box business, as 
a manufacturer, through financial assistance extended me by 
Mrs. Maky E. Gregory, and the late Henry Miller, both of 
Sacramento. To the former, as a token of sincere acknowl- 
edgment, this volume is respectfully dedicated. 

It is due that I should acknowledge my special indebtedness 
to Professor Charles V. Riley, Entomologist of the United 
States Department of Agriculture, for his kindness in affording 
me the use of his valuable reports and works, and also for his 
identification of specimens sent to him for that purpose from 
time to time. 

To Professor Cyrus Thomas, late State Entomologist of 
Illinois, and at present connected with the Smithsonian Insti- 
tution at Washington, D. C, for the use of his valuable vol- 
umes of reports, I am much indebted. 

To Professor J. H. Comstock, late Entomologist of the United 
States Department of Agriculture, and at present Professor of 
Entomology in Cornell University, at Ithaca, New York, my 
thanks are due for favors extended. 

To my respected friend. Professor C. H. Dwinelle, of the 
State University, at Berkeley, California, my sincere thanks 
are due for his kindly assistance and his many favors to me 
during the period I have been engaged upon this work. 

I desire also to acknowledge the kind favors of R. B. Blow- 
ers, Esq., of Woodland, California, extended during my in- 
vestigation of grapevine and other insect pests. 

I have freely consulted, in the preparation of the volume 
now presented, the reports of Drs. Le Baron and Walsh, Illi- 
nois ; Miss Eleanor A. Ormerod, Consulting Entomologist to 
the Royal Agricultural Society of England ; of Drs. Fitch 
and Emmons, of New York ; Professor A. S. Packard's 
" Guide to the Study of Insects ;" Dr. Harris' " Insects In- 



PREFACE. 5 

JURious TO Vegetation;'' Professor Saunders' recent work, 
" Insects Injurious to Fruits ;" Figuier's " Insect World ;" 
" The Canadian Entomologist," and the " Bulletins of the 
United States Entomological Commission." 

In the preparation of this book I have been placed under 
special obligations to D. W. Coquillet, Esq., late Assistant 
State Entomologist of Illinois, who has been assiduous in 
his labors for the last four months, in preparing manuscript, 
reading proof, and assisting me in my labors connected with 
the issuance of the volume. 

In the matter of illustrations, some of those presented have 
been copied from previous works of this character, and due 
credit has been given in another place. 

I should be doing an injustice to my own sense of propriety, 
if I submitted these pages to the criticism of the reader with- 
out acknowledging the courtesy of my publishers, H. S. 
Crocker & Co., of Sacramento, at whose establishment the 
typographic work has been done ; and also if I failed to add 
that the binding in Avhich the volume appears, was the work 
of a fellow mechanic of Sacramento, Frank Foster, Esq., the 
pioneer bookbinder of the city. Very much is due to the skill, 
patience, and care of O. H. Tubes, foreman for Crocker & Co., 
for the freedom of the book from errors, and for its neatness 
of appearance. 

This volume presents to the reader the results of my investi- 
gations during the eight years last past. Two years of that 
time I had the honor to fill the position of Chief Executive 
Horticultural Officer of this State, a fact that it is deemed 
proper to state, that the reader may be fully informed of the 
opportunities enjoyed for the preparation of the work now 
offered him. 

I am much indebted to the fruit-growers of California, and 
to the cultivators of the soil generally throughout the State, 
for their cordial assistance in my work ; and I feel it no more 
than right to close this page by saying that to the press of the 
State which first enabled me to awaken the people to the dan- 
ger threatening them from insect pests, and has since given me 
free use of its columns, not only my thanks are due, but those 
of all the citizens of California. M. C. 

Sacramento, Cal., September, 1883. 



ACKNOWLEDGMENTS. 



The electrotypes of the folloAving Figures were purchased from Prof. 
0. V. Kiley : 14, 25, 29, 30, 33-39, 43-45, 52-60, 63, 68, 72, 77, 85, 86, 90, 
91, 103, 105, 109, 120, 121, 146, 148-153, 159-178, 180, 181, 183, 187-193, 
195>^, 196, 198, 200, 205-213, 215, 216, 218, 219, 232, 264-266, 269, 271-281, 
285-288, 290-293, 298-309, 312-333, 338, 339, 359, 360, 365 and 368. 

The following were purchased from Lippincott & Co., of Philadelphia: 
31, 69-71, 88 89, 104, 147, 197, 199, 201 and 214. 

Electrotypes of Figures 11-13, 51, 96, 97, 138 and 155, were purchased 
of Dr. A. S. Packard, Jr. 

The following were copied from Dr. Fitch's Reports : 73, 74, 114, 204, 
259-263, 268, 273-275, 289, 336, 337, 356 and 357. 

Figures 26-28, 116-119, were copied from Riley's Reports. 

Figures 156, 202, 203. 233, 254, 347, 351, 363, 364 and 369, were copied 
from Packard's '' Guide to the Study of Insects." 

The following are from Harris' '• Insects Injurious to Vegetation :" 
67, 108, 113, 157, 227, 229, 234, 244, 245, 255 and 294. 

The following were copied from Figuier's " Insect World :" 87, 124- 
127, 194, 195, 348, 349, 361 and 362. 

Figures 256, 257, 267, 282, 284, 334 and 340, were copied from Miss 
Ormerod's "Manual of Injurious Insects." 

The following are from the U. S. Agr. Reports : 40-42, 82-84, 277-280, 
297, 341-34.3, 366, 367, 370. 

Figi;res 3.50 and 352 were copied from the report of the Ontario Entom- 
ological Society. 

Figure 283 is from Dr. LeBaron's Fourth Illinois Report, and Figure 
8 was copied from the Mass. Agr. Report. 

Figure 253 is from the " Scientific American Supplement." 

The following were kindly loaned me by the " Pacific Rural Press :" 
80, 122, 128, 132-137, 140, 141, 154, 186, 226, 235, 237I4, 237io, 241, 242, 
248-252. 

To Mr. C. Muller, 135 Montgomery St., San Francisco, I am indebted 
for the use of the electrotypes of Figures 9 and 10. 

The remaining c\its are original, and were made expressly for this 
work. Of these. Figures 32, 40, 41, 42, 51a, 64, 65, 66, 75, 76, 78, 82, 83, 
84, 92, 93, 94, 95, 106, 107, 110, 111, 112, 115, 127, 146, 179, 182, 184, 185, 220, 
221, 230, 231, 246, 277, 278, 279, 280, 297, 310, 341. 342, 343, 353, 354, 355, 
358, 370, 371 and 372, were drawn and engraved by Mr. Buchi, of Messrs. 
M. Schmidt & Co., of San Francisco. These were received too late to 
be inserted in the text, and so are given on Plates 1-4, Several of the 
remaining figures were drawn and engraved by Mr. R. Philip, of this 
city, and by Mr. V. Craig and Mr. Patten, 659 Clay St., San Francisco. 

In order to assist fruitgrowers and others in readily identifying 
insects, twenty-five pages of classified figures are given. 



C N T E N T S . 



I'AGK. 

Preface 3 

Sentiments of an enterprising 
Fruit-grower 9 

History of Legislation to pre- 
vent the spread of Injurious 
Insects 9 

Progress of the warfare against 
Insect Pests, from Jan. 1, 1879, 
to April 1, 1883 22 

Disinfection of Return Pack- 
ages versus Free Packages. . 24 

Quarantine 28 

Danger of importing Injurious 
Insects from foreign countries 30 

Danger of spreading Insect 
Pests by the transportation of 
infested fruit and nursery 
stock 30 

Notes on Experimental Work. . 31 

Alkaline Washes as Insecticides 
and Fertilizers 33 

Thorough application of Eem- 
edies 34 

Pumps and Nozzles for Spray- 
ing Trees 37 

DeLong's Moth Trap 39 

Structure and Growth of Plants 43 

Entomology should be made a 
permanent Study in the Pub- 
lic Schools 48 

Economic Entomology 50 

Mildew or Scab on the Foliage 
and Fruit of Apple and Pear 
Trees 51 

Birds; Beneficial and Injurious 52 

Insects^Infcsting the — 

Alfalfa 287 

Almond 234 

Apple 55 



PAGE. 

Insects Infesting the — 

Apricot 132 

Asparagus 336 

Azalea 254 

Barley 287 

Bean 334 

Blackberry 214 

Cabbage 321 

Carrot 337 

Cherry 136 

Chestnut 233 

Clover 287 

Conservatory 263 

Corn 290 

Cotton 297 

Cottonwood 244 

Cucumber 302 

Currant 216 

Elm 245 

Eucalyptus 238 

Fig 167 

Filbert 237 

Flower Garden 261 

Gooseberry 225 

Grape 168 

Hop 269 

Juniper 251 

Lemon 153 

Lettuce 331 

Lime , 153 

Locust 239 

Melon 301 

Nectarine 145 

Oak 246 

Oleander 255 

Olive 147 

Onion 330 

Orange 153 

Parsley 337 



8 



CONTENTS. 



PAGE. 

Insects Infesting the — 

Parsnip 337 

Pea 332 

Peach 126 

Pear 112 

Persimmon 146 

Pie Plant 336 

Pine 247 

Plum 139 

Poplar 244 

Potato 306 

Prune 145 

Pumpkin 301 

Quince 124 

Eadish 328 

Kaspberry 208 

Red Bay 253 

Rhubarb 336 

Rose 256 

Rye 287 

Squash 299 

Strawberry 228 

Sweet Potato 315 

Tobacco 296 

Tomato 318 

Turnip 329 

Walnut 232 



PAGE 

Insects Infesting the— 

Willow 242 

Wheat 273 

Household and storehouse pests 338 
Insects infesting Domestic Ani- 
mals 349 

Insects infesting the Apiary. . .361 

Miscellaneous Insects 362 

What are they, Friends or Ene- 
mies 362 

Remedies 368 

Conclusion 423 

Explanations of Plates 1 and 2, 425 
Explanations of Plates 3 and 

4 428,430 

Plates of Classified Illustra- 
tions 432 

Beetles 432 

Bot-flies 436 

True Bugs 437 

Plant-lice 438 

Saw-flies 440 

Caterpillars, Grubs, etc 441 

Butterflies and Moths 447 

Index to Scientific Names 457 

Index to Common Names 465 



INTRODUCTORY. 



CHAPTER I. 

The Sentiments of an Enterprising Fruit Grower. 

The following is quoted from an address l)y A. T. Hatch, 
Elsq., of Cordelia, Solano County, California, before the Com- 
mittee of Agriculture of the Senate, at the State Capitol, Jan- 
uary 13, 1883 : 

" Our watchword must ever be onward and upward, and fal- 
ter not, although difhculties apparently insurmountalde arise ; 
he who will, may overcome them. The enterprising fruit 
growers of California are filled with a spirit that no power on 
earth can curb. It falters not at misfortune's door, or any 
obstacle to success, but boldly advances and removes them all ; 
at least, it has been so, and must ever be. The time was when 
our 'glorious climate, fruitful soil, and exemi^tion from all dis- 
eases and pests, made our Golden State the wonder of all who 
were conversant of its fruits and flowers. Now, alas ! the 
s})oiler's hand is felt — a change has come over the spirit of our 
dream. It seems as though all that is detrimental to the fruit 
interest is here, or coming, making eternal vigilance the price 
of success in this, the industry of the State. The time has 
come when every one who by this occupation would thrive, 
will find ceaseless use for head and hand ; even then, the fittest 
only can survive. Who will supinely sit and see misfortune 
spoil the result of years of toil, while others gird on their armor 
with energies stimulated by the presence of the forces arrayed 
against them on everv hand?" 



CHAPTER II. 

History of Legislation to Prevent the Spread of Injurious Insects. 

As California is the first of the United States, and it may be 
said of any part of the world, that has attempted to prevent 



10 INTRODUCTORY. 

the spread of injurious insects of the orchard, etc., by legisla- 
tion ; and as fruit growers in distant parts of the world are 
watching our success, it may be well to place on the record 
what has been accomplished in the space of thirty months, or, 
from October, 1880, to April 1. 1883. 

During 1879 and 1880, the subject of the spread of the cod- 
lin moth and other injurious insects of the orchard Avas dis- 
cussed in the newspapers of this State, and at the meetings of 
the State Horticultural Society ; and these discussions resulted 
in the above society, at its October meeting, 1880, appointing 
a committee, consisting of Professor C. H. Dwindle, of Ala- 
meda County ; Dr. Behr, of San Francisco ; A. T. Hatch, of 
Solano County; W. H. Jessup, of Alameda; and Matthew 
Cooke, of Sacramento, to prepare a bill for the protection of 
the horticultural industries of the State, to be presented to the. 
Legislature, which would meet in the month of December fol- 
lowing. 

The committee met at the office of the Hon. J. N. Young, at 
Sacramento, early in the month of November, and a bill was 
prepared, which, in due time, was presented in the Assembly 
by Mr. Young. About the same time a bill was presented in 
the Senate by Senator Baker, of Santa Clara. These bills were 
referred to a joint committee of the Senate and Assembly. 
The chairman of this committee called a meeting, and the fruit 
growers were represented by A. T. Hatch, W. H. Jessup, and 
the late James B. Saul, and others ; as the bills presented for 
the protection of horticulture conflicted somewhat with each 
other, and also with another bill (viticultural) before the Legis- 
lature, the committee recommended that a new bill be pre- 
sented. A new bill was prepared, and on its being brought 
before the Senate was passed to a second reading, but amended 
to such an extent that it was thought best to have it with- 
drawn. Later in the session, the Hon. William Johnston, of 
Sacramento County, then Vice-President of the Senate, had 
the viticultural bill, which had passed the Assembly, amended 
in the Senate by adding Section 8. The viticultural law, as 
enacted, reads as follows : 



INTRODUCTORY. 11 

AN ACT 

To define and enlarge the duties and powers of the Board of 
State Viticiiltural Commissioners, and to authorize the 
appointment of certain officers, and to protect the interests 
of horticulture and viticulture. 

[Approved March 4, ISSl.] 

The People oj the State of California, represented in Senate and 
As>ienibly, do enact asfolloLOs: 

Section. 1. The Board of State Viticultural Commissioners, 
in addition to the duties and powers proN-ided for by the Act 
entitled " An Act for the promotion of viticultural industries of 
the State," approved April 15, 1880, shall, in respect to dis- 
eases of grape vines and vine pests, constitute a Board of 
Health. It shall, in addition to laboratory work, cause prac- 
tical experiments to be made to determine or demonstrate the 
utility of known and new remedies against such diseases and 
pests. 

Sec. 2. The Board shall elect of their own number, or 
appoint from without their number, a competent person to 
serve as Chief Executive Viticultural Officer, who shall per- 
form also the duties of Viticultural Health Officer, under 
direction of said Board, and subject to removal from such 
office at any time by the Board. 

Sec 3. The Viticultural Health Officer shall have power, 
subject to the approval of the Board, to prevent the spread of 
vine diseases and vine pests, by declaring and enforcing rules 
and regulations in the nature of quarantine, to govern tlie 
manner of, restrain, or prohibit the importation into the State, 
and the distribution and disposal within the State, of all vines, 
vine cuttings, debris of vineyards, empty fruit boxes, or other 
material, on, or by which the contagion of vine diseases and 
germs of vine pests may be introduced into the State, or trans- 
ported from place to place within the State ; to declare and 
enforce regulations approved by the Board for the disinfection 
of vines, vine cuttings, vineyard debris, empty fruit boxes, and 
other suspected material dangerous to vineyards, while in 
transit, or about to be distributed, or transported into, or within 
the State ; to classify the vineyards ancl viticultural regions 
of the State, according to the degree of health, or vine disease 
prevailing therein, and to change the same as circumstances 
may require to be done, subjecting each class to such varying 
rules and regulations, respecting tlie introduction or transpor- 



12 INTRODUCTORY. 

tation of vines, vine cuttings, and other material liable to 
spread contagion of disease among vines, as may, in the opin- 
ion of the Board, become necessary and expedient for the 
preservation of vineyards. Such rules and regulations shall be 
circulated in printed form by the Board among the vine 
growers and fruit dealers of the State, shall be published at 
least thirty days in two daily newspapers of general circulation 
in the State, not of the same city or county, and shall be 
posted in a conspicuous place at the county seat of each 
county affected by their provisions. 

Sec. 4. The Viticultural Health Officer may appoint local 
resident Inspectors in any and all of the viticultural regions of 
the State, whose duties shall be to report to him concerning 
the health of grapevines, the progress of vine diseases and 
pests, and all violations of the rules and regulations of the 
Board ; to certify to the j^roper disinfection of vines, vine cut- 
tings, empty fruit boxes, and other transportable articles 
required by the Board to be disinfected before transportation, 
or while in transit, or after delivery at any point of destina- 
tion ; the methods of disinfection to be determined and 
approved by the Health Officer and the Board ; to seize upon 
and destroy all vines, vine cuttings, debris of vineyards, empty 
fruit boxes, and other material liable to spread contagion, 
which may be found in transit, or delivered after transporta- 
tion, not certified to as required by the Board ; 'provided, that 
the same may be exempt from such destruction if the cost of 
disinfection by such Inspector shall be provided for by the 
owner or agent in charge thereof, as may be prescribed for 
such cases of negligence, carelessness, or violation of quaran- 
tine rules, and to keep a record of all proceedings as such 
Inspectors ; provided, that there shall be no compensation for 
such services of inspection, excepting a fee, not to exceed one 
dollar for each certificate of disinfection, in case of compliance 
with quarantine regulations, and not to exceed five dollars for 
each certificate of disinfection after seizure for non-compliance ; 
provided, however, such inspection may be employed at the 
option of the owners of property requiring disinfection to 
disinfect the same. All vines, or other articles absolutely pro- 
hibited of importation or transportation, may be promptly 
destroyed by any Inspector discovering the same transported 
or in transit, in violation of regulations, and the cost of such 
seizure, together with a fee of ten dollars, shall be paid to such 
Inspector out of any fine that may be collected from the party 
or parties guilty of such violation. Willful violation of the 
ciuarantine regulations of the Board shall be considered a mis- 
demeanor, and punishable by a fine of not less than twenty- 
five nor more than one hundred dollars. Whenever required 



INTRODUCTORY, 13 

for the convenience of vine or fruit growers, or fruit dealers, a 
resident Inspector shall be appointed upon petition of any 
three neighboring vine or fruit growers, or dealers in grapes, to 
reside in their vicinity, if not already provided for ; and there 
shall be not less than two Inspectors appointed for each 
county which is subjected to such quarantine regulations, and 
they shall each be subject to removal at the will of the Viticul- 
tural Health Officer, if incompetent, or if they fail to perform 
their duties, or are unreasonably distasteful to vine growers 
and grape dealers. 

Sec. 5. It shall be also the duty of the Chief Executive 
Viticultural Officer to personally visit, examine, and report 
upon the several viticultural regions of the State ; io prepare 
documents for publication, as required by the Board, relating 
to any and all branches of viticultural industry, including 
treatises for the instruction of the public ; to supervise the 
preparation of reports for publication, and especially report 
upon the practibility and means of eradicating diseases from 
vineyards, and to superintend experiments with known and 
new remedies. 

Sec. 6. All printing heretofore ordered by the Board shall 
be paid for out of the appropriations heretofore made for its 
use. All printing required hereafter shall be done by the State 
Printer. 

Sec. 7. The salary of the Ohief Executive Viticultural 
Officer shall be fixed by the Board, not to exceed one hundred 
and fifty dollars i)er month, for services while engaged as such 
officer, and his actual traveling expenses shall be allowed, not 
to exceed five hundred dollars per annum. 

Sec. 8. The Board of State Viticultural Commissioners 
shall also appoint an officer, who shall be especially qualified, 
by practical experience in horticulture, for the duties of his 
office, to perform similar duties respecting the protection of 
fruit and fruit trees as are provided for in this Act in reference 
to grapevines, with like powers ; and the salary and traveling 
expenses of such officer shall be fixed by the said Board, at 
the same amounts provided for in the case of the Chief Execu- 
tive Viticultural Officer ; and the said Board shall have power 
to establish such quarantine rules and regulations as are 
required for the protection of fruit and fruit trees from the 
spread of insect pests. 

Sec. 9. There is hereby appropriated for the uses of the 
Board of State Viticultural Commissioners, as set forth in this 
Act, and in the Act providing for its organization, out of any 
moneys in the State treasury not otherwise appropriated, the 
sum of ten thousand dollars for the year commencing July 
first, eighteen hundred and eighty-one, and ten thousand dol- 



U INTRODUCTORY. 

lars for the year commencing July first, eighteen hundred and 
eighty -two ;' and the State Controller will draw his warrants 
upon the State Treasurer in favor of the Treasurer of the said 
Board for the said sums, or any part thereof, when they become 
available, upon proper demand being made for the same by 
said Board ; provided, that no claim shall be paid out of said 
appropriation until the same shall have been presented to and 
approved by the State Board of Examiners. 

Sec. 10. * This Act shall take effect and be in force from 
and after its passage. 

Assemblyman Reynolds, of Santa Clara, introduced the 
following bill, which passed both houses and was approved by 
the Governor March 14, 1881 : 

AN ACT 

To protect and promote the horticultural interests of the State. 

The People of the State of California represented in Senate 
and Assembly, do enact as follows: 

Section 1. Whenever a petition is presented to the Board of 
Supervisors of any county, and signed by five. or more persons 
who are resident freehoklers and possessors of an orchard, or 
both, stating that certain or all orchards, or nurseries, or trees 
of any variety, are infested with scale bug, codlin moth, or other 
insects that are destructive to trees, and praying that a com- 
mission be appointed by them, whose duty it shall be to super- 
vise their destruction, as hereinafter provided, the Board of 
Supervisors shall, within twenty days thereafter, select three 
commissioners for the county, to be known as a County Board 
of Horticultural Commissioners. The Board of Supervisors 
may fill any vacancy that may occur in said commission by 
death, resignation, or otherwise, and appoint one ' Commis- 
sioner each year, one month or thereabouts previous to the 
expiration of the term of office of any member of said commis- 
sion. The said Commissioners shall serve for a period of three 
years from the date of their appointment, except the Commis- 
sioners first appointed, one of whom shall serve for one year, 
one of whom shall serve for two years, and one of whom shall 
serve for three years, from the date of appointment. The 
Commissioners first appointed shall themselves decide, by lot, 
or otherwise, who shall serve for one year, who two years, and 
who three years, and shall notify the Board of Supervisors of 
the result of their choice. 

Sec. 2. It shall be the duty of the Countv Board of Hor- 



TWTRODUGTORY. 15 

ticultural Commissioners in each county, whenever they shall 
be informed by complaint of any person residing in such 
county, that an orchard, or nursery, or trees, or any fruit pack- 
ing house, storeroom, saleroom, or any other place in their 
jurisdiction, is infested with scale bug, codlin moth, red spider, 
or other noxious insects liable to spread contagion dangerous 
to the trees or fruit of complainant, or their eggs or larvae, 
injurious to fruit or fruit trees, they shall cause an inspection 
to be made of the said premises, and if found infected they 
shall ^notify the owner or owners, or the person or persons in 
charge or possession of said trees or places, as aforesaid, that 
the same are infested with said insects, or any of them, or their 
eggs or larvae, and shall require such person or persons to dis- 
infect the same within a certain time to be specified. If, within 
such specified time, such disinfection has not been accom- 
plished, the said person or persons shall be required to make 
application of such treatment for the purpose of destroying 
them as said Commissioners shall prescribe. Said notices may 
be served upon the person or persons owning or having charge 
or possession of such infested trees, or places, or articles as 
aforesaid, by any Commissioner, or by any person deputed by 
the said Commissioners for that purpose, orthey may be served 
in the same manner as a summons in a civil action. If the 
owner or owners, or the person or persons in charge or posses- 
sion of any orchard, or nursery, or trees, or places, or articles, 
infested with said insects, or any of them, or their larvae or 
eggs, after having been notified as above to make application 
of treatment as directed, shall fail, neglect, or refuse so to do, 
he or they shall be deemed guilty of maintaining a public nui- 
sance, and any such orchards, nurseries, trees, or places, or 
articles thus infested, shall be adjudged and the same is herebj^ 
declared a pul)lic nuisance, and may be proceeded against as 
such. If found guilty, the Court shall direct the aforesaid 
County Board of Horticultural Commissioners to abate the 
nuisance. The expenses thus incurred shall be a lien upon the 
real property of the defendant. 

Sec. 3. Said County Board of Horticultural Commission- 
ers shall have power to divide the county into districts, and to 
appoint a local Inspector for each of said districts. The duties 
of such local Inspectors shall be prescribed by said County 
Board. 

Sec. 4. It shall be the duty of said County Board of Com- 
missioners to keep a record of their official doings, and to make 
a report to the Board of State Viticultural Commissioners on 
or before the first day of November of each year, who shall 
incorporate the same in their annual reports. 

Sec. 5. It shall be the duty of the Commissioners at large, 



16 INTRODUCTORY. 

appointed by the Board of State Viticultural Commissioners 
for such purpose, to recommend, consult, and act with the 
County Board of Commissioners in their respective counties, 
as to the most efficacious treatment to be adopted for the 
extermination of the aforesaid insects, or larva?, or eggs thereof, 
and to attend to such other duties as may be necessary to 
accomplish or carrv out the full intent and meaning of this 
Act. 

Sec. 6. Each County Commissioner and local Inspector 
may be paid five dollars for each day actually engaged in the 
performance of his duties under this Act, payable out of the 
county treasury of his county; providcdAhaX no more shall be 
paid for such services than shall be determined by resolution 
of the Board of Supervisors of the county for services actually 
and necessarily rendered. 

Sec. 7. Each of said Commissioners may select one or more 
persons, without pay, to assist him in the discharge of his 
duties, as he may deem necessary. 

Sec. 8. If any County Board of Connnissioners, after hav- 
ing received complaint in writing, as provided for in section 
t^M3 of this Act, shall fail to perform the duties of their office, 
as required by this Act, they may be removed from office h\ 
the Board of Supervisors, and the vacancy thus formed shall 
be filled in the same manner as provided for in this Act. 

Sec. 9. Nothing in this Act shall be construed so as to 
affect vinyards or their products. 

Sec 10. This Act shall take effect immediately. 

The appointment of a Chief Horticultural Officer and the 
enforcement of quarantine rules, etc., being given to the State 
Board of Viticultural Commissioners, they appointed a State 
Board of Horticultural Commissioners to recommend a com- 
petent person for Horticultural Officer, and also such regula- 
tions, etc., as were necessarv for the protection of horticultural 
industries. 

The Board consisted of C. H. Dwindle. Alameda County ; 
Elwood Cooper, Santa Barbara County ; Albert S. White, San 
Bernardino County ; Dr. Chapin, Santa Clara County ; A. Cad- 
well, Sonoma County ; W. W. Smith, Solano County ; Felix 
Gillett, Nevada County ; W. B. West, San Joaquin County ; E. 
J. Wickson, Jr.,* Alameda County; M. T. Brewer, Sacramento 
County ; ^Matthew Cooke, Sacramento County. 

* Mr. Charles H. Sbinn was a member of the Board for one year, but 
resigned on account of his leaving the State, and Mr. Wickson was 
appointed his successor. 



INTRODUCTORY. 17 

The State Board of Horticulture met quarterly. At first 
there was a laxity of action by the fruit growers in regard to 
petitioning for County Commissioners ; however, in eight 
months sixteen counties had appointed Boards, and in twelve 
months twenty-one counties, in all, had appointed Boards, 
namely : 

Sacramento, Yolo, Solano, Santa Barbara, El Dorado, San 
Bernardino, Santa Clara, Santa Cruz, San Joaquin, Amador, 
Contra Costa, Nevada, Placer, San Diego, Alameda, Los Ange- 
les, San Benito, Fresno, Marin, Kern, and Butte (leaving only 
six of what may be termed fruit growing counties that had not 
asked for Commissioners). 

The State Board of Horticulture did not think it advisable 
to enforce quarantine regulations in 1881, The}' therefore had 
prepared, l)y the Chief Horticultural Officer, '"''A Treatise on the 
Injurious Insects of California, and Remedies for their Extermi- 
nation.^^ Ten thousand copies of this book were distributed. 
A State Convention of Fruit Growers was held at Sacramento, 
in December, 1881. Quarantine regulations were issued, to be 
enforced after January 1, 1882, as follows: 

HORTICULTURAL QUARANTINE RULES. 

To all whom it may concern : Be it known that I, Matthew 
Cooke, Chief Executive Horticultural and Health OHicer of 
the Board of State Viticultural Commissioners, being duly 
authorized and instructed by said Board, do declare the fol- 
lowing (^arantine rules and regulations for the protection of 
the horticultural interests of the State, and due notice thereof 
is hereby given as provided by law, to wit, thirty days of pub- 
lication in two daily newspapers of general circulation in the 
State, and Iw posting notices in all counties to be affected by 
these rules. All parties concerned therein are required to con- 
form thereto, subject to penalties provided for by law, for any 
infraction or evasion of said rules and regulations : 

Quanaitine Rales and Regidations for the protection, of fruit and 

fruit trees 

From insect })ests, namely, insects injurious to fruit and fruit 
trees, authorized and approved by the State Board of Viticul- 
tural Commissioners of California. In pursuance of an Act 
entitled " An Act to define and enlarge the duties and powers 



18 INTBODUOTOBY. 

of the Board of State Viticultural Commissioners, and to 
authorize the appointment of certain officers, and to protect 
the interests of Horticulture and Viticulture," approved March 
4, 1881, the Chief Executive Horticultural and Health Officer 
may appoint local resident Inspectors in any and all of the 
fruit-growing regions of the State, whose duties shall be as 
provided in Section IV of an Act entitled " An Act to define 
and enlarge the duties and powers of the Board of State Viti- 
cultural Commissioners, and to authorize the appointment of 
certain officers, and to protect the interests of Horticulture and 
Viticulture," provided that there shall be no compensation for 
such services of inspection excepting a fee, not to exceed one 
dollar for each certificate! of disinfection, in case of compliance 
with quarantine regulations, and not to exceed five dollars for 
each certificate of disinfection after seizure for non-compliance ; 
provided, however, such inspection may be employed at the 
option of the owners of property requiring disinfection, to dis- 
infect the same. And also said local resident Inspectors will 
be entitled to such other fees as are provided for in cases of 
conviction and seizures. 

1. All tree or plant cuttings, grafts or scions, plants or trees 
of any kind, infested by any insect or insects, or the germs 
thereof, namely their eggs, larvae, or pupae, that are known to 
be injurious to fruit or fruit trees, and liable to spread con- 
tagion; or any tree or plant cuttings, grafts, scions, plants, or 
trees of any kind, grown or planted in any county or district 
within the State of California, in which trees or plants, in 
orchards, nurseries, or places, are known to be infested by 
any insect or insects, or the germs thereof, namely, their eggs, 
larvae, or pupae, known to be injurious to fruit or fruit trees, 
and liable to spread contagion, are hereby required to be dis- 
infected before removal for distribution or transportation from 
any orchard, nursery, or place where said tree or plant, cut- 
tings, grafts or scions, plants, or trees of any kind are grown, 
or offered for sale or gift, as hereinafter provided. 

2. All tree or plant cuttings, grafts, or scions, plants, or 
trees of any kind, imported or brought into this State from 
any foreign country, or from any of the United States or 
Territories, are hereby required to be disinfected immediately 
after their arrival in this State, and before being offered for 
sale or removed for distribution or transportation, as herein- 
after described ; provided, that if on examination of any such 
importations by a local resident Inspector, or the Chief Execu- 
tive Horticultural Officer, a bill of health is certified to by such 
examining officer, then disinfection will be unnecessary. 

3. Fruit of any kind, infested by any species of scale insect 
or scale insects, or the germs thereof, namely, their eggs, larvae 



INTHODUCTOIIY. 19 

or pupae, known to be injurious to fruit and fruit trees, and 
liable to spread contagion, is hereby required to be disinfected, as 
hereinafter provided, before removal off premises where grown, 
for the purpose of sale, gift, distribution, or transportation. 

4. Fruit of any kind, infested by any insect or insects,^or 
the germs thereof, namely, their eggs, larvte, or pupie, known 
to be injurious to fruit or fruit trees, and lial>le to si)read 
contagion, imported or brought into this State from any 
foreign country, or from any of the United States or Terri- 
tories, are hereby prohibited from being offered for sale, gift, 
distribution, or transportation. 

5. Fruit of any kind infested liy the insect known as codlin 
moth, or its larv« or pupa% is hereby prohibited from being 
kept in bulk, or in packages or boxes of any kind, in any 
orchard, storeroom, salesroom, or place, or being dried for 
food, or any other purposes, or being removed for sale, gift, 
distribution or transportation. 

6. Fruit boxes, packages, or baskets, used for shipping fruit 
to any destination, are hereby required to be disinfected, as 
hereinafter provided, previous to their being returned to any 
orchard, storeroom, salesroom, or })lace to be used for storage, 
shipping or any other purpose. 

7. Transportable material of any kind, infested by any 
insect or insects, or the germs thereof, namely, their eggs, 
larvae, or pupae, known to be injurious to fruit or fruit trees, 
and liable to spread contagion, is hereby prohibited from being 
offered for sale, gift, distribution, or transportation. 

8. Tree or plant cuttings, grafts, scions, plants, or trees of 
any kind, may be disinfected l)y dipping in a solution com- 
posed of not less than one pound (1 lb.) of commercial con- 
centrated lye to each and every two (2) gallons of water used 
as such disinfectant, or in any other manner satisfactory to 
the Chief Executive Horticultural and Health Officer. 

9. Empty fruit boxes, packages, or baskets, may be disin- 
fected by dipping in boiling water, and allowed to remain in 
said boiling water not less than two minutes ; said boiling 
water used as such disinfectant to contain, in solution, not 
less than one pound (1 lb.) of commercial potash, or three- 
fourths (f) of one pound (1 lb.) of concentrated lye, to each 
and every twenty gallons of water, or in any other manner 
satisfactory to the Chief Executive Horticultural and Health 
Officer. 

10. Fruit on deciduous and citrus trees infested by any 
species of scale insect or scale insects, or the germs thereof, 
namely, their eggs, larvae, or pupae, may be disinfected before 
removal from the tree, or from the premises where grown, by 
washing or thoroughly spraying said fruit with a solution 



20 INTRODUCTORY. 

composed of one pound (1 lb.) of whale oil soap and one- 
fourth of one pound of flour of sulphur to each and every one 
and one-quarter (1^) gallons of water used as such disinfect- 
ant, or in any other manner satisfactory to the Chief Execu- 
tive Horticultural and Health Officer. 

11. Owners of fruit of any kind grown in any orchard, 
nursery, or place in which trees or plants are known to be 
infested with any insect or insects, or the germs thereof, 
namely, their eggs, larvae, or pupae, known to be injurious to 
fruit or fruit trees, and liable to spread contagion, and all per- 
sons in possession thereof, or offering for sale, gift, distribu- 
tion, or transportation, are hereby required to procure a 
certificate of disinfection before removal for sale, gift, distri- 
bution, or transportation. 

12. Any tree or plant cuttings, scions, plants, or trees of 
any kind, empty fruit boxes, fruit packages, or fruit baskets, 
or transferable material of any kind, offered for sale, gift, dis- 
tribution, or transportation, in violation of the quarantine 
rules and regulations for the protection of fruit and fruit trees, 
approved by the Board of State Viticultural Commissioners, 
may be seized by the Chief Executive Horticultural and 
Health Officer, or by any of the local resident Inspectors 
appointed by him ; said seizure to be the taking possession 
thereof, and holding for disinfection, or for an order of con- 
demnation by a Court of competent jurisdiction. 

13. Any joerson violating the above quarantine rules and 
regulations shall be deemed guilty of a misdemeanor, and upon 
conviction thereof shall be punishable by a fine of not less 
than twenty-five nor more than one hundred dollars. 

Matthew Cooke, 
Chief Executive Horticultural and Health Officer. 
Sacramento, November 12, 1881. 

(For proceedings in Court in relation to quarantine rules, see 
Chapter IV.) 

At the Fruit Growers' Convention, held at San Jose on the 
fourteenth, fifteenth, and sixteenth of November, 1882, the fol- 
lowing committee was appointed to prepare such bills as were 
considered constitutional, and required for the protection of 
the horticultural industries : 

Wal. J. Tuska, San Francisco ; L. M. Holt, San Bernardino 
County; F. C. De Long, Marin County; S. M. Leib, Santa 
Clara County ; Dr. Chapin, Santa Clara County ; Hon. J. H. M. 
Townsend, Santa Clara County; G. M. Gray, Butte County; 



INTRODUCTORY. 21 

A. T. Hatch, Solano County ; Hon. Wm. Johnston, Sacramento 
County ; Matthew Cooke, Sacramento County. 

The committee met at San Jose, December 27, 1882. Sub- 
sequent to this meeting two bills were prepared by one of the 
committee — Wal. J. Tuska, Esq., attorney-at-law, San Fran- 
cisco — one bill creating a Board of Horticultural Commission- 
ers, and the other to prevent the spread of insect pests, etc. 
These bills were presented to the Legislature as Senate Bills 
Nos. 2 and 8, by Senator Cox, of Sacramento County, and 
Assembly Bills Nos. 31 and 32, by Assemblyman Hollister, of 
San Luis Obispo County. 

The ])ills were amended in the Senate. The work of amending 
to suit the views of Senators was done by Senator Whitney, of 
Alameda. The Ijills as amended passed the Senate. In the 
meantime the Assembly had passed the l^ill creating a Board 
of Horticulture, and appropriating for its expense seven thou- 
sand five hundred dollars ($7,500) per annum, the Senate bill 
only alhfNving five thousand dollars ($5,000) per annum. The 
Assembly then took action on Senate Bills Xos. 2 and 3, and 
both were passed. The bill creating a Board of Horticulture — 
Senate Bill No. 3 — as passed by both houses, was approved by 
the Governor. Senate Bill No. 2, to prevent the spread of 
insect pests, etc., after passing both houses, was mislaid or 
stolen, so that it was not presented to the Governor for his 
approval. In connection with the passage of the bills referred 
to, I met with the greatest courtesy from the members of the 
Assembly and Senate from the time the bills were introduced 
until the}^ were passed. 

On the twenty-seventh of March, 1883, I called upon Gov- 
ernor Stoneman in relation to the appointment of a Board of 
Horticultural Commissioner^. He expressed a desire to 
appoint only competent persons, irrespective of political con- 
sideration. If this promise was fulfilled it i.s ircU. 



22 INTRODUCTORY. 

CHAPTER III. 

Progress of the Warfare Against Insect Pests from January 1, 
1879, to April 1, 1888. 

Previous to January 1, 1879, the codlin moth, oyster-shell 
bark louse, San Jose scale insect, and black scale on decid- 
uous fruit trees, and the soft orange scale, black scale, and 
red scale on citrus trees, were found to be spreading rapidly in 
some fruit growing districts. Excepting a few individuals, 
but little notice was taken of their presence. In 1879 some 
individual efforts were made to save the crops, which were 
successful. But, notwithstanding the great interests at stake, 
not one fruit grower out of every five hundred attempted to 
make any effort to prevent the spread of these enemies of their 
industry. Some fruit growers ridiculed the idea of any serious 
results occurring from the presence of such minute creatures ; 
others seemed satisfied that the pests would disappe^ as they 
came, without any effort of the fruit growers. 

On the 29th of October, 1879, I visited an orchard seriously 
infested by San Jose scale {A. perniciosus). I recommended 
the owner to spray his trees with an alkaline solution. On 
the morning of the 30th he met the gentleman who accompa- 
nied me to his orchard, and said the idea of washing trees waa 
only a hohhy. Had he done, as advised, in November, 1879, 
what he afterwards did in the Spring of 1882, he could have 
saved one half of his orchard, which had to be dug out; 

In 1880 matters became so serious in some localities that 
efforts were made to destroy the pests. Such a difference of 
opinion existed as to the proper remedies to be employed, that 
a great deal of the work done did not produce very favorable 
results, thus leaving the matter in a more hopeless condition 
that in 1879. 

The securing of legislation for the protection of the horti- 
cultural interests of the State, in the Winter of 1880 and 1881 
(the laws passed taking effect on March 14, 1881), brought the 
subject of insect pest prominently before the fruit-growers. 
The results of the work done in 1881, 1882, and in the Spring 
of 1883, may be stated as follows : 



INTRODUCTORY. 23 

1. It has been fully demonstrated that the insect pests can 
be exterminated in orchards at a profit to the owner of from 
one hundred to five hundred per cent on the amount expended 
for remedies thoroughly applied. 

2. Remedies of undoubted utility have been discovered, that 
can be readily and thoroughly applied with the improved 
facilities that the necessity of the times brought forth. 

3. We have become better acquainted with the natural his- 
tory of the injurious and beneficial insects of Caliibrnia, and 
standard works on economic entomology can be readily pro- 
cured by tliose wishing to get them. 

4. In some of the districts that were seriously infested con- 
fidence has been restored, and land has increased in value from 
one hundred to two hundred per cent. 

5. That the work became popular may be shown by the cor- 
respondence, etc., of the Chief Executive Horticultural Officer, 
of whicli the following is a sample : 

From April 5, 1881, to April 5, 1883 :— 

Number of letters, postal cards, and packages received, 5,581 
Number of packages and letters containing specimens 

of insects, etc., ------- 491 

Number of visitors at the office on business connected 

with insect pests, - - - - - - 611 

The information derived from the experience of the two 
years' work will not only benefit the fruit-growers of Cali- 
fornia, but those of our sister States, and also of foreign 
countries. For instance, at a recent meeting of the Royal 
Agricultural Society of South Australia, Frazer S. Crawford, 
Esq., of Adelaide, read a paper entitled, " California Legisla- 
tion Against Insect Pests," etc., which concluded as follows : 

" In conclusion, let me again point out the im})ortance of 
carefully watching this California experiment. If we find, in 
spite of this expense and trouble the Californians are willing 
to put themselves to, that these pests do not decrease, or that 
the results bear no comparison to the cost of the means 
employed, it would be tolly to follow their example. If, on 
the other hand, their vineyards and orchards yearly become 
more prolific and free from insect and other plagues, while our 
orchards are being destroyed with fungoid pests, our vine- 



24 INTRODUCTORY. 

yards deteriorated with odium, our orange, olive and other 
trees ruined by scale insects, we may conclude that our Amer- 
ican cousins are reaping the benefit of their wise legislation, 
and that the sooner we follow their example the l;)etter, 
remembering the truth of the old proverl^ : ' Providence helps 
those who help themselves.' " 

For the benefit of all interested in the warfare against insect 
pests, positive assurance can be giv-en of the benefits to be 
derived from legislation against the spread of insect pests, 
etc. ; but success can only be achieved under certain well- 
defined conditions, as follows : 

First — The appointment of a Commission, each member of 
which is required to have a thorough experience of the best 
established methods used in preventing the spread of and in 
exterminating the insect pests, and sustained in the perform- 
ance of their duties by well-considered laws. 

Second — Adequate compensation to secure competent offi- 
cers. 

Third — The appointment of officers to execute the laws of 
the State and such regulations as are made by the Commis- 
sion ; said officers to be in all respects competent to perform 
the duties required, especially being thoroughly acquainted 
with the science of entomology. 

A Commission and officers appointed under such conditions 
cannot fail to benefit the State tenfold the amount expended. 



CHAPTER IV. 

Disinfection of Return Packages versus Free Packages. 

During the months of April, May, and June, 1882, there 
arose considerable discussion amongst the fruit growers who 
were selling their fruit in local markets, as to the utility of 
disinfecting packages in which fruit was shipped to market 
before the packages were reshipped to the orchards for further 
use, as required by the quarantine rules, etc. Had the settle- 
ment of the question been left entirely to the fruit growers, the 
matter would have been amicably arranged, and successful 



INTRODUCTORY. 25 

progress made in preventing the spread of the eodlin moth 
and peach moth. Unfortunately for those directly interested 
(the fruit growers), an issue was made hy the non-producers 
(i. e. buyers and dealers of fruit), under the cloak of friendship 
for the fruit-groAvers, l)Ut in reahty for personal gain, and for 
forcing the fruit-growers to use the so-called free package. 
The time may l)e stated about the first of June, 1882. Lest 
any doubt should exist that such was the intention of the 
opposition to the disinfection of packages, the following letter 
now in my possession, from a very extensive buyer of fruit in 
San Francisco to a member of the State Board of Viticultural 
Commission, will perhaps be sufficient proof: 

San Francisco, January 3, 1882. 
Dear Sir : The box factories tell me they are making a 
larger quantity of peach baskets than ever before. Now, this 
is very bad, because the Fruit Growers' Convention, through 
the proper committee, particularly recommended the abolition 
of baskets and the suljstitution of boxes ; and furthermore, the 
basket is as bad a package as can possibly be found for dis- 
seminating pests. Why cannot the fruit grower help himself 
in this matter? Nothing will do him good if he does not. You 
can show this to Mr. Cooke, if you think best. Will you get 
the sample of free packages into shape and put them on show 
here, somewhere, and oblige, 

Yours, Etc., 

[The above reveals the secret of the opposition to disinfec- 
tion of packages.] 

The State Board of Viticultural Commissioners had framed 
the quarantine rules, so as to give an opportunity to those who 
preferred the use of the return packages, to do so. The fol- 
lowing circular was issued explaining the reason : 

To the fruit grower.^ of California, and all whom it may con- 
cern: — 

I take the liberty of calling your attention to the necessity 
of disinfecting empty fruit packages before being returned from 
market to the orchards, as required by the Quarantine Rules 
and Regulations for the protection of Horticulture. 

Rule 6. P^ruit boxes, packages, or baskets, used for ship- 
ping fruit to anv destination, are herebv required to be disin- 
3 ■ 



26 INTRODUCTORY. 

fected, as hereinafter provided, previous to their being returned 
to any orchard, storeroom, salesroom, or pLace to be used for 
storage, shipping, or any other purpose. 

Rule 9. Empty fruit boxes, packages, or baskets, may be 
disinfected by dipping in boiling water, and allowed to remain 
in said boiling water not less than two minutes ; said boiling 
water used as such disinfectant to contain, in solution, not less 
than one pound (1 ft) of commercial potash, or three-fourths 
(f ) of one pound (1 ft) of concentrated lye, to each and every 
twenty gallons of water, or in any other manner satisfactory to 
the Chief Executive Horticultural and Health Officer. 

In order to secure a general compliance with the above rules, 
arrangements will be made at San Francisco, Sacramento, San 
Jose, Stockton, and other places, where fruit is shipped to a 
market or for storage ; and local Inspectors appointed who 
will disinfect such packages, if required by the owners thereof ; 
or the owners of empty y^ackages, or their agents, may disinfect 
them, subject to inspection. 

In answer to inquiries, the following cpiestions may be 
asked : 

Are those requirements oppressive on the fruit growers who 
wish to send fruit to market? I answer, they are not, for the 
following reasons : 

1. There are several counties which may be termed fruit 
growing counties, such as Sonoma, Napa, Yuba, Tuolumne, 
Calaveras, and others, where the fruit growers have failed in 
having a County Board of Horticultural Commissioners 
appointed ; therefore there is not any organization in any of 
the above and some other counties, with which I can consult 
in relation to matters in which the fruit growers are interested. 

2. The Commissioners in several coimties have been 
retarded in their work by the requirements of the law, that 
complaint must be made before they can make an inspection 
of an infested orchard. Although many of the fruit growers 
have made every effort in their power to cleanse their orchards, 
yet they hesitate to enter a complaint against their neighbor ; 
therefore, in a large number of orchards, the pests have been 
allowed to spread as heretofore. And it is only by a general 
enforcement of the Quarantine Rules that any good results can 
be secured. 

3. A large number of orchards are rented, leased, or owned 
by parties that, judging by past experience, cannot be depended ' 
upon to comply with the Quarantine Rules, except they are 
compelled to do so. 

4. It would require at least three hundred and fifty (350) 
local Inspectors throughout the State, to have the work of dis- 
infecting empty fruit boxes or packages, at the orchard, steam- 



TNTRODIWTORY. 27 

boat landings, and railroad stations, done as eft'ectually as by 
the disinfecting at markets, etc., as required. 

5. The local Inspectors, if appointed, are allowed fees by 
law, and would be a heav}^ expense on the fruit growers. 

6. The rapid spread of codlin moth, to at least tliirty coun- 
ties in this State, since its first appearance in one orchard in 
1874, can chiefly be attributed to the use of the return pack- 
ages ; therefore, the disinfection of all return packages is a 
necessity. 

7. There is a difference of opinion among fruit growers as 
to the style of package that should be used in sending fruit to 
market. Some growers recommend and have adopted the so- 
called free package, and others use the so-called return package. 

8. The disinfection of the packages gives an opportunity of 
using the return packages at a nominal cost. 

9. Stores, commission houses, and places wlierc apples, 
}K'ars, and quinces were stored or sold last season, are generally 
infested by the larvie, pupa^, or imago (perfect insect) of the 
codlin moth, and are liable to be taken from such places in 
return packages to orchards at this season of the year. 

10. The disinfection of return packages at the place where 
tbe fruit is sent to market (or for storage) is not only the most 
effective method for the prevention of the spread of insect 
pests, but is by far the most economical for the fruit growers. 

Matthi]w Cooke, 
Chief Executive Horticultural Officer. 

The opposition brought the question of constitutionality 
of the law into the courts ; pending a decision, the enforce- 
ment of the quarantine rules was abandoned, and the pests not 
only allowed to spread as heretofore, but the free package sys- 
tem was not generally adopted. (In January, 1883, a decision 
of the Supreme Court declared that the Legislature, in giving 
the State Board of Viticultural Commissioners the right to 
declare what would constitute a misdemeanor, gave the Board 
legislative 'power, and ivas therefore unconstitutional.) 

After mature investigation, I can find no reason to change 
my opinion in regard to the prevention of the spread of fruit 
pests ; that the best, safest, and cheapest method is the general 
and thorough disinfection of all packages used in shipping 
fruit. 

The non-producer and free package advocate asserts (hypo- 
thetically, of course,) that the cost of disinfecting one load of 
boxes and baskets sent from his store — containiuR- three bun- 



28 INTRODUCTORY. 

dred boxes and three hundred baskets, belonging to thirty 
owners — would V)e nearly thirty-five dollars, or as follows : 

Disinfection of 800 boxes, at 1 cent, - - - - - - $8 00 

Disinfection of 300 baskets, at ^ cent, ------ 1 50 

Thirty Inspector's certificates, at $1.00, - - - - - - 30 00 

Hypothetical total, $34 50 

The actual cost Avould have been : 

Disinfection of 300 boxes, at 1 cent, - - - - - - $3 00 

Disinfection of 300 baskets, at \ cent, ------ 1 50 

Certificate of Inspector (free), -------- 

Total cost of hypothetical load of return packages, $4 50 

Again compare figures : 

300 boxes, each containing 30 pounds of fruit, - - 9,000 ibs 
300 baskets, each containing 25 pounds of fruit, - - 7,500 lbs 

16,500 ibs 

Total cost of disinfection so that they could be used again 
for shipping purposes, $4.50. 

Free packages, to carry 16,500 pounds of fruit to market — 
550 packages, 30 pounds each, 16,500; cost of 550 packages, 
at ^\ cents each, cheapest style, $35.75. Thus showing a clear 
gain to the fruit grower of $31.25, less return freight, in favor 
of the i)lan of disinfection. 



CHAPTER V. 

Quarantine. 

In a warfare for the extermination of the insect pests of 
the orchards, etc., quarantine laws are a necessity. The 
codlin moth, peach moth, and other species of pests are spread 
by the shipment of infected fruits. The scale insect and 
woolly apliis have been and are being continually spread on 
nurserv stock. 



INTRODUCTORY. 29 

From paat experience I have concluded that it is an impos- 
sibility to secure any general law that will be acceptable to 
the fruit growers, nurserymen and speculators combined. It 
is, unfortunately, an established fact that a majority of fruit 
growers, or persons growing fruit, prefer taking the chances of 
allowing pests to spread rather than to disinfect their packages 
when returned from market. The proof of this is beyond 
question. At this date I do not know of twenty persons in 
this State who are taking this precaution. Nursery stock 
infested by the scale insect and woolly aphis is sent broadcast 
through the State, and what are the results? 

A planted two thousand Bartlett pear trees in 1880 ; in the 
Fall of 1881 he discovered that they were infested by the San 
Jose scale ; in the Spring of 1882 he cut them off at the ground 
as a sure prevention of their spread on the 10,000 trees adjoin- 
ing, and grafted them. By thorough application of remedies 
he has the trees cleaned, but lost two years use of his ground. 

B bought, in 1882, Bartlett pear trees for two acres ; in the 
Spring of 1888 he discovered that they were infested by the 
San Jose scale. For the protection of the balance of his 
orchard property, the trees, after l)eing planted one year, were 
dug out and burned. 

C, in 1881, sent to a distant portion of the State for pear 
trees, to escape any chances of getting infested trees ; unfor- 
tunately the nursery-man had purchased the trees in an 
infested district. In 1883, the trees planted two years ago are 
found to be seriously infested by the so-called San Jose scale 
{A perniciosus). 

D, E and F have had the same experience in buying and 
planting young apple trees, the roots of which were infested 
by the woolly aphis. 

The true remedy of these evils is, let every owner of fruit 
trees, etc., liable to be infested by insect pests, make himself or 
herself thoroughly acquainted with the appearance and natural 
history of injurious insects ; then constitute a home quaran- 
tine board, of one or more, for the purpose of preventing the 
importation of insect pests on the premises. 



30 INTRODUCTORY. 

CHAPTER VI. 

Danger of Importing Injurious Insects from Foreign Countries. 

Dealers in fruit at San Francisco often have consignments 
of lemons and oranges arrive by steamships and sailing ves- 
sels from Tahiti, from Australia, and also from European 
ports. 

In soine cargoes the fruit is seriously infested by scale 
insects. Australia sends us the red scale {A. aurantii), and 
Australia, Tahiti, and Europe send the leaf and fruit scale )A. 
citricola). The latter has not been found, so far as I am aware, 
in any orchard on this coast. 

A shipment of apples received lately from New Zealand was 
infested by the greedy scale (.-I. rapax). These species of scale 
insects generally arrive in a healthy condition. The greedy 
scale and red scale are both well located here. Care should 
be taken that the A. citricola be not allowed to spread. 
Remember, " eternal vigilance is the price of fruit." 



CHAPTER VII. 

Danger of Spreading Insect Pests by the Transportation of In- 
fested Fruit and Nursery Stock. 

It would be superfluous to give any extended repetition of 
the dangers which threaten husbandmen ])y having infested 
fruits, nursery stock, seeds, etc., brought upon his premises, as 
the danger is fully described in other chapters of this work. 
The following instances are given for the purpose of further 
calling the attention of those living in districts not yet infested : 

The Novato Ranch orchard is isolated from any other 
orchard from which it could become infested ; the pests were 
brought in return packages, and to this date (July, 1883), the 
amount expended by Mr. De Long in getting rid of his visitors 
(codlin motli) must reach nearly ten thousand dollars. 

The iH'ach worm, which was discovered last year (1882), has 



INTRODUCTORY. 31 

been found in isolated orchards this year, so that undoubtedly 
they were brought in return packages. 

The discovery made in various sections of the country this 
Spring (1883), of the presence in young orchards of the San 
Jose scale (^4. perniciosus) is sufficient proof that the nursery 
stock was infested when bought. 

The presence of the codlin moth in an isolated apple orchard 
in San Diego County, can readily be accounted for by the 
owner carrying home his groceries in empty apple boxes that 
were shipped to San Diego with infested fruit. 

The presence of the red scale (^. aurantU) in some orchards 
in Southern California is attributed to the importation of two 
or three young trees from Australia. 

The presence of the cottony cushion scale (/. purchasi) can 
be charged to importation. 

The codlin moth was brought in an importation of five bar- 
rels of apples from States east of the Rocky Mountains, about 
1873. The grain weevil (C. yraaaria) and other injurious 
species of the weevil family [curcidionidx) can readily be spread 
in grain and plant seeds. 



CHAPTER VIII. 

Notes on Experimental Work. 

It is not only a duty, but a necessity, that every cultivator 
of the soil, irrespective of the line of industry in which he is 
engaged, if his premises are infested or likely to be infested by 
insect pests, that he should use his utmost efforts in experi- 
mental work to find the ])est and cheapest methods for their 
extermination, or for preventing their spread at least. In the 
course of such experimental work, should he think he had 
made an important discovery, he should be guided by the 
following rules : 

1. It is well worth the care of any one who wishes to 
be sure — as every one should — of (;onferring a benefit upon his 
fellows rather than risk doing them an injury, to delay the 
expression of results of experiments until the correctness of 
their results are tested by repeated trials. 



32 INTRODUCTORY. 

2. Before advising your neighbor to adopt a certain course 
or remedy, be sure by repeated investigations that you are 
possessed of a fact, not a fancy. Experiments, to be convinc- 
ing, require that they be subjected to well defined, clearly per- 
ceived conditions. 

3. In reporting results of experiments, it should be remem- 
bered that " it is the weakest link that determines the strength 
of the chain." 

One of the obstacles with which the enterprising fruit grower 
has to contend in attempting to prevent the spread of insect 
pests, is the reliance their neighbors place in remedies which 
they have not sufficiently tested before adopting them. For 
instance : A's neighbor, Mr. B, has decided to clean his 
orchard to prevent the ravages of the codlin moth, and as a 
business principle makes an estimate of the cost, which will 
probably be from fifteen to twenty dollars per acre, according 
to the size of the trees. About this time he notices an article 
in his newspaper : " No more use for pumps, sprays, nozzles, 
and solutions. By placing a branch of an eucalyptus tree in 
your apple and pear trees, the codlin moth will not attack the 
fruit." Mr. B adopts the cheap remedy without further inves- 
tigation. Result : the codlin moth is not destroyed, and A's 
orchard is placed in danger. Mr. C, who has been advised to 
use wide-mouthed bottles, with sweetened water, etc., tries the 
experiment and pronounces it a success, having captured by 
actual count nearly five hundred moths in one night. The 
success is announced, and others are induced to give up the 
apjolication of all other remedies, and they are successful in 
capturing a large number of moths. Query — Are they codlin 
moths? In one case, where four hundred and eighty-three 
moths were captured, in an orchard as badly infested by the 
codlin moth as any that can be fovmd in this State, not a cod- 
lin moth was found in the whole number. In another case, 
where locomotive head-lights were used in an orchard at night 
and surrounded by devices for capturing moths, such as pans 
of sweetened water, rum and molasses, coal oil, etc., of the 
immense number of moths captured, less than one fourth of 
one per cent were codlin moths, or one in every four hundred. 
Mr. B called at my office a few days ago, and stated that he 



INTRODUCTORY. 33 

was capturing immense numbers of the eodlin moth in dishes 
and bottles of sweetened water, in his orchard. On being 
shown a eodlin moth, naturnl size, he discovered his mistake, 
and remarked that the moths which he was capturiiig, the bod}^ 
of each was over an inch in length and al)Out as thick as a 
lead pencil. Serious consequeift-es have happened l)y the 
application of highly recommended solutions for destroying 
scale insects, such as tree wash — a cheap production made of 
coal oil, which proved an excellent insecticide, but unfortu- 
nately those who recommended it did not wait to find out the 
effect on the trees. That it contained some pernicious (puili- 
ties which destroyed the tree on which it was used was discov- 
ered in three or four months after application. Only use well 
known remedies if you wish to be successful. 



CHAPTER IX. 

Alkaline Washes as Insecticides and Fertilizers. 

Since the passage of the laws in March, 1881, for the pro- 
tection of the horticultural industries of this State, a large 
amount of money has been expended in purchasing solutions, 
and the necessary labor of applying the same for the purpose 
of exterminating insect pests. In many cases the result of 
the work did not meet the expectation of the fruit grower, and 
in consequence of being disappointed a premature verdict was 
given against the utility of the solution recommended. The 
question never occurred : " Did I get the best material, or was 
the proper application nuide?" The object of this chapter is 
to explain how such failures have occurred. 

No. 1. A proposes to wash his orchard trees with concen- 
trated lye so that it will destroy insect pests, and at the same 
time invigorate his trees. He calls on a wholesale merchant 
(who knows nothing of the material required) and states what 
he wishes to purchase. A potash is ofi'cred at a very low price, 
but warranted equal to any in the market, if bought in quan- 
tities of a ton, more or less. An order is given, and the so- 
called potash delivered at five and a quarter cents per pound, 



34 INTRODUCTORT. 

instead of nine or nine and a half cents per pound, the price 
of the proper article. The work of application is commenced, 
and it is only after the work has been completed that the fruit 
groAver learns that the article he had bought for potash was 
a poor quality of caustic soda. 

No. 2 wishes to secure one ton of whale oil soap. He goes 
to a soap factory and purchases the amount required, but after 
application he ascertains that whale oil soap proper is the 
residue precipitated in bleaching Avhale oil, in which the fatty 
matter of the oil is saponified by liquid potassa, and can only 
be purchased at the bleaching works ; also that the whale oil 
soap he bought was made from a low grade of whale oil in 
the same manner as soft soap, and instead of the saponifying 
matter being all potash, the greater part was caustic soda. In 
9uch cases the best results cannot be obtained ; perhaps one 
or two cents per pound are saved, but the same amount of 
labor was required that would have applied the proper wash. 



CHAPTER X. 

Thorough Application of Remedies. 

" I consider a great deal of my success in exterminating 
scale insects was due to the thorough api)lication of the reme- 
dies used.'' — Elwood Cooper. 

I do not wish to bo considered an alarmist, but I state, 
frankly, that from this time forth, any fruit grower in this 
State (especially in infested districts) who Avishes the produce 
of his orchard to be choice and marketable, will be compelled 
to expend money and lal)or to protect his crop from the rav- 
ages of insect pests, and the following rules should be strictly 
adhered to : 

1. Procure the best quality of such articles as are required 
for insecticides and fertilizers. 

2. If you are not a judge of the article, secure the assist- 
ance of some person who is. 

8. Be sure that the formula for making any solution is 
properly prepared, before application to the tree. 



INTRODUCrORY. 85 

4. Use only the best mechanical a})pliances, such as pumps , 
nozzles, etc. 

5. Make thorough application in every respect the basis 
upon which the work must be done. 

The following cases are related from personal observation : 

1. A was advised to scrape liis trees, ]>ut on bands, sew 
them, etc., and was given full information how to proceed to 
prevent the spread of the codlin motli. 

Application. — He contracted to get his trees scraped for 
three cents each — about forty per cent of what it should have 
cost ; bands were placed on the trees, and during the four 
months succeeding the fifteenth of May, they Avere partly 
examined twice, instead of every seventh day. 

Result. — The crop of apples and pears was destroyed, as 
heretofore. The remedies reconnnended were denounced by 
A as worthless. The failure and loss of time and money were 
caused Ijy the negligent manner in which the wcu'k was done. 

2. B has an orchard infested l)y the scale insect, and is 
recommended to wash his trees with a solution of one pound 
of concentrated lye to each gallon of water used. He substi- 
tut(>d two and a half gallons of water to each pound of the 
lye. 

Result. — The scale insect was not destroyed. B was indig- 
nant, and denounced the remedies recommended as an impo- 
sition, but failed to state that he used two and a half gallons 
of water instead of one gallon to each pound of lye used — 
labor and money lost by not making application as directed. 

8. C was advised to use the concentrated lye solution, and 
not to use coal oil of any kind. However, by ad^dce of his 
neighbor, he used a wash made of a low grade of coal oil. 

Result. — It proved an excellent insecticide, but killed the 
trees. 

4. D's orchard was infested by tlie 8an Jose scale {A. per- 
niciosus). He procured material, the best to be found in the 
market, and commenced a thorough warfare against the pests. 
He succeeded admirably in his work, but business matters 
caused his absence for three or four days from the orchard. 
On his return he found some of liis trees scorched by the appli- 
cation. On investigation he found that the liquid was taken 



36 INTRODUCTORY. 

from the casks without stirring ; therefore, the trees washed 
from the liquid taken from the bottom of the casks stood an 
application about three times as strong as necessary ; how- 
ever, they came out all right. The mistake was rectified, and 
the experience noted for future use. 

Result. — D's thorough application was successful in every 
respect. It cost him $900, but his orchard is clear of San Jose 
scale. 

E owns an orchard containing seven thousand trees, for 
which he paid $32,000 in 1879. In October, 1881, it was seri- 
ously infested by the San Jose scale. In November he bought 
seven tons of concentrated lye, and commenced work. About 
new-year his neighbor condemned his work as being so 
thorough it killed all his trees. He wrote me what he had 
done. I advised him to "f/o on as he had been doing,^^ and in 
a few days after visited his orchard. The work was completed 
as commenced. I visited the orchard on the thirty-first day 
of March following (1881) ; every tree Avas in bloom, and but 
few of the scale insects in a healthy condition. I asked the 
owner at what value he estimated the result of his persever- 
ance and thorough work. He answered : " Last October, I 
would have sold the orchard, bugs and all, for $15,000. At a 
cost of a little over $1,200, I have conquered the bugs. Now, 
sir, you cannot buy it for $40,000, and you can so inform your 
friends." 

Moral. — Follow E's example. 

First-class material to make the solution and thorough 
application will destroy the scale insect without fail. 

Do the work as recommended, thoroughly, and the bugs 
must go. 



INTRODUaTOUr. 



37 



CHAPTER XI. 

Pumps and Nozzles for Spraying Trees. 

Experience has taught us tliat the most cfFective remedies 
for the extermination of insects injurious to fruit and fruit 
Fig- !• trees, especially those belonging to the Coecidae, 
are those that can be applied in solution. For 
the application of such solutions the best 
method is by a pump and spraying nozzle. I 
have been frequently asked the question : What 
kind of pump, nozzle, etc., is the best? The 
accompanying illus- pjg. 2. 

t rations represent the 
1) e s t apparatus we 
know of at present. 
Fig. 1 represents a 
fountain pump. The 
end of the hose is 
placed in a barrel or 
pail containing the 
fluid. Price, $7.50. 

The fountain pump 
is designed for gar- 
den use, and is sold 
by Baker & Hamil- 
ton, Sacramento and 
San Francisco ; and by H. P. Gregory & Co., San Francisco. 
Fig. 2 represents a pump, known as the "Gould Pump," 
manufactured by H. P. Gregory & Co., Nos. 2 and 4 California 
Street, San Francisco. A large number of these pumps are 
now in use, and give excellent satisfaction, as the working 
parts are made to resist the chcniicnl action of tlic disinfect- 
ants used. 

Price of pump, - - - - - - - $17 00 

Price, complete, with twenty-live feet of hose, suction, 

strainer, and spraying nozzle, - - - - 28 00 
Or, with tifty feet of hose, double discharge, and two 

spraying nozzles, - 28 00 





38 



INTRODUCTORY. 



Fig. 3 is an illustration of a new improved pump, manu- 
factured by H. P. Gregory & Co., of San Francisco. This is 



Fig. 3. 




certainly the best pump for spraying trees that has been 
offered for sale. It is stronger made than most pumps, thus 
giving more power. There are only two joints where it would 
be possible for the liquid to leak out, and these, if properly 
screwed up, are perfectly tight. The air chamber is very large 
in proportion to the size of the pump, thereby giving an 
exceedingly steady spra3^ The cylinders are lined with brass, 
and the valves are made of the same m^tal as the body of the 
pump, including the handle. The outer parts are galvanized, 
thus preventing them from rusting, so that it will preserve the 
same neat appearance that it has when new. 

This pump was designed by H. P. Gregory, of the above 
firm, and is certainly a great improvement. 



INTliODUCTORY 



39 



Fig. 5 




Of the spray nozzles in 
use, the most practical is 
a nozzle made by Wes- 
ley Fanning, No. 279 St. 
.John Street, San Jose, 
and is known as the " Mer- 
rigot Nozzle." (Fig. 6.) A 
is a diaphragm, with a small 
opening in the center of any 
required size. This is plac- 
ed on the piece B, on top 
of screw ; the cap C is then 
screwed on, and the nozzle 
is complete. 

With a force i)ump this 
throws a very fine spray 
over the tree. 

A full set of diaphragms 
are sent with each nozzle. 

Figs. 4 and 5 represents 
the Niagara Lawn Sprink- 
ler. 



CHAPTER XII. 

DeLong's Moth-trap. 

The apple house (Fig. 7) at the Novato Ranch in Marin 
County, California, owned by Mr. DeLong, is a three story 
building about one hundred feet long by seventy feet wide ; 
the lower story is built of stone twelve feet high, the second 
storv of brick fourteen feet high, and the third or upper story 
is in the form of a hip-roof, and is about twenty feet irom the 
floor to the ridgepole. 



40 



INTRODUCTORT. 



Mr. DeLong made this experiment of trapping the codlin 
moth, carried to his premises in return packages. The fol- 
lowing if taken from the report of the Fruit Growers' Con- 
vention at San Jose, November, 188'2 : 







Mr. Cooke — " I call your attention to one matter in refer- 
ence to an orchard, of 250 acres, in Marin County, where there 
are 31,000 trees subject to the attacks of the codlin moth— the 
Novato Ranch. In June, 1881, I visited the ranch and, 
greatlv to the dismay of Mr. DeLong, I found the pupa of a 
codhn moth. When I told him, he said : ' No sir, we have 
none here.' I replied : 'Mr. DeLong, there it is on this tree.'^ 
Now I would like to call for his experience since June, 1881." 

Mr. DeLong—" All I can say is that I did not know that we 



INTRODUCTORY. 



41 



had one in the year 1879 ; we had none in the year 1880 ; we 
had none in the year 1881 until he discovered it, as he says, 
in the chrysahs form. That year we gathered our fruit and 
carried it into the apple-house, and I saw ver}" little of it on 
the fruit. The apples did not seem to be much affected, but 
the suggestion was made to me by Mr. Cooke, the following 
Spring, that I had better scald all of my boxes. I asked him 
whether they had gotten out of these boxes fiito the cracks of 
the tioor in the building, and how would it do if I should close 
this building up by putting mosquito netting over the win- 
dows, so that there would be no possible chance for the moths 
to get out. He agreed with me that it would be a good 
idea, and I did so. Having done that, I thought I would like 
to know the result of it. I nailed all the doors up so that it 
would be perfectly impossible for anything to get in and out 
without my knowing it, and I locked the door and took one of 
my men and put him in possession of the key. He com- 
menced finding some of the moths about the middle of April 
and killed them, and up to the 27th of May, kept a running 
account ; after that date he kept a daily account ; he found 
that he had killed 15,027 up to the 27th of October. As the 
account is called for I will read it ; it will give an idea. As 
the days grew longer and warmer the moths increased ; as 
they grew colder the moths diminished. This is the account 
of the moths themselves, not the pupae. 

DESTRUCTION OF CODLIN MOTH IN FRUIT-HOUSE. 



From beginning to May 
'27th, inclusive.. .2671 

May 28 129 

May 29 388 

May 30 337 

May 31 343 

June 1 335 

June 2 224 

June 3 149 

June 4 165 

June 5 138 

June 6 218 

June 7 245 

June 8 146 

June 9 144 

June 12 582 

June 13 4U5 

June 14 177 

June 15* 990 

June 16 484 

June 17 412 

June 18 116 

June 19 440 

♦Cellar opened. 
J— 



June 20. . 
June 21. , 
June 22. . 
June 23. . 
June 24., 
Juue 27., 
June 28.. 
June 29. 
June 30. 
July 1. 
July 2. 
July 3. 
July 4. 
July 5 . 
July 6 
July 7. 
July 8. 
July 9. 
July 10. 
July 11. 
July 12. 
July 13. 
July 14. 



221 

268 

397 

199 

154 

336 

314 

467 

447 

315 

330 

415 

307 

238 

278 

75 

.No count. 

175 

231 

143 

Ill 

112 

90 



July 15 62 

July 16 66 

July 17 157 

July 23 65 

July 24 47 

July 26 108 

July 27 46 

July 28 24 

July 29 15 



July 
Aug. 

Aug. 
Aug. 
Aug. 
Aug. 
Aug. 
Aug. 



30. 
1. 
2. 
4. 
4. 
4. 



22 
36 
43 
14 
14 
16 
7 
31 



Aug. 13 14 

Aug. 15 14 

Aug. 18 5 

Aug. 20 3 

Aug. 26 7 



Total No 15,627 



42 INTRODUCTORY. 

"■ I have kept ten or eleven men working continuously in the 
orchard all through the season. Nine of them going over the 
trees and pulling off all the fruit they could find that was 
infested with these M^orms, and others were picking them up 
and carrying them in. The means that I used to destroy them 
was to put them in a large boiler and boil them up, not trust- 
ing to the hogs or anything else to eat them ; and I came to 
the conclusion that that was the surest way of exterminating 
them. 

" I have carried that out until the apples got large, and they 
are now in the house. What the result will be, I don't know. 
I have worked the bands very effectually, killing some days 
thousands of larvae. I never kept an accurate account." 

Mr. Cooke — " How many did the bats eat?" 

Mr. DeLong — " That is a question I do not know anything 
about. I don't know that I can give any further ideas. We 
were working under the mode Dr. Chapin spoke of, which I 
think is most effectual." 

Mr. Cooke — "I merely wanted to call the attention of the con- 
vention to the facts ; when Mr. DeLong covered all of the win- 
dows on the inside of the three story apple house (the upper 
story is formed with a high roof, and he had to keep the mos- 
quito bar over both ends), he inclosed probably five hundred 
(500) bats. We know that a bat lives on insects, and it is 
certain that the bats lived on the codlin moth, and of these 
Mr. DeLong was unable to give any account. He had placed 
84,000 boxes in this house ; he neglected to say that he cleaned 
the boxes before they were put into the trap, and he got ten or 
twelve larvae in some of these boxes. He got over 15,000 
moths, the largest capture ever made in this line of warfare, 
for his Summer's work. 

"I was present on May 29, 1882, at two o'clock v. m., and 
on the covering of the top window, marked A, on Fig. 7, 
one hundred and ten moths were captured. Extended notice 
is thus given in commendation of Mr. DeLong's practical work 
from the 15th of April to August 26th." 

Note. — On Fig. 7 it can be noticed that there is a square 
cornice on gable of building ; the bats could only get into this 
cornice from inside ; the covering of mosquito bar kept them 
on the top floor, and as they appeared well fed during their 
confinement of four months"^ and a half, it is presumed that 
thev destroved a large number of the codlin moths. 



INTRODUCTORT. 43 

CHAPTER XIII. 

Structure and Growth of Plants. 

A great amount of damage has occurred in some fruit grow- 
ing districts of this State by the applications of solutions, etc., 
as insecticides (i. e. a low grade of coal oil), which contained 
properties that were detrimental to plant-life. By examining 
Fig. 8, the outer bark is found to be represented by letter F, 
the green layer by letter G, the inner bark by letter H, and the 
cambium layer by the letter I. As the cambium layer is 
stated in the following description to be the seat of life of the 
plant, it may be readily understood in what manner a solution 
containing pernicious properties injures the tree when applied 
to the outer bark, viz. : by penetrating the outer bark, the green 
layer, and inner bark, thus reaching and destroying the cam- 
bium layer (or seat of life of the tree). 

On the contrary, if proper solutions, such as are recom- 
mended in this work, are applied, they destroy insect life, and 
by penetrating the outer layers reach the cambium layer, and 
by means of the fertilization properties which they contain, 
invigorate the tree. 

[The following extracts are taken from a paper by Colonel 
W. S. Clark, President of the Massachusetts Agricultural Col- 
lege.— Mass. Rep., 1873-4] : 

" Every seed and every young plant consists wholly of cel- 
lular tissue, but with the development of leaves is combined 
the growth of fibro-vascular tissue." 

" The first vessels to appear in the plantlet are arranged in 
a circle around a column of tissue, which remains loose and 
soft, and after the first season dries up and dies. This is called 
the pith, and seems essential to the life of every woody stem 
and branch during its infancy, although its special function 
is unknown. Between the vessels around the pith may be seen 
the rays of cellular tissue, which ultimately become hard and 
firm, and which unite in bonds, never broken except by some 
external force, the inside of the stem with the inside of the 
bark. These rays make up the woof and have much to do 
with the distinctive peculiarities of different sorts of timber." 

*' Immediately outside the vessels inclosing the pith grows a 
layer of woody fiber, upon which, in a more or less developed 



44 INTRODUCTORY. 

state, according to season, is a layer of organizable material, 
called cambium, which may be regarded as the seat of life of 
the plant." 

" Investigation seems to demonstrate that the cambium 
layer is the seat of life, and that whenever the direct commu- 
nication between the root and the foliage is cut off in this 
layer during one entire season of growth, the whole plant per- 
ishes. It has also been determined by experiment that if sev- 
eral rings of bark be removed from a growing shoot in such a 
manner that on one of the isolated sections of bark there be no 
leaf, while leaves remain on others above and below this, then 
the leafless section will fail to make any growth in any part. 
All other sections, if furnished with one or more healthy leaves, 
will increase in thickness by the formation of new leaves, of 
Avood and bark. This seems to prove that tfie material for 
growth is elaborated by the leaves, and is transmitted onh^ 
through the cambium, and has no power of penetrating the 
tissues of the wood." 

" The peculiar vital and organic power of the cambium is 
remarkably illustrated in the structure and growth of grafted 
trees. Every person is aware that pear trees are grown upon 
quince roots, and that they often bear finer fruit than when 
cultivated as standards. This is doubtless owing to the fact 
that quince roots, being diminutive, furnish less water to the 
leaves, which thus elaborate a richer sap, and produce more 
perfectly developed wood and fruit." 

" The apricot may be grafted on the plum, and the peach on 
the apricot, and the almond on the peach ; and thus we may 
produce a tree with plum roots and almond leaves. The 
wood, however, of the stem will consist of four distinct varie- 
ties, though formed from one continuous cambium layer. 
Below the almond wood and bark we shall have perfect peach 
wood and bark, then perfect apricot wood and bark, and at 
the bottom perfect plum wood and bark. In this curious 
instance we see the intimate correspondence between the bark 
and the leaf; for if we should remove the almond branches- 
we might cause the several sorts of wood to develop buds and 
leafy twigs, each of its own kind. Each section of the com- 
pound stem has its seat of life in the cambium, and the cam- 
bium of each reproduces cells of its own species out of a 
common nutrient fluid. Thus there is seen to be a floAv of 
sap upward in the wood, and a flow of organizable material, 
essential to the life of the plant, proceeding from the leaf to 
the root, through the bark and the cambium layer. From 
this perfected sap the growth of the season is formed, and 
provision for the beginning of the next season's growth is also 
stored up, commonly in the root." 



INTRODUCTORY. 45 

" Next to the cambium, and united to the wood by the rays 
from the pith, is the bark, consisting of three hiyers." 

"The inner, or fil^rous hiyer, is formed by l)ast cells and 
firm cellular tissue. Surrounding the inner bark is a layer of 
cellular tissue in which the rays from the pith terminate, and 
which is named the green layer, because it often exhibits this 
color in young shoots, and then performs the same function 
with the green tissues of the leaf Outside of all this is the 
corky layer, consisting of dry, dead, cellular tissue, and devel- 
oped annually from the green layer. This is not usually of 
much thickness, or consequence, but sometimes, as in the cork 
oak of Spain, it becomes an important article of commerce." 

" The growth of our trees goes on in the cambium layer, 
from which is produced annually a layer of wood and a layer 
of bark, each formed of longitudinal fibro-vascular tissue and 
horizontal cellular tissue." 

" As the trunk expands, the outer bark cracks and falls off, 
as in the shag-bark hickory, or distends and envelops it with 
a somewhat smooth covering, as in the beech and birch. In 
these latter cases the annual cortical layers are quite thin, and 
the outer layer very gradually wastes away under the influ- 
ence of winds and storms. In the cork oak the outer layer is 
specially thickened, and if removed every eighth year, may be 
obtained in stout, elastic sheets, which would crack and fall to 
the ground in the process of time if not harvested. The 
structure of the root is not unlike that of the stem, except 
that the pith is usually wanting, as well as the green layer of 
the bark, which could not be formed nor be of any use in the 
dark earth where the root makes its home." 

Fig. 8 reijresents a section, both vertical and horizontal, of 
a branch of sugar maple, two years old, as it appears in 
December. The portion included in the lines marked A is of 
the first year's growth ; those marked B indicate the wood of 
the second year; while those marked C include the three 
layers of the bark. D represents the pith of loose cellular 
tissue ; E the pith rays of silver grain of hard cellular tis- 
sue connecting the pitli with the green or ndddle la3'er 
of bark, which also consists wholly of cellular tissue. F 
marks the outer or corky layer of the bark, w'hich is 
composed of dry, dead cells, which are formed of con- 
secutive layers from the outer portion of the living green 
layer; G is the green layer of cellular tissue. H shows the 
liber or inner bark, made up of c-ellular tissue penetrated by 



46 



INTRODUCTORY. 



long bast cells, arranged parallel with the^'axis of growth. I 
represents the place of the cambium or growing layer of organ- 
izable material which descends from the leaves between the 
liber and the sap-wood during the period of growth. K is 




«• 6 HI 

Avoody fibre, which gives strength to the stem, and through 
which the crude sap rises. L indicates the vessels or ducts, 
with various markings, such as dots, rings, and spirals, which 
are formed most abundantly in the Spring, and usually con- 
tain no fluid. They convey gases and aqueous vapors, and it 
may be that a large proportion of all the water ascending from 
the roots to the leaves passes through them as a vapor. M is 
the layer of spiral vessels or ducts which always inclose the 
pith, and in the young shoot extend into the leaves and unite 
them to the pith during its life, which ceases with the first 
season. 



" This part of the plant develops an annual layer of wood 
and bark, with rays of cellular tissue like the stem. The num- 



INTRODUCTORY. 47 

ber and extent of root branches in the suil (.Icjm'ikI niiicli upon 
its fertility and adaptation t() the plant.'' 

" As the vigor of vegetable growth depends chietiy on the 
action of the roots, the importance of thoroiigli tilhige is 
apparent." 

" The striking peculiarity in the structure of the root is the 
absorbent power of the young rootlets, which are either cov- 
ered with a thick, spongy layer of cellular tissue, or furnished, 
as is commonly the case, with exceeding minute but innumer- 
able hairs, which penetrate the crevices of the earth in every 
direction in searcli of food. The extreme tips of the rootlets, 
about one sixth of an inch in length, are not clothed with 
hairs, nor capable of alisorption, but serve as entering wedges 
f(n- the advancing root, which lengthens onlv near the extrem- 

ity.;; 

" The bark oi the larger roots becomes thick and impervi- 
ous, like that of the trunk and its' older branches, and the 
inner portion of the wood, both above and beloAv ground, 
gradually solidifies, and becomes unfitted for the free trans- 
mission of fiuids. It is then called heartwood, in distinction 
from the sapwood, through which fluids are transmitted freely. 
The farther any layer of wood or bark is removed from the 
living cambium the less vitality does it retain, and conse- 
quently the less useful is it in the economy of the plant." 

" The leaf has been said, with some propriety, to be an 
extension of the bark, and consists of a framework of fibro- 
vascular tissue forming the stalk and veins, with a doubki 
layer of loose cellular tissue covered with a distinct epidermis 
or skin. The vessels in the leaf stalk and the veins, which are 
its branches, are also in two layers, the upper connecting the 
leaf with the vessels surrounding the pith, which are called 
spiral on account of their peculiar markings, and the lower 
which are united to the cambium layer through the tissue of 
the inner bark." 

" The distinctive features of the leaf is the presence of sto- 
mata or breathing pores, which are usually more numerous on 
the under side. These stomata are furnislied with openings, 
so constructed as to close in very dry air, and open in that 
which is moist, l;)Ut they always remain shut, except under the 
stimulus of liglit. As the chief function of the rootlets is to 
absorb the liquid food of the plant from the earth, so it is the 
special work of the stomata to transpire the surplus water of 
the crude sap, which has been employed as a carrier of food 
from one extremity of the countless series of cells which build 
up the plant, to the other, in some cases a distance of live hun- 
dred feet, through imperforate membranes, and against tlie 
force of sravitation." 



48 INTRODUCTORY. 

CHAPTER XIV. 

Entomology should be made a Permanent Study in the Public 

Schools. 

That many orchards, vinej^ards, etc., in this State, are 
infested by insect pests is an assertion that cannot be success- 
fully contradicted. How can this evil be remedied? So long 
as each fruit grower considers himself a competent authority 
as to the necessity of extirpating from his premises such 
insects as are known to be injurious, and eradicating such 
diseases as impair the value of the fruit crop, and decides to 
determine for himself the conditions upon which he will inter- 
fere with their spread for the protection of his own property 
or that of his neighbor's, there can be no uniformity of action, 
by which the evil can be thoroughly eradicated, until a general 
agreement of all parties interested in the fruit growing indus- 
try can be j^erfected. 

The dissemination of such information as will give a 
thorough understanding of what is required, will require time. 
As the fruit growers of California are scattered over a large 
range of territory, and, as stated above, each individual having 
his own theory to cling by, any advice offered that is not in 
accordance with such a course as he has determined to adhere 
to, is looked upon as a malignant interference with his private 
affairs. 

There are sources of power by which the obstacles men- 
tioned will be overcome, to wit : The Public and Private 
Schools, combined with the intellect of Young America and 
the teaching "in the family circle. 

The query may be reasonably made by persons who have 
given but little attention to the teachings of entomology : 
Why is it necessary to introduce the study of economic ento- 
mology into the public schools at the present time? In 
answer to this inquiry, it is stated in the first part of this 
chapter that there is a conflict of opinion existing among 
fruit-growers, etc., whose industries are threatened by the 
invasion of insect pests. However, it is a matter of common 
agreement of those persons who have considered the subject, 
that it is only by a united warfare, or by united action, that 
the insect pests can be exterminated. 



INTRODUCTORY. 49 

Therefore, under present circumstances, it is absolutely neces- 
sary that the enterprising husbandman should be fully ac- 
quainted with the teachings of the science of entomology, or 
in other words, with the natural history and habits of the 
insect pests which destroy his property. 

Another inquiry may be made : Why has the study of this 
science been neglected? Until within the last few years the 
orchards in this State were free from codlin moth and scale in- 
sects ; the \dneyards were free from phylloxera, vine moths and 
flea beetles ; the vegetable garden from cabbage worms and 
cabbage bugs ; the granaries and storehouses from the grain 
weevil, etc. ; therefore our educators introduced such studies 
as they thought best for the requirement of the times. Besides, 
there were obstacles in the way of introducing this science not 
easily overcome, viz : the text books relating to entomology 
were generally written in technical or scientific language, with 
which the masses of the pupils attending the public schools 
were unacquainted. In many cases mechanical accessions have 
to be employed, such as the pocket lens and microscope to 
detect the presence of these creatures, they being amongst the 
minutest works of creation, and seemingly endowed with an 
instinct to avoid the enquiring eye of man. Again, the stu- 
dent who attempted to make insect life a study was treated as 
a mere trifler and a dabbler in childish pursuits. It may there- 
fore be readily imagined why the study of this science has 
been neglected in the past. 

In order to promulgate information in relation to the natu- 
ral history, etc., of injurious insects, it must not be treated as 
a matter of only local importance. The damage done to prop- 
erty by injurious insects is not confined to any one locality, 
but extends from the valleys to the hillsides and mountain 
tops, from the northern line of the State to the southern line, 
and from the Sierras westward to the st'a ; so that the promul- 
gation of information in relation to tlicir natui'al history and 
habits must necessarily be general. 

This requirement can only be attained by introducing the 
study of economic entomology into the public schools, and by 
discussing its teachings in the family circle. 

Among the results that will follow, the husbandman will 



50 



INTRO DUO TORY. 



thoroughly understand the natural history and halnts of those 
parasites that prey upon his industry, and can therefore make 
a successful warfare for their extermination, ha^dng a complete 
knowledge of how and when to strike the blow for victory. 



CHAPTER XV. 

Economic Entomolog'y. 

Horticulturists and all other persons engaged in cultivating 
the soil should make the study of insects (especially those 
known to be injurious to fruit and fruit trees, grain, vegeta- 
tables, etc.), a part of their every day work. It is as necessary 
for them to understand the natural history and habits of such 
pests of the orchards, etc., as it is to understand how to plant, 
prune, etc. 

Some fruit-growers think that for such practical investiga- 
tion of insect life, a scientific knowledge of the anatomy and 
ph5'siology of these creatures is indispensable. Such, hoAV- 
ever, is not the case. It requires some apparatus (which can 
be procured at a nominal expense), a little patience, and an 
interest in the subject investigated, to learn practically what 
they have depended on others to furnish. 

The following apparatus is necersary : (I am under obliga- 
tions to Mr. C. MuUer, optician, No. 135 Montgomery Street, 



Fig. 10. 



San Francisco, for illustrations of this 

chapter.) Fig. 9 represents a one-inch 

focus watchmakers' glass ; price, from 

75 cents to ^1.25 each. Fig. 10 repre- 

■c,. n sents a small 

Fig. 9. 



microscope; 
price, from $10 
to $20. Such 
i n s t r u m e nts 
liave sufficient 
power for any 
practical inves- 
tigation requir- 
ed on the farm 

or its surround- '"^=" ^^ 

intrs. One dozen glass slides, about $1.00; one dozen glass 





TNTRODUOTOHY. 51 

covers, about 75 cents ; Canada Balsam, 25 cents. A neat 
and useful outfit can be had for $15.00, .at C. Chiller's, 135 
Montgomery Street, San Francisco. Should the fruit grower 
lie unable to give half an hour of his time each day for such 
investigations, the ladies and children of the household 
sliould be trained to make observations that, wlien comi)ared 
with those of others, such information will be ol:)tained as will 
repay them for tlieir time and labor. When the life history 
and habits of any of these insects is learned to such an extent 
as to l)e familiar with the metamorphoses (changes) as larva, 
[)U})a (chrysalis), imago (perfect insect), the fruit grower can 
then go to work intelligently to exterminate theui. By fol- 
lowing the above recommendations, the result gained will be 
replacing theoretical by practical information. 



CHAPTER XVI. 

Mildew or Scab on the Foliage and Fruit of Apple and Pear Trees. 
{Fa!<icl(((liuiu dentritlram. — F. K. L.) 

For a number of years past the presence of what is com- 
monly called mildew has been detected on the leaves of the 
apple and pear trees, but so far as the leaves are concerned, 
more abundant on the former. When the apple tree is at- 
tacked by this fungus early in the season, the young fruit is 
generally destroyed, and the leaves attacked hardly ever conu' 
to perfection, as they appear to dry up and crumble to pieces. 
On the pear leaf it is in the form of a brownish blotch. 

When the attack is first noticed on the young pears, it is in 
the form of an irregular brownish spot on the skin ; this dark 
spot or scab, as it is commonly called, does not penetrate 
into the fruit to a great extent, but destroys the skin and forms 
a hard surface, thus preventing the growth of the fruit on and 
innnediately around the place attacked ; consetiuently when 
the skin of the young fruit is attacked in one or more places, 
when it is full grown the surface is not uniform, and the mar- 
ket value is thus decreased. That the fungus spores which 
cause this fungus, or mildew, on the leaves and fruit of api)le 



52 TNT ROD UCTOR Y. 

and pear trees in the Spring is on the trees from one season to 
another, I think is beyond question. 

There is also a species of fungus that attack the apricot, 
giving it a speckled appearance and destroying its market 
value. It is also noticed on the jDeach, nectarine and prune 
this season, 1883. 

To destroy mildew, fungus, etc., on fruit and foliage of 
apricot, peach, prune, nectarine and almond, use Remedies No. 
5 or 7, one pound of the mixture to each one gallon of water. 

On apple, pear and quince, use Remedy No. G, one pound to 
each five quarts (1:^ gallons) of water. 

Note. — The above remedies should be applied by spraying 
the fruit and foliage as soon as the fruit is well set from the 
blossom, or about the size of a small marble. The spraying 
should be repeated in two weeks. 



CHAPTER XVII. 
Birds — Beneficial and Injurious. 

It would be a very difficult task for any person to ascertain 
what birds are injurious and which are beneficial. I do not' 
think there is any bird that is wholly injurious, because those 
which are usually regarded as being injurious, such as the 
robin, blackbird, etc., are partially beneficial, since they some- 
times feed upon injurious insects. And it would be about as 
difficult to name a bird that is wholly beneficial ; the swallows 
are usually regarded as beneficial birds, and yet it is evident 
that they destroy mOre beneficial insects than injurious ones, 
since the former are mostly on the wing in the daytime, while 
the latter fly chiefly at night. The night-hawk and the whip- 
poorwill are about the only birds that can be regarded as being 
'wholly beneficial. 

But, as any bird that feeds upon any part of our cultivated 
plants, shrubs or trees, or in any manner injures or destroys 
those animals which minister to our wants, is usually regarded 
as being injurious, I will endeavor to classify our more com- 
mon birds into three classes : the beneficial, the injurious, and 



TNTRODUCTOBT. 53 

the doubtful. The first class will contain those birds which 
feed almost exclusiveh^ upon insects or small animals, and 
which are not known to injure fruits, grain, or anytliino; of 
any value to us. The second class will contain those which 
feed principally upon fruits or grain, or which are known to 
cause extensive injury to some of the useful prcxhicts of the 
soil, without making adequate return for their destructiveness 
by destro3'ing noxious insects. In the third ch\ss will be 
placed those birds which sometimes depredate upon the useful 
products of the soil, or upon our domestic animals (including 
fowls and bees), and which also feed largely upon insects ; so 
that it is doubtful as to whether we are to regard them as being 
beneficial or injurious. 

BENEFICIAL BIRDS. 

Bluebirds, pewees, flycatchers (except the beebird), swal- 
lows, martins, wrens, chi(;kadee, vireos or greenlets, tanagers 
or redbirds, ground-robins, cuckoos, humming-birds, Avarblers, 
night-hawks, whippoorwills, meadow-larks, shrikes, butcher- 
birds, road-runners, vultiu'cs, turkey buzzards, gulls, plovers 
and snipes. 

The meadow-larks and })l()V('rs, and perhaps a few other 
birds in this list, sometimes feed upon seeds, l)ut only to a 
limited extent, their food consisting almost exclusively of 
insects ; the shrikes and road-runners feed upon insects? 
snakes, small lizards, etc., and the former sometimes destroy 
small birds ; gulls feed upon insects, frogs crayfish, etc. 

INJURIOUS BIRDS. 

House-finches or red-headed linnets, cedar-birds or waxwings, 
orioles, doves, wild geese and ducks. These are aboiit the 
only birds that are considered as l)cing very injurious, and 
even these partlv atone for their injuries by feeding upon 
insects. The linnets sometimes occasion considerable damage 
by feeding upon the buds of fruit trees. (Early in Spring use 
Remedies Nos. 5, (3, or 7, one pound to each gallon of water 
used, and the birds will not eat the buds.) The cedar-birds 
and orioles feed upon fruit and berries, and the latter also feed 



54 INTRODUGTORT. 

upon green peas ; the doves feed mostly upon grain, while the 
wild geese and ducks are sometimes very injurious to growing 
grain. 

DOUBTFUL BIRDS. 

Thrushes, robins, catbirds, blackbirds, beebirds, finches, 
sparrows, bluejaj^s, magpies, crows, hawks, owls, quails, wood- 
peckers, and mocking-birds. 

As stated above, these birds occasionall}^ feed upon some of 
the useful products of the soil, or upon domestic animals, 
barnyard fowls, or bees, while they also feed upon injurious 
insects or other pests ; and it is a matter of considerable doubt 
as to whether their good deeds do not counter-balance their 
evil ones. The thrushes, robins, catbirds, quails and wood- 
peckers sometimes feed upon fruits ; the blackbirds, crows, 
bluejays and woodpeckers occasionally feed upon corn ; the 
sparrows feed principally upon seeds, while the finches feed 
upon seeds and buds ; the beebirds are sometimes quite 
destructive to bees, but also feed largely upon other insects. 



INSECTS INFESTING THE APPLE TREE. 



CHAP. 

The Woolly Aphis (SchUoneura lanigera)..lB 
The Oyster-shell Bark-Louse (Aspidiotiis 

cotwhiforinvi) 19 

The San Jose Scale (Aspidiotws pemieio- 

m.y) 20 

The Greedy Scale (Axpidiofto: rapax) 21 

The Round-headed Apple-tree Borer (Sa- 

jifirda Candida) 22 

The Flat-headed Apple-tree Borer (Chrij- 

.inhnthrii femora ta) 23 

The Apple-twig Borer (flostric)niK bicati- 

dafuK) 2i 

The Prickly-bark Beetle ( Leptonhjhiit acul- 

iferux) 25 

The Gray Bark-eating Weevil (ThricolepU 

Kiiinilntor) 26 

The Buffalo Tree-hopper CCcrefjrt bubalus). 27 

The Harvest -fly (Cicada) 28 

Canker Worms 29 

The Fall Canker Wonn ( Anisopteryx pome- 

taria) 30 

The Yellow Canker Worm (Hihernia tili- 

aria) 31 

The Spring Canker Worm (Anisopteryx 

vernata) 32 

DeLong's Caterpillar (Clisiocampa con- 

stricta) 33 

The Orchard Tent Caterpillar (C/iVocnwififi 

A me.ricana) 34 

The Forest Tent Caterpillar (Clisiocampa 

i<ylraficaj 35 

The Fall Web Worm (Hyphantria fextw)..3& 
The Tussock Moth (Orygia leucoxtigma). . .37 
The Yellow-necked Caterpillar (Datana 

miniatra) 38 

The Red-humped Catei-pillar {Notodonta 

concinna) 39 

The Greater Leaf-roller {Loxotaenia rona- 

ceana) 40 



CHAT. 

The Apple-leaf Crumpler {Phycila luibuh). 41 

The Bud Worm {Penthina oculana) 42 

The Many Dotted Ca,terp\Ua,r (Brachytcenia 

malana) 43 

The Turnus ButteiHy (Papilio tiirnus) 44 

The Apple Buculatri.x (Bwrulatrix pomi- 

foliella) : 4.5 

The Apple-tree Aphis (Aphix mali) 46 

The Apple-leaf Aphis {Aphix malifolioe) . . . .47 
The Ten-lined Leaf-eater (Polyphylla 10- 

lineata) 48 

The Goldsmith Beetle iColalpa lanigera)..A% 
The Robust Leaf Beetle {Scrica valida). . . .50 
The Codlin Moth (Carpocapua 2)omonella)..S\ 

The Apple Maggot {Trypcta pomonella) 52 

The Apple Curculio (Anthonomuis quadri- 

gibbus) 53 

The Earvvig {Forfieuhi auricularia) 54 



The following insects are also injurious to 
the apple tree, but, as they are more destruct- 
ive to other trees, they will be treated of in 
another part of this work: 

The Broad-necked Prionus (Prionus lati- 
collis). 

The Branch and Twig Burrower (Polycaon 
confertus). 

The Pear-tree Scolytus (Scolytus pj/ri) . 

The Snowy Tree-cricket (Oecatithunniveun). 

The White-lined Sphin.x (Deilephila lineata). 

The Angular-winged Katydid {Microren- 
trum retinervis). 

The Rose Chafer {Macrodactylus biibspino- 
.s (/*•). 

The Plum Curculio (Conotraeheliis nenu- 
phar). 

The Plum Moth (Semasia pruniaiia). 

The Red Spider {Tetranychus telarivs). 



56 INSECTS INFESTING THE APPLE TREE 

CHAPTER XVIII. 

The Woolly Aphis. 

( Schizoneura lanigera — Hausman). 

Synonyms. — Ajihis lanigera — Hausman. Coccus mali — Bing- 
ley. Eriosorna mail (Leach, M. S.) — Samoulle. Myzoxylus 
mali — Blot. Schizoneura lanigera — Hartig. Pemphigus pyri 
— Fitch. Aphis (Schizoneura) lanigera — Ratz. Eriosorna 
lanigera — Ruricola. 

Order, Hemiptera ; ^ tti -i \ 

o T ' 1 TT \ Familv, Aphidid^. 

Sub-order, Homoptera ;) -^ ' 

♦ 
[Living in hollows on the trunk or hmbs of apple trees, a 

small plant-louse, which is more or less covered with a white, 

cottony matter.] 

The presence of this insect can readily be detected from the 
api3earance of the tree infested ; the branches appear knotty, 
the wood dry, hard, and brittle, and the general appearance is 
that of over-age and decay. Its distribution may be said to 
be general in this State on apple trees, and it is very generall}- 
distributed on apjile nursery stock. The opinions of writers 
differ as to whether the insect found on the roots, and those 
on the trunk and limbs, are the same species, some contending 
that they are similar, and that those on the trunk and branches 
go to the roots and hibernate during the winter, or deposit 
their eggs for the next season's brood, while others contend 
that they are distinct species. For the present purpose it is 
sufficient to know that one or more species infest our trees. 
The climate of California maybe favorable to their hibernating 
throughout the winter season on the trunks and limbs, as I 
have found them in crevices of the bark throughout the winter 
season, and at the same time finding them on the roots. To 
destroy these insects effectually they must be attacked on the 
roots, and on the trunk and branches at the same time. 



INSECTS INFESTING THE APPLE TREE. 



57 




Fig. 11. Fig. 11.— Woolly 

Aphis ; a, an infested 
root ; h, th(^ larva — 
color, brown ; c, winged 
adult — colors, black 
and yellow ; cZ, its leg ; 
e, its beak ; f, its an- 
tennae ; (/, a n t e n n se 
of the larva (6) — all 
higly magnified. 

The woolly aphis 
(Fig. 11) is of a dark 
russet-brown color, with the abdomen covered with a white 
down, of a cottony appearance. It is said by some writers that 
it can only live on the apple tree. I have found it on the pear 
tree, and on pear nursery stock ; also, one colony on a cherry 
tree ; and in each case they seemed to thrive well above ground. 
This insect is only to be found on the roots, branches, limbs, 
and trunks of the trees ; it does not infest the leaves. 

When the woolly aphis begins to spread, it appears in 
blotches on the trees, of a white cottony appearance, Avhich, if 
rubbed with the finger, will produce a blood-colored fiuid. 

Remedies. — For destroying wolly ai)his on roots of trees. 
No: 39 or No. 40. These remedies should be applied early in 
the Fall season, so that the rains will carry the solution to the 
roots. No. 40 or 41 may be used, but No. 39 or 40 are prefer- 
able. 

For destroying wolly aphis on the trunk of the tree, use 
No. 43, when the tree is dormant. (Spray). 

For destroying wolly aphis on limbs and branches, when 
the tree is in leaf, use No. 6, one pound of mixture to each five 
quarts (1:^ gallons) of water used; or, No. -51. (Spray.) 

For destroying wolly aphis on roots of nursery stock 
(young apple trees), use No. 42; or. No. .5 or 7, one pound of 
mixture to each gallon of water used. 



58 INSECTS INFESTING THE APPLE TREE. 

CHAPTER XIX. 

Oyster Shell Bark-louse, or Common Apple Scale Insect. 

(Aspidiotus Conchiformis — (Tiiielin. ) 

Syxoxyms — Mytilaspis pomicorticis — ;Riley. Aspidiotus pomo- 
rum — Boiiche. Mytilaspis pomornm — Bouche. Aspidiotus 
pyriis-malus — ;Rob. 

Order. Hemiptera ; } -c^ ■^ r^ 

Sub-order, Homoptera : > • ' 

1 1 1 1*1 1 i III 1 hill 

[The measurements of insects in this work are given in inches and lines. The above cut rep- 
resents one inch divided into lines and fractions thereof.] 

[A slender, slightly-curved scale insect, infesting deciduous 
fruit trees.] 

This species of scale insect can be found in orchards in 
nearly all the central counties of California, and is very 
destructive to apple trees, and also infests the pear and other 
deciduous fruit trees. 

Fig. 12. — A piece of 
bark infested by Oyster 
Shell Bark-lice — colors 
of scales, brown, yellow 
and gray. 

This species can be readily distinguished from the other 
species of scale insects that infest the apple tree and described 
elsewhere in this work. The scale of the female is long and 
narrow, and more or less curved, and widened at the posterior 
end ; it measures from one line to one and one quarter lines 
in length. Color — Dark yellowish-brown ; exuvife, amber- 
yellow. 

The scale of the male is smaller than that of the female, 
and nearly straight ; it is not so dark in color, and has a mot- 
tled appearance. 

NATURAL HISTORY. 

The eggs found under the female scale number from thirty- 
five to seventy-five : the voung are hatched about the tenth of 




INSECTS INFESTING THE APPLE TREE. 



59 



May, and, so far as known at present, there is only one brood 
in each year. Larva length, one seventieth of an inch ; color, 
pale yellow; form, ovoid; antenna, seven jointed, two anal 
setse. In a few days after it is hatched the larva fixes itself 
on the wood, leaves or fruit, and perfects its change, or meta- 
morphosis, as shown in Fig. 13. 

Fig. 13. 




Fig. 13. — Oyster Shell Bark-louse, highly magnified, i, the 
egg — color, white or yellowish ; ;2, the newly hatched larva — 
color, yellow ; J, the larva after becoming fixed ; -^, the scale 
after the second plate is formed ; 7, fully formed scale, ventral 
view ; -5, ventral view of larva ; 6', adult female — color, pale 
yellow; 8^ antenna of the larva (2). 

The male (perfect) insect is winged, as shown in Fig. 14. 



Fig. 14. 




Fig. 14. — Oyster Shell Bark-louse (male), highly magnified; 
a, ventral view of winged male — color, gray; /, a joint of his 



60 TN8EGTS INFESTING THE APPLE TREE. 

antenna more highly magnified ; r, a male scale — colors, yellow 
and brown ; ?), a winged male, with wings expanded — color, 
gray ; rf, one of his legs, more highly magnified ; c, upper sur- 
face of the wing, more highly magnified. 

It has been found very difficult to destroy this species, as 
the scale or shell is fastened very securely to the wood, etc. ; 
but late experiments have proven that the pest can be eradi- 
cated. 

Remedies. — When the tree is dormant, use No. 13 — one 
pound of the mixture to each gallon of water used. (Spray.) 

When the larvae are hatched and the tree is in leaf, use No. 
6 — one pound of the mixture to each five quarts (1^ gallons) 
of water used ; or, No. 5 or 7 — one pound to each gallon of 
water used. (Spray.) 



CHAPTER XX. 

The San Jose Scale. (Cal.) 
(Aspidiotvs perniciosvs. — Comstock.) 

Order, Hemiptera; ) Family, Coccid^. 
Sub-order, Homoptera ;) 

[A small, nearly circular, and flattened scale insect infesting 
deciduous fruit trees.] 

About the year 1873, this species of scale-insect appeared 
in San Jose, Santa Clara County; at least, in that year it was 
the first noticed by fruit-shippers as infesting the fruit. 

From that time until 1880 it spread rapidly, and but httle 
effort was made to exterminate it. -In the Winter of 1879 and 
1880, some practical experiments were made which produced 
such results as encouraged those who had entered upon the 
work to make further efforts. In the Winter of 1881 and 1882, 
extensive work was done throughout the infested districts, and 
in many cases with excellent success. Unfortunately, in a 
number of cases, solutions were applied, such as a low grade 
of coal oil that was in the market under the name of tree wash, 
which sold at about fourteen cents per gallon ; and another 



INSECTS INFESTING THE APPLE TREE 61 

under the name of crude petroleum; these were recommended 
by those who had used them as excellent insecticides. 
However, in a few months it was discovered that these solu- 
tions contained pernicious properties which were destructive 
to plant-life, consequently a large number of trees were de- 
stroyed or killed. Tliis dangerous insect has been intro- 
duced into many fruit growing districts on nursery stock, and 
is found in over twenty counties at the present time (August, 
1883). Great progress has been made in perfecting remedies 
for the extermination of this pest, so that if the work is thor- 
oughly done the orchardist need not fear this most dangerous 
of the aspidiotus scale insects. 

The A. jjcrniciosus infests all the deciduous fruit trees, except- 
ing, perhaps, the Black Tartarian Cherry ; it lias also been 
found on the currant bush, and on tomatoes grown in the 
vicinity of infested trees. It also infests the poplar, osage 
orange, wild cherry, eucalyi)tus and other ornamental trees 
and shrubs. 

NATURAL HISTORY. 

The females of the family coccidas, to which the genus aspi- 
diotus belongs, are described by Westwood as follows : " That 
without referring to their singular habits we find some of them 
on arriving at their last state are not only wingless, but also 
footless and antenneeless, and in which all appearance of 
annulose structure is lost — the creature, in fact, becoming an 
inert mass of animal matter — a slender seta arising from the 
breast and thrust into the stem, or leaf, or fruit on which the 
animal is fixed, being the only external appendage of the 
body." 

Prof. Comstock, in speaking of the metamorphosis of the sub- 
family diaspiuci', to which the genus aspidiotus belongs, says 
that "members undergo a remarkable change at the time of 
the first molt, losing their legs and antenna?, and thus becom- 
ing apparently less highly organized than in the larval state." 

DESCRIPTION. 

The scale of the female is circular, and in color blackish 
gray, excepting the exuvite in the center, which is of a deep 



62 



INSECTS INFESTING THE APPLE TREE. 




Fig. 16. 




straw color ; sometimes it has a reddish hue ; it measures from 
one line to one and a quarter lines in diameter. The scale of 
the male is oval in outline, and nearly black with the exuviae 
between the center and the anterior margin of the scale, but is 
darker in color, and more obscure than that of the female. 

The female insect (Fig. 15), is primrose yellow, and some- 
times ochre yellow in color, and measures about half a line in 
diameter. Each female produces from thirty-five to fifty eggs. 
-San Jose Scale, insect (adult female) 
enlarged.] 

[Fig. 16. — Larva of San Jose 
Scale,enlarged, ventral view.] 

The larvtu (Fig. 16 ), are yel- 
lowish, form oval, antenna? six 
jointed, two anal seta?, length 
about one seventy-fifth (1-75) of 
an inch. The larva creeps around for two or 
three days, then finding a suitable place it fast- 
ens itself to the wood (Fig. 17), leaf, or fruit (Fig. 18), and 
undergoes its change, or metamorphosis. 
[Fig. 17. — Portion of a 
branch infested by San 
Jose Scales.] 

[Fig. 18. — A pear infest- 
ed by San Jose Scales.] 

The male insect 
(Fig. 19), (perfect), is 
winged ; wings nearly 
transparent — color,body 
light amber, with dark 
markings ; antennae ten-^ 
jointed (hairy) ; poste- 
rior stylet nearly as 
long as the body. Pupa of male 
insect (Fig. 20), fifteen days after the scale is formed ; Fig. 21, 
thirty-five days after the scale is formed. The sting or bite 
of the female insect produces a dark red mark on the wood 
or fruit. 



Fig. 18. 



Fig. 17. 




INSECTS INFESTING THE APPLE THEE 
Fiff. 20. 



63 





Fig. 21, 



'"S'-^C 




[Fig. 19. — San Jose Scale, in^^ect (adult 
male) enlarged.] 

Fig. 20. — Pupa of San Jose Scale, insect 
enlarged. 

Fig. 21. — San Jose Scale, insect (male pujja) enlarged. 
This species produces three broods each year ; the first may 
be expected about the time that cherries begin to color, the 
second in July, and the third in October. 

Remedies. — When the tree is dormant, use No. 11, Xo. 12. 
Or Xo. 13 — seven pounds of the mixture to each eight gallons 
of water. (The latter is preferable.) (Spray.) 

When the tree is in leaf use Xo. 6 — one pound of mixture 
to each five quarts of water (or 1^ gallons) — or No. 5, or Xo. 7. 
Caution. — Beware of mineral oils. 



CHAPTER XXI. 

The Greedy Scale Insect. (Cal.) 
(Aspidiotus rapnx — Comstock. ) 



Order, Hemiptkra ; 
Sub-order, Homoptera ; 



Familv, Coccid.e. 



[Infesting apple, pear, quince, peach, plum, apricot, almond, 
and olive trees ; also, acacia, willow, eucalyptus, locust, and 
other ornamental and forest trees.] 

This species was given the specific name rapax, or Greedy 
Scale, by Prof. J. H. Comstock, in 1881, on account of the 
great number of plants upon which it subsists. I found it 
on the fruit trees at Santa Cruz, in May, 1881, and wrote of it 
under the common name, Santa Cruz Scale, but have since 
found that it is generallv distributed throughout the fruit dis- 



64 



INSECTS INFESTING THE APPLE TREE. 



tricts of California. It infests the wood (limbs and branches), 
foliage, and fruit of deciduous trees, including the peach, apri- 
cot, plum, almond, quince, and fig, and especially the apple, 
pear, and olive. In some cases apples and pears were so 
infested with this scale as to destroy their market value. The 
acacia, willow, eucalyptus, locust, etc., are also its food plants. 



Fig. 22. 




NATUEAL HISTORY. 

Fig. 22 represents a portion of a branch infested by Greedy 
Scales ; at the left are two of the scales, 
enlarged — colors, gray or yellowish, and 
brown. 

The scale of the female is nearly circular, 
or slightly oval ; 3'ellowish in color when it 
covers a living, mature insect, but is gener- 
ally a light gray. The full-grown speci- 
mens measure nearly one line in diameter, 
and its form is more convex than the other 
species of aspidiotus described in this work ; 
the exuviae is between the center and one 
side, or edge, of the scale. Eggs, ovate — 
color, yellow. 

[Fig. 23. — Larva of Greedy Scale, enlarged ; 
ventral view.] 

[Fig. 24. — Female Greedy Scale Insect, en- 
larged.] 

Larva (Fig. 23) — color, yellow; 

length, one-eightieth of an inch ; 

antenna^, six-jointed ; two anal 

setae. 

Female full grown (Fig. 24) is circular in form — 

color, yellow, with clear or nearly transparent 

blotches. She deposits from thirty-five to eighty eggs. 

Male (perfect) insect, winged. (I have not been able to pro- 
cure a perfect specimen.) There are probably two broods each 
year, as I have found the eggs in May and August. 

Use remedies as described for San Jose Scale {A.perniciux((t<), 
Chap. XX. 




Fig. 24. 




INSECTS INFESTING THE APPLE TREE. 



65 



CHAPTER XXII. 

The Round-headed Apple-tree Borer. 

( Saperda Candida — Fabricius.) 

Synonym. — Saperda bivittata — Say. 

Order, Coleoptkka ; Faniilv, Cerambycid/k. 



[The ineasiirements of insects in this work are ^iven in inches and lines. The above cut rep- 
resents one inch divided into lines and fractions thereof.] 

[Boring into the trunks of apple, pear, quince, and sim- 
ilar trees, a nearly cylindrical, yellowish-white, footless grub, 
which is finally changed into a beetle of a brownisli color, hav- 
ing two white stripes on its back]. 

The greater number of injurious insects live exposed ujjou 
the plants which they attack ; but there are several kinds whicli 
live concealed from view in the stems or branches of various 
kinds of plants, shrubs, and trees, and thus hidden from view, 
they carry on their silent work of destruction. I'rominent 
among this latter class is the round-headed apple-tree borer, 
which is found over the greater part of the United States. 






[Fig. 25. — Round-headed Api)le-tree Borer; «, the larva — 
color, yellowish-white ; b, the pupa — color, yellowish-white ; c, 
the beetle — colors, brown and wliite.J 

The beetles, or perfect insect (Fig. 25c) first make their 
appearance a few weeks after the apple tree has put forth its 



66 INSECTS -IN FES TING THE APPLE TREE. 

leaves. They soon pair, and in the course of a few days the 
females deposit their eggs. This operation consumes consider- 
able time, so that about three months elapse before all of the 
beetles have finished depositing their eggs. 

The latter are commonly deposited in the crevices of the 
bark, and usually near the surface of the ground, but some- 
times they are placed in the axil of the lower branches, or the 
place where the branches start out from the trunk. In about 
a fortnight, from each of these eggs is hatched a minute, foot- 
less grub of a whitish color, with a yellowish head. These 
grubs eat their way obliquely downward through the bark, and 
for the first year of their lives they live upon the inner bark or 
sapwood, forming flat, shallow cavities. In their passage 
through the bark they push their excrements and refuse 
through the opening of their burrow, and being of a glutinous 
nature, it collects around the mouth of the burrow in a small 
mass, which, being usually of an orange color, is readily detected 
by the experienced eye. The following season the borer enlarges 
its burrow, pushing its castings out of the openings of its bur- 
row in pellets, resembling in shape a grain of oats, but larger. 
These are commonly found in pairs, lying parallel, with their 
points toward the tree. 

During this, the last Summer and Fall of their lives, they do 
their principal damage by widening their burrows on every side, 
destroying the alburnum deposited the year before, and often 
the layer under it. If there is only one in a tree at this age, 
and the tree is not more than one inch and a half in diam- 
eter, the borer usually kills it by girdling entirely around it, 
except about one fourth of an inch, on one side. One borer in 
a large tree does not materially injure it, but generally in such 
trees there are from two to five, and they girdle all around to 
within one fourth of an inch of each other's burrow, and thus 
kill the tree. 

The borer or larva (Fig. 25rt) during the last Fall of its life, 
eats voraciously until cold weather sets in, when it carefully 
houses itself away until the following Spring. As soon as the 
weather becomes mild, it begins to cut a cjdindrical burrow 
from three to six lines long, usually up the trunk of the tree, 
but sometimes directly through it, ending it just under the 



INSECTS INFESTING THE APPLE TREE. 67 

outside l)ark, leaving the bark alwut the thickness of writing 
paper ; it then draws back about an inch, phices some coarse 
chips before and behind it, and soon assumes the pupa form. 
(Fig. 25b). After remaining in this state for from two to six 
weeks, it is changed to a beetle, which soon afterwards gnaws 
a hole through the bark that covers the end of its burrow, and 
thus effects its escape. The head of this grub is small, horny, 
and brown ; the first ring or segment is much larger than the 
others ; the next two are very short, as are also the eleventh 
and twelfth ; the rings, from the fourth to the tenth, inclusive, 
are each furnished on the upper side with two fleshy warts, 
which are situated close together, and are destitute of the rasp- 
like teeth which are usually found on the grubs of the other 
kinds of borers ; no appearance of legs can be seen, even with 
a magnifying glass of high power. When fully grown, it meas- 
ures about one inch in length. 

The beetle, or perfect insect, measures from six to nine lines, 
or one half to three fourths of an inch in length, and is of a 
cinnamon-brown color, marked with two white stripes, which 
extend from the head to the tips of the wing-cases ; the face, 
antenna), and legs are white, the antenna? being nearly as long 
as the body. 

Remedy. — Use No. 37. 



CHAPTER XXIII. 

The Flat-headed Apple-tree Borer. (Cal, ) 

( Ch ryf<()l)othris fetnoratd — Fabricius. ) 

Order, Coleoptera ; Family, Butrestid.^:. 

[Boring into the trunks of apple, pear, peach, and simi- 
lar trees ; a pale, yellowish, footless grub, having the forepart 
of the body greatly widened and flattened ; finally transform- 
ing into a greenish-black or bronze colored beetle, which is 
copper-colored on the under side.] 

While the round-headed apple-tree borer, S. bivitata (Fig. 
25), usually infests healthy, growing trees, the present species 
seems to prefer those which are more or less diseased, in such 



68 INSECTS INFESTING THE APPLE TREE. 

places where the hark is bruised, sunburned or dead, on which 
account it is not to be so much dreaded as the round-headed 
species. 

The flat-headed apple-tree borer first makes its appearance 
in the month of April or May, soon after which it deposits 
its eggs ; these are usually deposited in crevices or beneath 
the loose bark, several of them being not unfrequently 
found together. They are of an ovoidal shape, pale yellow, 
irregularly ribbed, will one end flattened. The young larvae 
hatched from these gnaw their way through the bark until 
they reach the green cambium layer, and gradually extend 
their broad and flattened channels beneath the bark. At 
length, when they have grown stronger and their jaws firmer, 
they bore into the more solid wood of the tree, working 
upward until a]:)out to undergo their transformations, when 
they cut a passage to the outside, leaving a thin covering at 
the surface through which the beetle (Fig. 26) afterwards 
forces its way. It is supposed to pass through its various 
changes with inthe course of one year. The grub or larva 
(Fig. 27) of the borer measures nearly nine lines or three 
fourths of an inch in length, when full grown, and is of a pale 
yellow^ color ; it is entirely destitute of feet, and the second 
segment is very broad and flattened, by which character this 
grub may at once be distinguished from that of the round- 
headed borer (Fig. 25a). The beetle measures about six lines, 
or one half an inch in length, and is of a dark, dull, greenish 
color with a strong, coppery luster, which is deepest on the 
forehead and at the tip of the wing cases ; the head is sunken 
up to the eyes in the thorax. On each wing-case are two 
irregular impressed spots, which are generally of a deeper 
green or coppery color than the surrounding surface, and 
sometimes appearing double. The under side and limbs are of 
a brilliant copper color. The portion of the abdomen covered 
by the wing cases is a light, blue-green. 



INSECTS INFESTING THE APPLE TREE. 



69 



Fig. 26. — Flat-headed Apple-tree Borer — color, dark gray or 
dull greenish. 

Fig. 26. Fi^. 27. Fig. 28. 






Fig. 27. — Larva of Flat-headed Apple-tree Borer; a, the 
larva ; c, the underside of the head and forepart of the body — 
color, white. 

Fig. 28. — Pupa of Flat-headed Apple-tree Borer — color, white. 

Remedy. — Use No. 37. 



CHAPTER XXIV. 

The Apple-twig Borer. 

(Bostrichus bicaudatus. — Say. ) 

Synonym — A mphiceru^ { Bot>trirh (^s' ) hicmtdatia^. 

Order, Coleoptkra ; Family, Ptinid.e. 

[Living in grapevines, a small, whitish, nearly cylindrical, 
grub, which is thickest anteriorly ; finally transforming into 
a brown beetle which burrows in the twigs of the apple, pear 
and peach trees.] 

The natural history of this insect has never been clearly 
traced. Dr. Shinier states that he bred it from the larva found 
Imrrowing out the central })ith of a grapevine, while other 
authors contend that it spends its larval stage in some forest 
tree, and that the beetle forms a burrow into the grapevines, 
apple-twigs (Fig. 29), etc., merely for the purpose of getting 



Fii^. 29. 




a sheltered place in which to 
})ass the Winter. 

Fig. 29. — Twigs shoAving 
burrows of apple-twig borer; 
c, the entrance ; d, the bur- 
row cut open. 



70 INSECTS INFESTING THE APPLE TREE. 

The beetles (Fig. 30) are found in their burrows from early 
Fall till late in the following Spring. They measure from four 
to five lines, or about three eighths of an inch in length ; are 
of a dark brown color, the thorax nearly black, and the ante- 
rior half is covered with spine-like points ; at the apex of each 
Fig. 30. t)f the wing-covers of the male is a little horn 

from which the species derives the specific 
name : hicaudatus, or two-tailed. 

Fig. 30. — Apple-twig Borer ; back view and 
side view — color, brown. 
Remedies. — If seriously infested, when the tree is dormant, 
use Nos. 11 and 12 — one pound to each gallon of water used. 
(Spray.) In the Spring when the tree is in leaf, use No. 5 or 
7 — one pound to each gallon of water used. This will prevent 
the insect from boring into the tree. Also, prune as directed 
in No. 27. 




CHAPTER XXV. 

The Prickly Bark Beetle. 

[Leptostylus aculiferus. — Say. ) 

Order, Coleoptera ; Family, Cerambycid.e. 

Living under the bark of apple trees, small, whitish, foot- 
less grubs, similar in appearance to the young apple tree 
borers, occurring sometimes in multitudes, forming long, nar- 
row, winding burrows upon the outer surface of the wood, 
these burrows becoming broader as the worm increases in size ; 
finally transforming into a rather short and thick brownish gray 
beetle (Fig. 31) with small prickle-like points uj^on its wing-cov- 
ers, and back of their middle is a white curved, or V-shaped band, 
^ with a black streak on its hind edge ; length from 
three to four lines, or about one third of an inch. The 
perfect insect appearing the last of August. — Fitch. 

Fig. 31. — Prickly Bark Beetle — colors gray and 
black. 

Remedy. — Use soap as directed in No. 37, in July or early 
in August. 




INSECTS INFESTING THE APPLE TREE. 71 

CHAPTER XXVI. 

The Gray Bark Eating Weevil. (Cal.) 

( Thrirolepis simuUttor. — Horn.) 

Order, Coleoptera ; Family, Curculionid.e. 

[A small, light grayish snout lieetle, feeding upon the bark 
of the small branches or twigs of apple trees early in the 
Spring.] 

Early last Spring (1888), specimens were received from fruit 
growing districts located at least one hundred and fifty miles 
apart, of a small, light grayish colored weevil, reported as eat- 
ing the bark and buds of apple trees. 

This beetle (Fig. 32, Plate 1,) measures from one and one 
half to one and three fourth lines in length ; the color is 
grayish brown, but is covered with line white scales, giving it 
a light grayish color. The larva- jirobably feed on the roots 
of plants, but as this species is only reported this Spring its 
natural history is not known to me. 

Remedies. — Early in the Spring spray trees infested the pre- 
vious year with No. 5 or 7 ; repeat in two weeks. This will 
prevent the beetle from eating the ])ark. 



CHAPTER XXVII. 

The Buffalo Tree-hopper. 
(Ceresa hubalus. — Fabricius.) 
Order, Hemiptera ; ) -c. ., ,r 

r, 1 1 XT ( Familv, MEMBRACIDiE. 

Sub-order, Homoptera ;) • ' 

[Living upon the twigs of the apple, peach, ai)ricot, almond 
and plum trees ; a green leaf-hopper, shaped something like a 
beechnut, with two short spines jutting out horizontally from 
each side of the anterior end, having some resemblance to the 
horns of a l)ull oi- buffalo.] 



72 



INSECTS INFESTING THE APPLE TREE. 



These insects obtain their nourishment by puncturing the 
twigs with their beaks and imbibing the sap. 

Fiff 33 ^^^- '^'^" — Bi^^ff'^lo Tree-hopper — color, green ; 



a, side view 



6, back view. 
Fig. 34. 




Fig. 35. 



Fig. 34. — Eggs of Buffalo Tree-hopper; a, an egg, highly- 
magnified ; fe, eggs natural size in a twig. 

Fig. 35. — Larva and pupa of Buffalo Tree- 
hopper, enlarged ; a, the larva — color brown- 
ish ; h, the pupa — color greenish ; c, the ovi- 
positor of the adult female, magnified. 

From specimens of this insect (Fig. 33), 
and branches containing eggs (Fig. 34), re- 
ceived from several places in this State, and 
also from the State of Nevada, I am inclined 
to think that from eight to twelve eggs are 
laid in each puncture. 
The young (Fig. 35) hatch in May. 
Remedies. — No. 28 and No. 25. 




CHAPTER XXVIII. 
The Cicada, or Harvest Fly. 



Order, Hemiptera ; } 

Sub-order, Homoptera ; \ 



Familv, Cicadid^. 



[Making small slits in the under side of the lower branches 
of the apple, cherry, and similar trees, and depositing therein 
a row of pearl-white eggs ; a large, four-winged fly, the body 
marked with greenish.] 

These insects are usually of a large size, their wings expand- 
ing from two to three inches. The males have a curious 
drum-like arrangement on each side of the body, behind the 
wings. It consists of convex instruments of fine parchment, 



INSECTS INFESTING THE APPLE TREE. 



73 



which are acted upon by small muscles ; when these mus- 
cles contract and relax, which they do with great rapidity, 
the drum-heads are alternately tightened and loosened, pro- 
ducing a rattling noise, like that caused by a succession of 
quick pressures upon a convex piece of tin-plate. The body of 
the female is provided with a piercer, with which she makes 
numerous small slits in the under side of the branches (Fig. 
36cZ,) of various shrubs and trees. The branches thus muti- 
lated usually die back to the place where the slit nearest the 
trunk occurs, and are frequently broken off by the wind. 

Fig. 36. — Seventeen-year Locusts, pupa and eggs ; a, the 
pupa — c o 1 o r , 
yellowish- 
brown ; 6, the 
cast pupa skin ; 
dj a punctured 
twig, contain- 
ing eggs ; e, twu 
of the eggs re- 
moved from 
the twig — col- 
or, yellowish ; 
c, the adult, or 
perfect insect- 
colors, black- 
ish, and dull 
orange. 

As soon as hatched, the young grub enters the earth, but 
this is as far as its history is known with any degree^of cer- 
tainty, except that when about to be changed into a perfect 
insect it comes out of the earth and ascends a plant (Fig. 366), 
to which it attaches itself firmly by means of its hooked claws. 
In a short time the skin on its back splits open and the 
included insect issues in its perfect or winged form. 

Some kinds are known to live for thirteen and even seven- 
teen years in the larva state. They do not pass through a 
quiet pupa state as butterflies and many other insects are 
6 




74 INSECTS INFESTING THE APPLE TREE. 

known to do, but remain active from the time they issue from 
the eggs (Fig. oQe) until they die of old age, or some other 
cause. 

A small species of Cicada is found in California, infesting 
apple trees. The larva is about one inch in length, when full 
grown ; the pupa is from seven to ten lines in length ; and 
only finding a skeleton of the perfect insect, a correct descrip- 
tion can not be given. Its natural history and habits are evi- 
dently the same as the C. septemdecim^ excepting the time it 
takes to mature the perfect insect, which at present can not be 
stated reliably. They were found at Dutch Flat, in Placer 
County, and are probably the Cicada novsehoracensis. 

Since writing the above, I am informed that a specimen has 
been taken at Anaheim, Los Angeles County. 

Remedies. — No. 25 and No. 28. 



CHAPTER XXIX. 

Canker Worms. (Cal.) 
Order, Lepidoptera; Family, Phal^nid.e. 

[Feeding upon the leaves of the apple, cherry, and various 
other trees ; yellowish or dark colored span-worm, provided 
with ten or twelve legs]. 

There are three specious of span-worms (geometers), which 
are commonly called "Canker Worms." (The Spring Canker 
Worm, Chapter XXXII. Anisopteryx vernata — Peck; Palea- 
crita vernata — Riley) ; the Fall Canker Worm, Chapter XXX. 
Anisopteryx pometaria — Harris; Anisopteryx autumnata — 
Packard) ; and the Yellow Canker Worm (Chapter XXXI. 
Hihernia tiliaria — Harris). The females of these species are 
wingless. 

NATURAL HISTORY. 

The eggs are deposited on the trees by the female moth. 
A. pometaria and H. tiliaria deposit their eggs in the latter 
part of December, and in January ; these are hatched about the 
time the apple tree has put forth its leaves. 



INSECTS INFESTING THE APPLE TREE. 



75 



The young caterpillars commence to feed on the new foliage, 
and in four or five weeks they attain their full growth ; they 
then descend to the ground, which they enter to a depth of 
several inches ; here each caterpillar forms a small cell, in 
which to pass the pupa stage. The A. vernata deposits her 
eggs early in the Spring ; ' the caterpillars attain their growth 
in four or five weeks, and then enter the ground to pass the 
pupa state. 

Use remedies as directed in Chapter XXXII — No. 10 or No. 
89. (See note, Remedy No. 10). 



CHAPTER XXX. 

Fall Canker Worm. 

(Anisopteryx pometaria — Harris ; Anisopteryx autumnata — 

Packard.) 

Fig. 37. — Fall Canker Worm ; e, cluster of eggs ; a, side 



Fig. 37. 




view of one of the eggs, 
enlarged ; &, view of up- 
per end of same, en- 
larged ; /, the worm — 
color, olive-green, with 
brown stripe and white 
lines ; c, side view of a 
segment of its body, en- 
larged ; d, back view of 
the same enlarged ; (/, female pupa — color, brown ; /(, tip of 
same enlarged. 

The caterpillar of this species (Fig. 37/) is about one inch 
in length, and is provided with twelve legs — the pair on the 
eighth segment are very short ; color, body pale greenish, 
marked on the back with a brown stripe (Fig. 37c?), and Avith 
three white lines on each side of the body (Fig. 37c) ; below 
the spiracles is a brownish line, and below this a white line ; 
the under, or ventral parts, are of a pale flesh color ; head, 
brown; larva, when newly hatched, pale olive-green; head 
and cervical-shield pale. 



76 



INSECTS INFESTING THE APPLE TREE. 



Fig. 38. 




Pupa. — On entering the ground the caterpillar spins a cocoon 
composed of silk, interwoven with particles of earth ; in this 
cocoon it changes to a pupa (Fig. 37<7 and Fig. 38) in four or 
five weeks, and in this state it remains until the Fall. 

Fig. 38.— Pupae of Fall Canker Worms, 
enlarged ; a, the male ; 6, female — color, 
brown ; at the left of each is shown the 
anal projection, as seen from below, en- 
larged. 

!?''F?v'' "V^ IMAGO, OR PERFECT INSECT. 

Toward the latter part of December, 

or early in January, the perfect insects (Fig. 39, a and 6), 

emerge from the ground ; the wingless females (Fig 396) climb 

up the trees and lodge upon the branches, Avhere they deposit 

their eggs in batches of from seventy-five to two hundred (Fig. 

37<?) ; they are j)laced side by side in regular rows, and can be 

readily recogniized as belonging to this species, as they are flat 

upon the top, and marked Avith a brown ring or circle (Fig. 37, 

a and h). The eggs are generally deposited close to the bud, 

or in a crotch or indent of some kind. 

Fig. 39.— Fall Canker- 
Figr. 39. ' T,r 1 

worm Moths ; a, the 

male moth — color, 

brownish-gray ; 5, the 

female moth — color, 

dark ash-gray ; c, several 

joints of her antennae, 

enlarged ; d, a segment of her body, enlarged. 

Female Moth (Fig. 395) — color, dark ash-gray ; body and 

legs smooth, and of a uniform color ; antennae over fifty jointed. 

Male (Fig. 39a) — color, brownish gray — sometimes darker ; 

the fore-wings are crossed by two whitish bands ; the outer 

band is suddenly bent inward near the fore edge of the Aving, 

forming a pale, quadrate spot ; in some these bands are Avant- 

ing, but in such cases the pale spot is nearly ahvays present ; 

expands one inch and three lines. 

TlEMEDiES.— No. 32, No. 10, or No. 89. (See Remedy No. 10.) 




INSECTS INFESTING THE APPLE TREE. 77 

CHAPTER XXXI. 

The Yellow Canker Worm. (Cal.) 
(Hibernia tiliaria — Harris.) 

The caterpillar (Fig. 40, Plate 1) of this species is about one 
inch and three lines in length, and is provided with ten legs. 
Color — body yellow, marked on the back with ten black lines, 
which sometimes impart a bluish tinge to the ground color ; 
under or ventral parts, yellowish-white ; head, yellowish- 
brown. 

Pupa. — On entering the ground the caterpillar forms a cell, 
which it lines with a few silken thread's, thus forming a 
cocoon. In from ten to fourteen days it changes to a pupa, in 
which state it remains until the following Fall. 

IMAC40, OR PERFECT INSECT. 

Female Moth (Fig. 41, Plate 1) — Color, whitish, dotted with 
black, and marked with two rows of black spots, and with a 
row of smaller black spots on each side of the body ; the legs 
are ringed with black and white ; the body is about half an 
inch (six lines) in length. The eggs are deposited in crevices 
and beneath the loose bark. Male moth (Fig. 42, Plate 1), 
fore-wings yellowish, dotted with brown, and crossed by two 
wavy brown lines, the line nearest the body being often indis- 
tinct. In the space between these lines there is usually a brown 
dot, placed nearest the front edge of the wing. The hind wings 
are pale-yellowish, with usually a brown dot near the center of 
each ; expands about one inch and nine lines. 

Use remedies as directed in Chapter XXXII — Xo. 10 or No. 
89. (See note, Remedy No. 10). 



78 



INSECTS INFESTING THE APPLE TREE. 



CHAPTER XXXII. 



Fi^. 43. 



Spring Canker Worm. 

(Anisopteryx vernata — Peck. Paleacrita vernata — Riley.) 

The caterpillar of this species (Fig. 43a) is nearly one inch 
in length, and is provided with ten legs. Color — body green- 
ish, marked on each side with four whitish lines (Fig. 43c), 
the two lowest further apart than the others ; head mottled 
and pale on the top, and marked on the top with two pale 
transverse lines. The larva, when young, is dark green or 
brown, the head black. 

Fig. 43. — Spring Canker Worm ; a 

the worm — color, olive-green with 

paler stripes ; c, a side view, and d a 

back view of one segment of its body, 

enlarged ; 6, an egg, enlarged ; a small 

cluster of the natural size to the right. 

Pupa. — On entering the ground the caterpillar 

forms a cell which it lines with a very few silken 

threads, thus forming a cocoon ; in a few days it 

changes to the pupa state (Fig. 44) in which it 

remains until the following Spring. 

Fig. 44. — Female pupa of Spring Canker Worm, 
enlarged — color, brown. 

IMAGO, OR PERFECT INSECT 

Female moth (Fig. 456) — color, pale gray, marked on the 
back with a black stripe, which is sometimes divided in the 
center by a whitish line or a row of whitish clots ; legs ringed 
with black and gray ; length of body, from four to six lines. 

Fig. 45. — Spring Can- 





Fig. 45. 




ker Worm Moth ; a, the 
male moth- color, brown- 
ish-gray ; 6, female moth 
— c o 1 o r, pale-gray, a 
darker stripe on the back ; 
c, three joints of her 



INSECTS INFESTING TEE APPLE TREE. 79 

antenna, enlarged ; d, one of her abdominal segments, 
enlarged ; e, her ovipositor, enlarged. 

The eggs (Fig. 436) are deposited in irregular masses and 
secreted ; they are elliptic-ovoid in form and can be readily 
distinguished from the eggs of the other species by the delicate 
shell being irregularly punctured. 

Male (Fig. 45a) — color, brownish-gray ; the fore-wings are 
crossed by three jagged, dark colored lines, which are most 
distinct where they cross the larger veins, and at the front 
edge of the wing, where they divide the wing into four parts of 
nearly equal width ; near the outer edge the wings are crossed 
by a pale, jagged band, which terminates at the apex, at which 
place there is a dark dash. Expands one inch and three lines. 

Remedies. — As directed in Nos. 22, 10 or 89. (See note. 
Remedy No. 10.) 



CHAPTER XXXIII. 

DeLong's Caterpillar. (Cal.) 

( Clhiocampa ronstricta. — Stretch. ) 

Order, Lepidoptera; Family, Bombycid.^. 



[The measurements of insects in this woilv aie yi\en in inches and lines. The above cut rep- 
resents one inch divided into lines and fractions thereof.] 

[Living Upon apple and jilum trees ; a striped, slightly 
hairy, sixteen-legged caterpillar.] 

The common name, DeLong's Caterpillar, is given this spe- 
cies, as previous to 1883 it was only found, in this State, at 
the Novato orchard, of which Mr. DeLong is the proprietor. 
In the early part of the month of May, 1881, the caterpillars of 
this moth infested the apple and plum trees in such numbers 
as to threaten the destruction of the entire crop of twenty 
thousand of the former and five hundred of the latter. The 
caterpillar (similar to Fig. 55) is one inch and nine lines in 
length, nearly three lines in diameter, and is full grown by the 
twelfth day of May. The body is sparingly clothed with soft 
and short hair, rather thicker and longer on the sides than 



80 INSECTS INFESTING THE APPLE TREE. 

elsewhere. The head is dark brown on each side, and dark 
brown above, leaving an inverted Y mark in the middle and 
front, and having much the appearance of a goblet, as one 
looks from above. The frontal mark is jet black, edged with 
a white stripe across and over the mouth parts and on each 
side of the inverted Y. The ground color of the upper part 
of the body is evidently light blue, with a dorsal row of oval 
orange spots, one on each segment; two sub-dorsal orange 
lines ; also, two lateral orange lines. Between the sub-dorsal 
lines is a number of crinkled black and orange lines ; between 
the sub-dorsal and lateral lines the space is blue, slightly 
variegated with fine orange and black lines intermingled. The 
lower part of the body and feet are dusky blue, with crinkled, 
orange and black irregular lines, and an amber-colored ring 
around base of pro-legs. The caterpillars do not make a tent 
or web, although they live in colonies on the tree. 

Fig. 46. — Cocoon spun by cater- -pig. 46. 

pillar of DeLong's Moth — color, ^^^^^^^^^,^,^^^^^-„^^^^^-^^ 
yellowish. 

The caterpillars spin their co- 
coons (Fig. 46) in folded leaves 
(Fig. 47) of the trees on which 
they feed, and on fences and build- 
ings in the vicinity of trees which they have stripped of foliage. 

Fig. 47.— Fold- 
^^Hl^ ed leaf contain- 

ing cocooon of 
DeLong's Moth. 
Pupa. — Pupa 
elongate, poste- 
riorly attenuated, 
inclosed in a loose silken web, suffused with fine yellow pow- 
der. The moth appears in about sixteen days, or about the 
twenty-eighth of May ; is reddish brown, with two transverse 
rust-brown nearly straight parallel lines on the fore-wings. 




INSECTS INFESTING THE APPLE TREE 



81 



Fig. 48. 




Fig. 49, 




Fig. 48. — DeLong's Moth (male) — col- 
ors, light and dark brown. 

Male (Fig. 48) antennae, short, curved, 
moderately bipectinated in both sexes, 
the pectinations gradually decreasing in 
length to the apex, and shortest in the 
females ; thorax, robust ; pilose, (hairy) ; 

abdomen, elongate — robust in female, and tufted in both; 
femur (thigh) and tibia (shin) hairy. The male insect expands 
one inch and three lines, the female one inch and six to seven 
lines. The female is lighter in color than the male. 

Fig. 49.— DeLong's Moth (fe- 
male) — colors, light and dark 
brown. 

The female moth (Fig. 49) lays 
her eggs — two to three hundred 
in number — in rows around the 
new growth of w^ood (Fig. 50), 
and covers them with an apparent water-proof substance to 
protect them through the Winter season. 

Fig. 50.— Eggs of DeLong's Fig. 50. 

Moth — color, reddish brown. 

About the time the leaves are 
unfolding in the Spring, the 
young hatch and feed on the foliage and young fruit. Mr. 
DeLong had a block of two thousand apple trees completely 
stripped of fruit and foliage by these caterpillars. 

METHOD ADOPTED BY MR. DE LONG FOR DESTROYING THE 
CATERPILLARS. 

He placed a band of butter-cloth, about four inches wide, 
covered with tallow, on the trees about two feet above the 
ground. He discovered that the caterpillars could form 
bridges over the tallow, especially at night. Over the tallow 
he placed soft lard, which proved effective. Men with brooms 
swept the caterpillars off the trunks, limbs, and branches of 
the trees. The caterpillars attempted to ascend the trees 
again, but would not cross the greased band. On every tree 
they gathered in such immense numbers between the bands 




82 



INSECTS TNFESTTNO THE APPLE TREE. 



Fig. 51. 



and the ground, that they were easily destroyed by the use of 
clubs. By these means the crop of twenty thousand trees was 
secured from their ravages, although the orchard was not 
entirely cleaned. 

GATHERING THE EGGS. 

In the month of January, 1882, men were employed to pick 
the rings of eggs deposited on the branches, and succeeded in 
collecting eggs which would have produced sixty millions of 
caterpillars. The cost of collecting the eggs was one dollar 
and fifty cents per ounce. One ounce of the rings represented 
one hundred and fifty thousand eggs. 

NATURAL REMEDIES. 

In 1881, many cocoons were found infested by the larva of 
a Tachina fly (Fig. 51). 

Fig. 51.— Tachina Fly {Ta- 
china doryphorn) — colors, gray 
and black. 

In 1882, a small fly belonging 
to the Braconinse (Fig. 51a, 
Plate 1), a sub-family of the 
Ichneumonidse, made its appear- 
ance and destroyed the cater- 
pillars hatched from the eggs 
that escaped the egg gatherers. 
At the present writing (Ma}^, 
1883), Mr. DeLong cannot find any of the caterpillars of this 
species in his orchard. The full description of the work done 
in this case is given to prove what can be done in destroying 
insect pests. Mr. DeLong's apple crop produces a revenue of 
thirty thousand dollars annually. Rather than to allow the 
caterpillars to destroy his crop, he exterminated them at a 
cost of about two thousand dollars. 

Reports say that this species has been found this season in 
one of the Bay counties. 

Remedies. — As described above. See Nos. 23 and 29. 




INSECTS INFESTING THE APPLE TREE. 



83 



CHAPTER XXXIV. 

Orchard Tent Caterpillar. (Cal.) 

{Clisiocampa Americana. — Harris.) 

Order, Lepidoptera ; Family *Bombycid^. 

[Living on apple, cherry and oak trees ; a striped sixteen- 
legged caterpillar, sparingly clothed with hairs on the sides of 
the body.] 

This insect infests apple trees, and is also found on cherry 
trees. Its presence can be easily detected by the web-like 
nests found on trees which they infest, and from which the 
insect derives its common name — Tent Caterpillar. . 

Fig. 52. — r c h a r d 
Fi^. 52, a and b. ^^^^ Caterpillar; a 

and h, the caterpil- 
lars — c o 1 o r s , black, 
yellow, w h i t e an d 
blue ; c, the eggs (poor 
figure; Fig. 54 is more 
accurate) ; c/, the co- 
coon—color, yellowish 
white. 

The caterpillar (Fig. 

52, a and ?>,) is about 

two inches in length, 

and nearly three lines 

in diameter; head 

black, frontal mark 

M{ inverted Y, same as 

1^ DeLong's caterpillar 

( Clisiocampa constric- 

ta); ground color of 

back apparently 

brownish-black. 

A dorsal line of a yellowish-white color extends the whole 

length of the insect, on each side of which, on a yellowish or 

orange ground, are black crinkled lines, which on the sides 




84 



INSECTS INFESTING THE APPIE TREE. 



form a black lateral line, or when the caterpillar is stretched 
appears as a large black spot on the side of each segment ; in 
the center of these spots is a small bluish mark ; below this is 
a yellow (orange) line, and lower are five crinkled lines, yellow 
and black. Ventral parts a dark, dusky color; on one of the 
posterior segments is a small blackish wart. The body is 
clothed with soft short hairs, rather thicker on the sides than 
on the back and ventral parts. When full grown it spins a 
cocoon (Fig. 52d;, in Avhich it undergoes its transformations. 
Pupa. — The pupa state is from fourteen to sixteen days. 



MOTH. 



Fiff. 53. 




Fig. 54. 



Fig. 54. --Eggs of Orchard Tent 
Caterpillar — color, brown. 

Fig. oo. — Female Moth of Orchard Tent Caterpillar — (some- 
times called the American Lackey Moth) — colors, yellowish or 
reddish-brown and white. 

The moth (Fig. 53) differs but little in appearance from the 
C. constricta; the color is somewhat lighter ; the lines on the 
fore-wings are more oblique, and the apex shorter. In some 
specimens the band between the lines of the fore-wing are dark, 
or of the same color as the base and apex ; in others it is very 
light, or what may be termM a dirty white. The perfect insects 
appear about the latter part of May. They deposit their eggs 
(Fig. 54) on the branches on which they feed, and cover them 
with a secretion to protect them in the Winter season. The 
young caterpillars hatch about the time the leaves open. This 
species can be exterminated by picking off and destroying the 
bunches of eggs before the tree leaves out, and by picking off 
and destroying tents when made ; or the latter may be burned 
with their occupants, at such hours of the day as the caterjjil- 
lars are at rest. A torch made of rags bound upon a pole and 
saturated with kerosene is a useful weapon for this kind of 
warfare. 

Remedies as above described. Also, see Nos. 23, 29 and 31. 



INSECTS INFESTING THE APPLE TREE. 



85 



CHAPTER XXXV. 

The Forest Tent Caterpillar. (Cal.) 

(ClisiocarajKi sylvatica. — Harris.) 

Order, Lepidoptkra ; Family, Bombycid.e. 

[Feeding upon the leaves of the apple, oak, cherry, and vari- 
ous other trees, a bluish, slightly hairy caterpillar, sprinkled 
all over with black dots, and with a row of oval or diamond- 
shaped Avhite spots on the back.] 

When young, these caterpillars live in communities under a 
web Avhich is spun against the trunk of one of the larger 
branches of the tree, but as they grow older they disperse and 
live singly, unprotected by a web. 

Pig, 55, Fig. 55. — Forest Tent 

Caterpillar-colors, bluish- 
gray, white and yellow. 

When fully grown (Fig. 
55) they measure about 
one inch and six lines in length ; they then seek some shel- 
tered place in which to spin their cocoons, which are filled 
with a yellow, mealy powder. 

The moths appear early in June ; their forewings are of a 
grayish color, crossed by two parallel brown lines, the whole 
space between them sometimes being of the same dark brown 
color ; the male moth expands about an inch and three lines, 
while the female expands about an inch and nine lines. 

Fig. 56. — Moth and eggs 




Fig. 56. 



€X. 




of Forest Tent Caterpil- 
lar; a, the eggs — color, 
brown; c, an egg highly 
iiagnified, top view; d, 
three eggs highly magni- 
fied, side view ; b, the fe- 
male moth — color, brown- 
ish-yellow. 

The female (Fig. 56^) 
deposits her eggs in rings 



86 



INSECTS INFESTING THE APPLE TREE. 



around the small twigs (Fig. 56a), and these do not hatch out 
until the following Spring. 

The rings of eggs are similar in appearance to those of 
DeLong's moth, C. constricta, excepting that the eggs of the 
former are somewhat larger. 

Remedies. — Destroy web or tent as described in Chapter 
XXXIV. (Orchard Tent Caterpillar.) Also, as in Nos. 23 
and 29. 



CHAPTER XXXVI. 

The Fall Web Worm. (Cal.) 

(Hyphantria textor. — Harris.) 

Order, Lepidoptera ; Family, Bombycid^. 

[Living under a web on apple, hickory, walnut and other 
trees, and feeding upon the upper surface of the leaves ; six- 
teen legged caterpillars of a yellow and black color, their bodies 
sparsely covered with whitish or brownish hairs.] 

" This insect passes the Winter in the pupa state, and the 
moth emerges during the month of May. The female deposits 
her eggs in a cluster on a leaf, generally near the outer end of 
a branch. Each worm or caterpillar (Fig. 57a) begins spin- 
ning the moment it is hatched, and by their united efforts 
they soon cover the leaf with a web, under which they 
feed in companies, devouring only the pulpy portion of the 

leaf. As they increase 
in size they extend their 
web, but alway remain 
and feed underneath it." 
—Riley. 

Fig. 57.— Fall Web 
Worm ; a, the worm — 
colors, gray, black and 
yellow ; b, the pupa — 
color brown ; c, the moth 
— color, white. 
" The web sometimes reaches a length of fully seven feet." — 




INSECTS INFESTING THE APPLE TREE. 



87 



La. Baron. The young worms are of a pale yellow color, with 
black heads. When fully grown they are a trifle over an inch 
long ; of a yellowish or bluish-gray color, the back usually 
black ; the body is sparingly clothed with whitish, reddish or 
mouse-colored hairs, which grow in clusters from warts which 
are usually yellowish-brown, or the two rows on the back are 
frequently black, or reddish-brown marked with black. When 
fully grown these caterpillars descend to the ground, which 
they enter, and form small cells in which to pass the puj^a 
state (Fig. 576). They spend the Winter in this latter state, 
and the moths (Fig. 57c), which issue the following Spring, 
expand about an inch and three lines and are of a pure white 
color and without spots, except on the legs. " The proper 
time to destroy these caterpillars is while they are young ; at 
such time the branch containing the nest can be removed and 
its contents easily destroyed." — Riley. 
Remedy. — Use No. 97. 



CHAPTER XXXVII. 

The Tussock Moth. (Cal.) 

(Oryyia leucostigma — Abbot and Smith.) 

Order, Lepidoptera ; Family, Bombycid.e. 

[Feeding upon the leaves of the apple and various other 
trees ; a black and yellow caterpillar having large bunches 
and plumes of hair on its body.] 

The pretty caterpillar of this moth (Fig. 58) is found on 
the apple, pear, plum and horse-chestnut ; also on the walnut 
and oak, and perennials in the flower garden, especially the 
rose. 

Fig. 58. — Cater- 
pillar of Tussock 
Moth — colors, yel- 
low and black, or 
brown ; hair white, 
the pencils blackish. 

When full grown 
it measures from one 
inch and three lines to one inch and six lines in length. Color, 




88 



INSECTS INFESTING THE APPLE TREE. 



Fig. 59. 



cream-yellow, a black dorsal stripe extending the whole 
length of posterior of the third segment ; next to the dorsal 
stripe is a yellowish line, then a greenish-blue stripe on which 
is sometimes a black line ; stigmatal line black, and below 
this is a yellow line. On dorsal section of segments 4, 5, 6 and 
7, is a wide tussock of whitish hair ; on each side of the seg- 
ments next to the head, and on the dorsal part of the eleventh 
segment, is a pencil of long black hairs, which are knobbed at 
the apex ; on top of segments nine and ten is a small red 
wart ; ventral parts yelloAvish-white, tinged with blue. Head 
reddish-brown or dark red ; cervical-shield red. 

Pupa. — Pupa of male (Fig. 5dd) elongate, posteriorly atten- 
uated, inclosed in a coarse silky cocoon. Puj^a of female (Fig. 
59c), ovate in form. 

Fig. 59.-Tussock 
Moth, Caterpillar 
and Pupa ; a, the 
female moth on her 
cocoon — color of 
former, whitish or 
gray ; of the latter, 
gray or yellowish ; 
h, a young caterpil. 
lar ; c, the female 
pupa — color, brown or gray ; d, the male pupa — color, brown. 
Imago. — The male insect (Fig. 60) is ashen-gray; the fore- 
wings are crossed by wavy bands of a 
darker color ; on each wing is a small white 
crescent near the inner angle ; antennae 
pectinated ; expands one inch. 

Fig. 60. — Male Tussock Moth— color^ 
ashen-gray. 

The female (Fig. 59a and 61) is wing- 
less — color, brownish ; form oval, and is 
from four to five lines in length. Antennse 
small. The eggs (Fig. 62) are generally 
deposited and fastened on the outside of the cocoon. 






INSECTS INFESTING TlIE APPLE TREE. 



89 



Fig. 01. — Female Tussock 
Moth — color, gray. 

Fig. 62. — Eggs of Tussock 
Moth on the cocoon — color, 
eggs white, cocoon pale yellow. 

Remedy — Use No. 30. 



Fig. 61 



Fig. 62 




CHAPTER XXXVIII. 

The Yellow-necked Caterpillar. 

(Datana viinistra — Drury). 

Synoxym. — Pygsera minisfra. 

Order, Lepidoptera ; Family, Bo.mbycid/E. 

[Feeding in communities upon the leaves of the apple, wal- 
nut, etc., a black or reddish brown caterpillar, which is usually 
marked with five yellow lines on each side of the body.] 

Fig. 63. 




Fig. 63. — Yellow-necked Caterpillar, Moth, and Eggs; a, the 
caterpillar — colors, black and white ; b, the moth — colors, 
brown and yellowish ; f, the eggs — color, white ; d, an egg mag- 
nified. 

These caterpillars usuall}' live in communities, and when at 
rest have a habit of holding both extremeties of the body 
upwards. (See a, Fig. 63). They differ widely in their color- 
ings, according to the kind of tree thev infest. Those which feed 



90 INSECTS INFESTING THE APPLE TREE. 

upon the leaves of the apple tree are usually of a black color, 
the top of the first segment yellow, and there are five yellowish 
lines on each side of the body, while those infesting the black 
walnut are destitute of the yellow stripes, and the top of the 
first segment is black ; in both of these varieties the head is 
black. 

When fully grown (Fig. 63rt) they measure about two inches 
in length ; they then descend to the ground, which they enter 
a short distance, where each one forms a cell in which to pass 
the pupa state, which continues throughout the Winter. Only 
one brood is usually produced each year. 

The wings of the moth (Fig. 636) expand nearly two inches, 
and are of a reddish brown color, crossed by four transverse 
lines of a darker brown ; the hind wings are of a lighter color, 
and are unmarked. The moths from the caterpillars which 
infest the black walnut, are more of a smoky brown color. 
Owing to the fact that these caterpillars congregate in large 
companies upon a single branch, the latter can be easily 
removed from the tree, and the caterpillars can then easily be 
destroyed. 

Remedy. — Use No. 97. 



CHAPTER XXXIX. 

The Red-humped Caterpillar. (Cal.) 

(Notodonta concinna — Smith. ) 

Order, Lepidoptera ; Family, Bombycid.e. 

[Feeding in communities upon the leaves of the cherry, 
apple, plum, and pear ; a striped caterpillar, having two rows 
of black spines along the back]. 

These caterpillars live in large companies, and when at rest 
they elevate the hind part of the body. The}^ are of a reddish 
color, and are striped lengthwise with yellow and white lines ; on 
the fourth segment is a coral-red hump, on which are four black 
spines ; scattered over the body are numerous black spines or 
points, those on the back the largest ; head, coral-red. When- 



INSECTS INFESTING THE APPLE TREE. 91 

fully grown (Fig. 64, Plate 1) they measure about one inch 
and three lines in length ; tliey then leave the trees and con- 
ceal themselves l)eneath the fallen leaves, etc., where each one 
spins a whitish, parchment-like cocoon (Fig. 65, Plate 1) ; they 
remain in this cocoon a long time before changing to pupa, 
the moths not issuing until the following Summer. Speci- 
mens in breeding cages changed to pupa in February, and 
emerged from pupa March 20, 1888. As these specimens were 
collected the previous September, it is possible the Notodonta 
may be double-brooded. 

The fore-wings of the moth (Fig. 66, Plate 1) expand from 
one inch to one iiich and three lines ; are of a brownish color 
along the hind margin, with the rest of the wing grayish, and 
marked with dark brown and whitish ; the hind wings of the 
male are brownish, or dirty white, with a brown spot at the 
hind angle ; those of the female are dusky brown. This insect 
is known to occur in large numbers in some portions of this 
State. 

Remedies. — No. 97 and No. 20. 



CHAPTER XL. 

The Greater Leaf-roller. (Cal.) 

( Loxotxaia rosaccuna. — Harris. ) 

Order, Lepidoptera ; Family, Tortricid.i:. 

[Living in a rolled leaf on the apple, cherry, rose, etc. ; a 
greenish worm with a black or brownish head.] 

The larva brings the two opposite edges of a leaf nearly 
together, and holds them in this position by means of a great 
many silken threads ; in this case, or nest, it remains during 
the greater part of the time, coming forth only to feed. It feeds 
upon the leaf which forms its nest, and after eating itself out 
of a habitation it repairs to another leaf and constructs a simi- 
lar shelter. In this way it proceeds until reaching its full 
growth, when it lines the interior of its case with a fine layer 
of silk, and soon afterwards assumes the pupa form. The full 




92 INSECTS INFESTING THE APPLE TREE. 

grown larva measures nearly an inch in length, is of a green 
color, sometimes tinged with yellow ; the head is yellowish- 
brown, with the regions of the jaws black, or entirely black 
in the young. Sometimes the upper part of the face is tinged 
with brown ; on top of the first segment is a black spot tinged 
with green next the head, or in its place is a simi-circular black 
line. 

Fig. 67. — Greater Leaf-roller — colors, Fig. 67. 

light and dark brown. 

The fore-wings of the moth (Fig. 67) ex- 
pand about one inch, are much arched at 
the middle of the front edge, and curve in 
an opposite direction near the tip ; they are 
of a light brown color, crossed b}'' dark brown lines and bands. 
The hind wings are yellowish, Avith the part next the body 
blackish. Dr. Emmons (N. Y. Rep., 1854), states that this 
insect passes the Winter in the egg state, and is to be found 
in small clusters on the bark of trees infested the previous 
year. 

In California there are several species found, which, if they 
do not belong to the genus lozotxnia, are closely allied to it. 
The young caterpillars appear early in the season, and make 
their nest under the blossom leaf, or petal, of the apricot, 
when the fruit is not larger than a garden pea, and feed upon 
the skin or epidermis of the fruit on which they lodge. As 
the fruit becomes larger and the insect gains in strength, it 
bores into the fruit, destroying the pulp or mesocarp, and in 
many instances eat part of the pit or stone. 

Remedies. — When the tree is dormant wash or spray thor- 
oughly with No. 53, to destroy any eggs deposited on the tree- 
All infested leaves and fruit should be picked off and destroyed. 
See No. 24. 



INSECTS INFESTING THE APPLE TREE. 



93 



CHAPTER XLI. 

The Apple Leaf Grumpier. 

(Phycita nebulo. — ^\'alsh.) 

Synonym. — Acrobasis nebulo. 

Order, LepidopteRx\. ; Family, Pyralid^. 

Living in a curved, black, silken tube (Fig. 68a), on apple 
and plum trees, a reddish-brown worm, having a roughened 
head. (Fig. 68c.) 

Fig. 68.— A p p 1 e Leaf Fig. 68. 

Grumpier ; c, the head and 
fore part of the caterpillar's 
body enlarge d — color, 
brown ; d, the moth, en- 
larged — colors, gray and 
brown ; a, a case in which 
the caterpillar lives, with 
the fore part of the hitter's 
body protruding from the 
opening in the larger end ; 
6, several cases fastened 
together — color, black. 

When fully grown this 
worm measures nearly six 
lines in length ; it then 
closes the opening of the 
silken tube in which it lives, and soon afterward assumes the 
pupa form. The moth (Fig. 68c^,) issues during the Summer 
season, and the worms or larvie which are produced from the 
eggs she deposits pass the Winter inside of their silken tubes 
(Fig. 686), there being but one brood produced in one year. 
It has the habit of fastening dead leaves to the outside of its 
case, which makes its presence very conspicuous during the 
Winter season. In order to lessen the ravages of this insect, 
it is only necessary to collect the silken tubes containing the 
larva? and burn them. This can best be accomplished in the 
Winter season after the leaves have fallen from the trees, at 
which time the cases of this insect may be readily discovered. 




94 INSECTS INFESTING THE APPLE TREE. 

CHAPTER XLII. 

The Bud Worm. 

(Penthina oculana. — Harris.) 

Synonym. — Spilonota oculana. 

Order, Lepidoptera ; Family, Tortricid.^. 

[Fastening together and devouring the leaves of the open- 
ing buds of apple trees; a small, brownish caterpillar.] 

Although of small size, these worms sometimes occasion a 
great deal of damage by devouring the buds. They usually 
attain their full growth by the middle of Summer, when they 
prepare to assume the pupa form by lining their retreat with 
a layer of silken threads. 

Fig. 69. — Bud-worm and Moth ; lower figure. Fig. 69. 
the worm — color, pale brownish ; upper figure, 
the moth — colors, ash-gray and whitish. 

These worms (Fig. 69) or caterpillars are of a 
pale or dull brownish color, with the head and 
top of the first segment shining brown ; and there is a dark brown 
spot on the top of the eighth segment, which appears to be 
under the skin. The moths (Fig. 69), which appear in June 
or July, have the head and thorax dark ash color ; the fore- 
wings are of the same color at each end, and grayish-white in 
the middle, mottled with dark gray ; there are two little eye- 
like spots on each one, near the tip, consisting of four little 
black marks placed close together in a row ; the second eye- 
spot is near the inner hind angle, and consists of three black 
dots arranged in the form of a triangle, sometimes with a 
black dot in the middle ; the hind-wings are dusky brown. 
The fore-Avings expand from six to seven lines. 

Remedies. — Use No. 65, and cut out infested branches. 
See No. 27. 




INSECTS INFESTING THE APPLE TREE. 95 

CHAPTER XLIII. 

The Many-dotted Caterpillar. 

(Brachytienia malana. — Fitch. ) 

Synonym. — Nolophana malana. 

Order, Lepidoptera ; Family, Noctuid.'e. 

[Eating the leaves of the apple, cherr}^ and peach tree ; a 
naked, sixteen-legged caterpillar, of a green color, dotted with 
white, and marked with fine whitish lines.] 

'' These caterpillars live e'x})osed upon the leaves of several 
different kinds of trees. When fully grown they measure an 
inch in length ; they then roll up a leaf, and inside of this roll 
they spin a thin cocoon. Two broods are usually produced in 
a year, the last brood passing the Winter in the pupa state. 
The fore-wings of the moth expand about one inch, and are of 
an ashen-gray color, crossed by three zigzag black lines, which 
are connected in various places by black dashes. 

" For the destruction of these worms it has been recom- 
mended to place blankets beneath the trees and jar the worms 
off', when they may then be easily destroyed. As the last 
brood remains in the pupa state within the leaves, by raking 
these into winrows in the Winter and then burning them, the 
greater number of these pests will be destroyed." — [Condensed 
from Fitch. 



CHAPTER XLIV. 

The Turnus Butterfly. (Cal.) 

( Papilio tu ruuif. — Linnaeus. ) 

Order, Lepidoptera ; Family, Papilioxid.e. 

[Feeding upon the leaves of the apple and cherry tree; a 
bluish-green, sixteen-legged worm, having an eye-like spot on 
each side of the third segment.] 

This caterpillar spins a fine web upon the upper surface of 
a leaf, drawing the edges of the leaf slightly upAvards ; when 



96 



INSECTS INFESTING THE APPLE TREE. 




not feeding, it rests upon, the upper side of this web. The 
young caterpillar is of a black or brownish color, marked with 
flesh color or white. 

Fig. 70.— Caterpillar Fig. 70. 

of Turnus Butterfly — 
colors, green, yellow, 
and black. 

When fully grown 
(Fig. 70), it measures 

from one inch and six lines to two inches in length, and is of 
a bluish-green color ; on each side of the third segment is a 
black spot, centered with blue and surrounded by a yellow 
ring, and this by a black one ; on top of the fourth segment is 
a transverse yellowish ridge, in front of which is a row of four 
blue dots ; on top of the last segment is a transverse yellowish 
ridge ; head, pinkish-brown. When about to pupate, this cat- 
erpillar suspends itself by the hind-feet and a transverse band 
of silken threads which is passed around the forepart of the 
body. It assumes the chr3^salis form in the Autumn, and the 
butterfly does not issue until the following Spring. 

Fig. 71. 




Fig. 71. — Turnus Butterfly — colors, ^a^llow, black and 
orange. 



INSECTS INFESTING THE APPLE TREE 



97 



This is one of the largest butterflies (Fig. 71) found in this 
State. The wings expand from four inches and six lines to five 
inches, and are of a pale yellow color, with a broad, black outer 
margin marked with yellow spots ; the fore-wings are marked 
with four black bands, the one nearest the body extending 
across the hind-wings ; the latter are tailed, and have an 
orange-colored spot near the hind angle. 

Remedy. — Use No. 14. 



CHAPTER XLV. 

The Apple Bueeulatrix. (Cal.) 

(Bucculatrix pomifoliella — Clemens ). 

Order, Lepidoptera ; Family, Tineid.e. 

[Feeding upon the leaves of the apple tree, a small, dark, 
yellowish-green, sixteen-legged worm, nearly six lines long; 
spinning against the bark an elongate, dirty-white, ribbed 
cocoon]. 

This larva assumes the pupa form within its cocoon (Fig. 
72 a and 6], and before the moth issues, the pupa works itself 
part way out of the cocoon. Several broods are probably pro- 
duced in one year ; the last brood passes the Winter in their 
cocoons. 

Fig. 72.— Apple Buc- _ Fig. 72. 

culatrix ; a, the cocoons 
on a twig — color, dirty 
white ; h, one of the 
cocoons, enlarged ; (\ 
the moth enlarged — 
color, gray and brown. 

The perfect m o t h 
(Fig. 72c) is a dirty 
white or gray color, 
marked with brown, as 
in the figure. 

Remedy. — When the tree is dormant, spray or wash thor- 
oughly the parts infested with Xo. 18 — one ])Ound to each gal- 
lon of water used. 




98 



INSECTS INFESTING THE APPLE TREE. 



CHAPTER XLVI. 

The Apple-tree Aphis. (Cal.) 
(Aphis mali. — Fabricius.) 



Order, Hemiptera ; 
Sub-order, Homoptera ; 



Family, Aphidid^. 



Fig. 73. 



[Living^on the leaves or twigs of apple trees ; small green, 
or green and black, plant lice.] 

This plant louse, as its name indicates, is frequently found 
on thej apple tree. It may be easily detected by the black 
appearance of thg ends of the succulent twigs and leaves, 
caused 'byj a honey-dew emitted by this insect and others 
closely related to it. (See Aphis malifolia; Chap. 47.) 

Fig. 73. — Apple-tree Aphis (young), enlarg- 
ed — color, green. 

The wingless individuals (Fig. 73) are small, 
green lice, and can be found in great numbers 
on the under side of the leaves and tender 
twigs. They measure about one line in length, 
and are often accompanied by winged individ- 
uals. As the Winter season apf)roaches, the 
eggs are laid on the branches and twigs, and 
can be easily seen with a lens. About the time the leaves 
begin to open in the Spring, these eggs hatch, and the young 
lice fasten themselves to the tender leaves and extract the sap. 

Fig. 74. — Apple-tree Aphis, en- 
larged — colors, black and green. 
In about ten days after 
hatching the lice reach maturity 
(Fig. 74) and commence giving 
birth to living young. In the 
course of from fifteen to twenty 
days after reacliing maturity, 
they die. The young, after reach- 
ing maturity, become parents, 
and it is -generally conceded by naturalists that in the Sum- 
mer season they reach maturity in five or six days. Therefore, 




Fig. 74. 




INSECTS INFESTING THE APPLE TREE. 99 

it can be easily seen that their increase surpasses computation. 

This species is spreading raiDidly in the vicinity of Sacra- 
mento. Trees infested emit a very disagreeable smell. Mr. 
Haywards, writing of this pest from British Columbia, says : 
"After night, in passing along the road I can tell an infested 
tree." In cases where trees are badly infested they produce a 
smell similar to that of decayed fish. I have noticed in hand- 
ling infested branches that this loathsome smell remains on 
the hands. 

Leaves infested by these plant lice curl or curve backwards 
until a roll is formed, thus furnishing the insects with shelter 
from the rays of the sun, or from rains, or dews, and makes it 
difficult to destroy the insects by spraying the trees. 

During the Summer they are found grouped together on the 
leaves in all stages of their growth, and of various colors. 
The mature insects (Fig. 74.) are of a yellowish-green, and 
when half grown pale-yellowish, and when born the color is 
nearly white. In Autumn the color changes in man}' cases, 
either from the change in temperature or change in nourish- 
ment. 

Remedies. — When the tree is dormant, sj^ray thoroughly 
with No. 13 ; one j^ound of the mixture to each gallon of 
water used. When the leaves begin to expand, if the lice are 
present, spray thoroughly with No. 64 or No. 65, and repeat if 
necessary. 



CHAPTER XLVII. 

The Apple Leaf Aphis. (Cal. ) 

(Aphis malifolia — Fitch. ) 

Order, Hemiptera ; ) ^ ., . 

a u J xj J Fumilv, Aphidid.^. 

Sub-order, Hemoptera : \ • ' 

[Living upon the leaves 'of the apple tree, a small, blackish 
plant-louse.] 

This species infests the leaves of the apple tree, and in their 
habits they are similar to and are often mistaken for the apple 



100 INSECTS INFESTING THE APPLE TREE. 

tree aphis (Aphis mali), though they are larger, and generally 
of a darker color. The winged insect of this species differ 
from the A. mali in being larger, and the thorax and abdomen 
are black ; there is also a slight difference in the venation of 
the wings. 

These insects emit a honey dew, which gives the leaves and 
branches an appearance similar to that caused by the apple- 
tree aphis {A. mali). 

Remedies. — To be used as described in Chapter XL VI 
for the apple-tree aphis. 



CHAPTER XLVIII. 

The Ten-lined Leaf Eater. (Cal.) 

(Polyphylla decemlineata — Say. ) 

Order, Coleoptera ; Family, Scarab^id^. 



[The measurements of insects in this work are given in inclies and lines. The above cut rep- 
resents one inch divided into lines and fractions thereof.] 

[Feeding upon the leaves of the apple and other fruit trees, 
a large, grayish-brown beetle, marked with white lines ; or, 
feeding upon the roots of grass, a large, white, six-legged larva 
or worm]. 

The perfect beetle (Plate 1, Fig. 74, male; Fig. 75, female) 
measures from an inch to an inch and three lines, and is of a 
reddish brown color, covered with short yellowish hairs, which 
give it a grayish appearance ; the thorax is marked with three 
white stripes, and on each wing-cover are three white stripes, 
and two or three less distinct whitish lines. 

The habits and transformations of this species are similar to 
those of the common May beetle. 

Remedy. — Use No. 38. 



INSECTS INFESTING THE APPLE TREE. 101 

CHAPTER LIX. 

The Goldsmith Beetle. (Cal.) 

( Cotalpa lanigera — Linnaius.) 

Order, Coleoptera ; Family. Scarab.eid.e. 

[Feeding upon the leaves of the apple, pear, and various 
other trees, a broad beetle of a rich yellow color, the top of 
the head and thorax having the appearance of burnished gold.] 

Fig. 77. — Goldsmith Beetle — color, -p^^ YY 

rich metallic yellow. 

This beetle (Fig. 77) measures about 
an inch in length. The female deposits 
her eggs in the ground, and these 
hatch into white, six-legged grubs 
which closely resemble those common- 
ly known as white grubs; they feed upon 
the roots of various plants, and in this 
Avay are sometimes very injurious to 
strawberry patches. Thef spend sev- 
eral years in this their larval stage, and finally assume the pupa 
form in the Fall, and are changed to beetles in the following 
Spring. 

Remedy. — Use Xo. 38. 




CHAPTER L. 
The Robust Leaf Beetle. (Cal.) 

( Serica valida — Harold. ) 

Synonym. — S". robusta — Leconte. 

Order, Coleoptera ; Family, Scarab^eid.e. 

[A reddish-chestnut colored beetle, feeding upon the leaves 
of the apple, apricot, plum, and prune trees]. 

This beetle (Fig. 78, Plate 1) has been reported damaging 
the foliage of apple, apricot, plum, and prune trees. 



102 INSECTS INFESTING THE APPLE TREE. 

They feed on the foliage at night and hide themselves in the 
ground and dark places in the day time ; recent reports state 
that in some sections they have damaged the foliage of young 
trees. 

Description. — Length, four and one quarter lines ; form, 
elongate ovate, narrowing toward the head ; color, reddish- 
chestnut, but grows darker with age ; antennie, lamellate. 

The larva of this species I have not found, but it probably 
lives in the ground, feeding upon the roots of grasses, etc., near 
the roots of the trees on which the j^erfect insect feeds. 

Remedy. — Use No. 38. 



CHAPTER LI. 

The Codlin Moth, or Apple Worm. (Cal.) 

( Carpocapsa pomonella. — Linn.) 

Order, Lepidoptera ; Family, Tortricid^. 

[Living in apples, etc., a whitish, sixteen-legged worm.] 
It is generally conceded that this insect was imported into 
this State in shipments of apples received from states east of 
the Rocky Mountains, and placed on exhibition at the State 
Fair in or about the year 1873. Its first appearance in an 
orchard in the vicinity of Sacramento was in the Spring of 
1874. Since that date it has spread rapidly, and can be found 
at the present time infesting orchards in thirty-four counties. 
The moth belongs to the family Tortricidael, and is known 
to naturalists as Carpocapsa pomonella (the codlin or apple 
moth). It passes the Winter in the larva state, and in some 
instances in the chrj^salis form. The larva can be found 
hibernating under the loose bark, in crotches or indents, or in 
cracks in the bark of the trees infested the previous year, or in 
the crevices of wood, or woodwork of rooms, or places where 
fruit infested by the larva was stored or packed, and in empty 
packages in which fruit was shipped or gathered. It is often 
found hibernating on bark of trees, from one to six inches 
below the surface of the ground, especially if the tree has 



INSECTS- INFESTING THE APPLE TREE. 



103 




smooth bark. In one case, where four hundred apple trees 
were dug up, the larvae were found in large numbers in the 
roots of such trees as were decayed at or above the surface of 
the ground. 

Fig. 79. — a, nest of lar- Fig. 79. 

va as it appears on inside 
of bark when taken off 
tree — color, drab ; h, pupa 
or chrysalis — color, dark 
amber ; c, appearance of 
larva when cover is re- 
moved from Winter nests 
— color, body 3^ellowish- 
white, head dark brown ; k^ 
d, appearance of bottom 
of Winter nest on bark 

when larva is removed in the following Spring ; e, a position 
the larva takes when looking for a tree or place to make its 
nest when read}^ to assume the pupa or chrysalis form. [Note : 
when the larvae are full grown and read}' to assume the pupa 
or chrysalis form, the color is light pink]. /, the moth, at rest 
carries its wings like a steep roof; g, moth with wings spread, 
length of body five lines, spread of wings nearly nine 
lines — color, body and legs rich bronzed light drab, 
fore-wings mottled with gray and drab, with dark copper 
bar across hind margin on which is a golden ocjellated 
patch near inner angle, hind-wings plain drab a little darker 
than body (the moth after depositing eggs has assumed a light 
drab color on fore-wings, and copper bar changes to a very 
light color, scarcely perceptible, caused probably from flying 
among the branches and leaves) ; h, head of larva as seen 
through a glass magnifying nine times ; i, in this figure it was 
intended to represent the pupa or chrj^salis case protruding 
through nest prior to moth leaving it, but represented 
as larva to show better. [Note : the figure would be correct 
if the chrysalis (6) was represented instead of larva (c) ; the 
figures a, b, c, d. e, and /, are natural size ; (/ is a little larger 
than natural size; h, as described]. See, also, Fig. 80. 



104 



INSECTS INFESTING THE APPLE TREE. 



Fig. 80.— Codlin Moth ; Fi-. 80. 

a, an infsted apple ; h, the 
place where the larva enter- 
ed the same ; e, the larva — 
color, whitish ; h, head and 
fore part of the body of the 
same — back view, enlarged ; 
i, the cocoon — color, whit- 
ish ; d, the pupa — color, 
brown ; (/, the moth — colors, 
light, dark gray and brown. 

If the Spring is warm 
and favorable, the larva? 
are ready to assume the 
pupa or chrysalis form by 

the fifteenth of April. The duration of the pupa or chrysalis 
state depends on external circumstances ; if warm Spring 
weather, the perfect insect may appear in from fifteen to 
twenty days, and may be prolonged to twenty or thirty days. 
The Spring of 1881 has proven an exception. I found Mada- 
lene pears on the sixteenth of May in which the larvae had 
matured and left ; also, on May seventh found a pear with 
larva about eight days old. (This is about eighteen days 
earlier than usual.) On the seventh of April, 1883, 1 found an 
empty pupa case from which the moth had escaped. 




FIRST APPEARANCE OF THE MOTH. 

The moth generally appears from April 25th to the fifteenth 
of May — a few in favorable locations by April fifteenth. The 
time al5 which the eggs arrive at maturity apparently coincides 
with the ends or terminations of the pupa or chrysalis state, 
so that the sexes are ready to unite soon after transformation. 
The moths produced by the hibernating larvae deposit their 
eggs in the blossom end (or calyx) of the fruit, generally ; 
possibly because they cannot puncture the epidermis (or skin) 
of the young fruit. Later broods deposit their eggs on any 
part of the fruit. The eggs are attached to the fruit by a pasty 
substance. It is rare to find more than one egg on any apple, 
pear, or quince, or more than one larva. The larva is hatched 



INSECTS INFESTING THE APPLE TREE 



105 




in from seven to ten days, and begins to eat eagerly and bur- 
row toward the core. 

Fig. 81.— A, bios- Fig. 81. 

som end or calyx of 
apple, and where lar- 
va is supposed to en- 
ter the fruit ; B repre- 
sents an empty space 
where carpellary ova- 
rium or shell contain- 
ing the seeds was lo- 
cated before the en- 
trance of the larva ; C 
represents the bur- 
row made by the 
larva through the pe- 
ricarp by which it 
escapes from the fruit when it is ready to assume the pupa or 
chrysalis form ; D, appearance of larva in liurrow when six 
days old ; E, appearance of larva in burrows when ten davs 
old. 

The larva when hatched can scarcely be seen with the 
unaided eye ; at six days it measures nearly one quarter of an 
inch in length, is about as thick as a fine silk thread, and 
shows first signs of excrement at Inirvows (D Fig. 81) ; at ten 
days three eighths of an inch, and about as thick as a number 
twenty wire (E Fig. 81). It has burrowed by this time about 
three fourths of the distance to the core (B Fig. 81). At 
twenty days nearly full grown (r. Fig. 79), and often as large 
{e, Fig. 79). 

When the larva is ready to assume the pupa or chrysalis 
form, it leaves the fruit by gnawing a hole through the peri- 
carp (C Fig. 81). Nature has supplied it with a spinneret, 
the opening apparently in the lower lip, from which issues a 
viscid fluid in a fine stream and hardens into silk on contact 
with the air. By this means it lowers itself to the ground or 
intervening branches. If it reaches the ground, it immedi- 
ately crawls toward the tree, and on its journey can often be 
8 ' * . 



106 INSECTS INFESTING THE APPLE TREE. 

seen, as at e Fig. 79. On reaching the tree it searches for a 
nesting place under the loose bark, in the crotches, or in any 
cavity it can find. If it comes in contact with a branch when 
leaving the fruit, it generally crawls toward the crotches, or 
until it reaches a hiding place. If the place selected is under 
the loose bark, it commences building an oval-shaped wall 
about one sixteenth of an inch high, composed of silk from 
the spinneret, and sometimes mixed with pieces gnawed off 
the bark. A silken cover is then put on the nest by using the 
spinneret ; the whole completed in twenty-four hours. If in 
the crevice of the bark, the nest is made in different shapes. 
It is noticeable in the Winter nest that the top, sides, and bot- 
tom are washed with the fluid from the spinneret, making the 
nest water proof to a great extent. 

The moth remains in the pupa or chrysalis form about nine 
days in our usual May and June weather ; a little longer if the 
weather is cool. At the proper time the pupa case is burst 
open, and the perfect moth appears. (Fig. 70, /and g.) 

PROBABLE RATE OF INCREASE OP THESE MOTHS. 

Each female lays from two hundred to two hundred and 
fifty eggs. Taking two hundred as the lowest number, twelve 
female moths in one orchard would produce two thousand 
four hundred caterpillars. If one half of these were females, 
they would produce two hundred and forty thousand. In 
proportion the third generation would reach twenty-four mil- 
lions, supposing that no untimely deaths took place. Most of 
the books on this subject speak of the codlin moth as going 
through but one generation in a year. This may be true in 
colder climates and shorter seasons than ours, but in parts of 
our favored State there is no question that two or three gene- 
rations or broods are common. From personal observations 
I know that the rule for the Sacramento Valley is three 
broods each year. In 1881, on account of the early appear- 
ance of the first moths, as noted above, we had four broods. 
These facts explain the exceptional importance of this insect 
in California. 

I have in my possession a vial containing eighty-five eggs, 
deposited by one codlin moth. I have read statements by 



INSECTS INFESTING THE APPLE TREE. 107 

fruit-growers that they have seen the codlin moth flying in 
large numbers. In my investigations I have not seen more 
than two at any one time. The moth will live in a glass vial 
seven days. The female moths deposit their eggs within 
forty-eight hours — these are deposited at night. The egg 
cannot be seen plainly by the unaided eye. 

The best time to see the moths at work is at the dawn of 
day in the months of June and July. Part of the early fruit 
falls prematurely when attacked by the larvae ; but little of 
the late fruit falls until the larvae escape. 

The theory that the moth always deposits the egg on the 
fruit blossom, and that it remains there until the fruit has 
grown to natural size, is a mistake. 

HOW TO PROCURE SPECIMENS OF THE MOTH. 

When you find the larva, if it is on the loose bark, remove 
the piece of bark or wood to which it is attached, place it 
in a small vial, and if in the Summer time, inside of ten 
days you will have a genuine sj)ecimen of the moth (/ and g, 
Fig. 79). Fruit-growers can get important information con- 
cerning the natural history and habits of the insect pests by 
experiments of this kind. Every fruit-grower should unite in 
the crusade against this pest. " In union there is strength." 

Since writing the above, or on August 8, 1883, I bought a 
box of bellflower apples which was offered for sale in market. 
With few exceptions each apple contained two larvae of the 
codlin moth, and in nearly every apple infested by the later 
broods the egg had been deposited near the stem. This is the 
first instance that furnished me actual proof that the later 
broods would deposit their eggs in fruit that had been infested by 
the earlier broods of the season. In the absence of the seeds of 
the apple, eaten l)y the larva of the earlier broods, the larva of 
the later brood seemed to burrow (or honeycomb) the pericarp 
in all directions. The larva; in the apples containing more 
than one specimen were apparently of diflerent ages. 

From investigation it is jn'obable that there are more than 
one species of codlin moth infesting fruit in this State ; but I 
am not prepared to report at present writing. 



108 . INSECTS INFESTING THE APPLE TREE. 

That the codlin moth infests the peach and apricot, I have 
abundant proof by rearing moths from both kinds of fruit. 

Remedies. — For trees, No. 69 ; return packages (see Chap. 
IV), No. 70 ; packages stored from previous year, No. 71 ; store- 
rooms, sale-rooms, etc., No. 72 ; debris accumulating from 
preparing fruit for drying', No. 15. 



CHAPTER LII. 

The Apple Maggot. 

( Trypeta pomonella. — Walsh.) 

Order, Diptera ; Family, Trypetid^. 

[Eating the pulp of apples, causing them to decay, a white 
footless maggot which, when fully grown, enters the earth and 
is finally transformed into a black and white two-winged fly.] 

This maggot (Fig. 82, Plate 1,) may be easily distinguished 
from the larva of the codlin moth by being entirely destitute 
of legs. It also differs from the latter in its mode of opera- 
ting, for while the larva of the codlin moth works for the 
most part in the core of the apple and vicinity, this maggot 
runs its burrows in all directions throug'h the pulp ; it also 
differs from the larva of the apple curculio (Fig. 856), which, 
like itself, is also destitute of legs, by apparently having the 
hind end of the body obliquely cut off, the curculio larva 
having this part rounded. 

The apple maggot usually appears rather late in the Summer, 
and after reaching its full size — about three lines in length — it 
deserts the fruit and enters the earth, where it forms a small 
cell in which to undergo its transformations. It assumes 
the pupa form (Fig. 83, Plate 1,) in the Autumn, and is not 
changed to a fly until the following Summer. 

The body of the fly (Fig. 84, Plate 1) measures three and a 
half or four lines (or from one fifth to one fourth of an inch) 
in length, and is of a black color, the thorax marked with 
four whitish lines, and with a white dot next to the abdomen ; 
the latter is marked with three or four whitish transverse 



INSECTS INFESTING THE APPLE TREE. 109 

lines. The wings, which are only two in number, are trans- 
parent, and marked with four black cross bands, which are 
more or less united with each other. The only remedy seems 
to be to gather the infested apples before the maggots have 
deserted them, and make such use of them as will destroy the 
maggots. This insect, so far as is reliably known, has not yet 
been found in California, but from descriptions given of the 
decay of late varieties of apples in 1882, it is thought neces- 
sary to give the above description. (See U. S. Agr. Rei:>. for 
1881.) 

Remedies. — Should this insect appear, it can be kept off the 
fruit by spraying, in July and August, with Nos. 5 or 7, but 
probably No. 4 would be better. 



CHAPTER LIU. 

The Apple Cureulio. (Cal.) 

(Anfhonomus quadrigibbus — Say. ) 

Order, Coleoptera ; Famih^, Curculionid^. 



[The measurements of insects in this work are given in inches and lines. The above cut rep- 
resents one inch divided into lines and fractions thereof.] 

[Living in apples, pears, and quinces ; a curved, footless 
grub of a white color, marked with bluish-black ; assuming 
the pupa form within the fruit, and finally producing a rusty- 
brown snout-beetle, having three pale lines on the thorax, and 
four humps on the wing-cases.] 

The female cureulio punctures the apple with her long snout, 
and after widening the puncture at the bottom, she deposits 
therein a single egg, from which is hatched a footless grub 
(Fig. 856) which burroAvs still deeper into the fruit, and feeds 
upon the latter in the vicinity of the core. After attaining its 
full growth, it forms a small cell, with a burrow leading from 
it to the outside of the apple, and in this cell it soon casts off 
its skin and enters upon the pupa stage (Fig. 85a), from which 
the perfect beetle is evolved in the course of a few weeks. 



110 



INSECTS INFESTING THE APPLE TREE. 




Fig. 85. Fig. 85. — Larva and Pupa 

of Apple Curculio, enlarged ; 
a, the pupa ; 6, the larva — 
color of each, white. 

The full grown larva meas- 
ures a, little under five lines, 
or one third of an inch in 
length, and usually lies in a 
curved position ; it is of a 
white color, sparsely covered with wrinkles, the spaces between 
which are bluish-black, of which color is the line on the back. 
The perfect beetle (Fig. 86) "measures from one and one 
half to two hues in length, and is of a dull reddish color, 
marked on the thorax with three indistinct whitish lines ; on 
the hind part of the wing-cases are four prominent humps, and 
the snout is nearly as long as the body. 

Fig. 86. — Apple Curculio ; a, 
natural size ; 6, enlarged, side 
view ; c, enlarged, back view — 
colors, brown and gray. 

The perfect insect issues from 
the pupa state early in Septem- 
ber, and passes the Winter in a 
semi-torpid state. It infests 
apples, pears, quinces, thorn- 
apples or haws, and crab- 
apples. 

Previous to last Fall (1882), when apples were found with a 
single empty burrow, ants and some other insects were credited 
with capturing the larva of the codlin moth before maturity, 
but the presence of this insect being detected, explains the 
true facts in many of the cases mentioned. 

Remedies. — See note at end of No. 69. In the Spring use 
No. 5, or No. 6, or No. 7. 



Fig. 86. 




INSECTS INFESTING THE APPLE TREE. 



Ill 



CHAPTER LIV. 

The Earwig. (Cal.) 

(Forficula auricularia — Linnaeus. ) 

Order, Orthoptera ; Family, Forficularid.e. 

[Feeding upon the flowers of various plants, and also upon 
fruits. A brownish or black six-legged insect, having a for- 
ceps-like appendage at the hind end of the body.] 

The female Earwig deposits her eggs beneath stones, etc., 
and — what is very unusual among insects — she broods over 
them like a hen until they are hatched out, and afterwards 
manifests the most lively interest for the safety of her young. 
The latter (Fig. 87, left) closely resembles the adults, but are 
entirely destitute of wings. (Pupa, Fig. 87, viiddle). 

Fig. 87. 



/ 






Fig. 87. — Earwigs, enlarged — color, brown ; at the left, the 
larva ; in the middle, the pupa ; at the right, the perfect insect, 
with its wings expanded. 

In the adults (Fig. 87, right) the wing-cases are very short, 
and the wings, when not in use, are folded in a very complex 
manner, and concealed beneath them. Although these insects 
have been reported as crawling into the ears of certain per- 
sons, yet no authentic instance of this kind is on record. 
These insects are sometimes quite destructive to various kinds 
of fruit, especially such as have been injured by some other 
insects. 



INSECTS INFESTING THE PEAR TREE. 



CHAP. 

The Oyster-formed Scale (Diaspis ostrce- 

formia) 55 

The Pear-tree Scale (Lecaniiim pyri) 56 

The Pear-tree Borer {^Ejeria pyri) 57 

The Pear-tree Scolytiis (Scolytus pyri) 58 

The Branch and Tvvig-burrower {Polycaon 

confertuH) 59 

The Pear-tree Psylla {Paylla pyri) 60 

The Pear Slug (Selandria cerasi) 61 

The Pear-leaf Caterpillar {Nematus) 62 

The Thrips 63 

The following insects also infest the pear 
tree: 

The Woolly Aphis ( ticlnzoneura lanigera). 
The Oyster-shell Bark-Louse (Aspidiotus con- 

chiforinis). 



The Greedy Scale (Aspidiotus rapax). 

The Round-headed Apple-tree Borer (Super 

da Candida). • 

The Flat-headed Apple-tree Borer (Chryso- 

bothris femorata). 
The Apple-twig Borer (Lostrichus hiccmda- 

im). 
The Red-humped Caterpillar (Notodonta con- 

cinna). 
The Goldsmith Beetle [Cotalpa lanigera). 
The Red Spider (Tetranychus telariuv). 
The Yellow Mite. 

The Codlin Moth {Carpucajjm poiiionella). 
The Plum Curculio (Conotrachebts nenuphar). 
The Apple Curculio (Anthonomus quadrigib- 

bus). 
The Quince Curculio (Conotrachelua cratcegi). 
The Green Fruit-beetle (Gymnetis nitida). 



CHAPTER LV. 

The Oyster-formed Scale of the Pear and Apple. (Cal.) 
(Diaspis ostreeeformis — Curtis.) 

Synonyms. — Aspidiotus ostreaeformis — Ruricola. Aspidiotus 
circularis — Fitch . 



Order, Hemipteea ; } 

Sub-order, Homoptera ; ^ 



Family, Coccid.<e. 



[A small, circular scale insect, infesting pear trees]. 

In the United States Agricultural Report, 1880, Professor J. 
H. Comstock writes of this sjDecies as follows : 

" This is a common species on the pear and apple in Eng- 
land. Although I do not know of its occurrence in the United 
States, it will be strange if it is not found here." 



INSECTS INFESTING THE PEAR TRRE. 113 

I received the following, dated — 

" Ithaca, N. Y., March 3, 1882. 
" Your letter and specimens duly received. Without doubt 
you are right. The scale is Diaspis ostressformis. This is very 
important, as it is the first instance of which I know of this 
species in this country. Strong measures should be taken to 
crush it out before it gains a foothold," etc. 

"J. H. COMSTOCK." 

Thife species is found^on pear and apple trees in the vicinity 
of Sacramento ; it is not known what length of time the trees 
have been infested, but serious damage has been done. In 
many cases the bark is destroyed. 

NATURAL^HISTORY. 

The scale of the female insect is nearly circular, or a broad 
oval, and measures about three fourths of a line in diameter — 
color, ashy-gray ; exuviae in the center, or nearly so, yellow- 
ish-brown ; the inside of the scale and the venter is snowy 
white. 

The scale of the male is elongated. The eggs are pinkish- 
red and ovate. The female insect is of a reddish-purple color, 
and in form is somewhat elongated. There are at least two 
broods each year, as I have found the eggs early in May, and 
also in the latter part of July. The male insect is winged, 
and is described by Curtis as being of a bright ochreous 
color, with a black band on the thorax. 

Remedies. — When the tree is dormant, a thorough spraying 
with No. 13 — one pound of mixture to each gallon of water used. 
Summer wash, Nos. 5 or 7. Where trees are seriously infested, 
when dormant No. 44 may be used as a spray, but followed 
by No. 13 in about twenty-four hours. 



114 



INSECTS INFESTING THE PEAR TREE. 



CHAPTER LVI. 

The Pear Tree Scale. (Cal.) 

(Lecanium pyri. — Schrank.) 

Synonym — Coccus pyri. — Schrank. 
Order, Hemiptera; 



Sub-order, Homoptera • ( ^^'^y^ Coccm^. 

[A light brown scale insect or bark louse, about half the 
size of a pea, infesting the pear trees.] 

This species of scale insect can be found in several of the 
fruit-growing districts of this State, and is injurious to the 
trees infested by it. It is only found on the pear, so far as 
known at present. 

NATURAL HISTORY. 

The insect is hemispherical, and is about the size of half a 
pea. It is of a bright brown color, and oval in form ; the 
upper surface slightly indented. Its longest diameter is from 
one and one half to two lines ; the width from one line to one 
and one half lines. Specimens sent me were received early in 
June, at which date the young were hatching out. The eggs 
are oval, and of a dirty white color ; number produced by each 
female, from fifty to one hundred ; length, one eighty third of 
an inch ; color, brownish-white ; antennge and anal setse pres- 
ent. In passing through the stages from the larva state to the 
mature insect, at first the color is greenish-yellow, but changes 
at the approach of maturity to a chestnut-brown, then to a 
bright brown. 

After the eggs are deposited the insect dies ; 
then the scale or outer covering is blackish. 
It is probable that there is only one brood in 
each year. (See Black Scale.) 

Fig. SY-j. Portion of a branch infested by 
Pear-tree Scales ; at the right are two of the 
scales — color, brown. 

Remedies. — When the ti'ee is dormant, spray 
thoroughly with Nos. 11 or 12. Or in Summer, 
No. 4, or No. 5, or No. 7. For Summer wash 
the latter are preferable, as the sulphur is an 
enemy to fungi. 



Fig. 87>^. 




INSECTS INFESTING THE PEAR TREE. 115 

CHAPTER LVII. 

The Pear Tree Borer.,, (Cal.) 

{jEgeria pyri. — Harris.) 

Order, Lepidoptera ; Family, ^gerid^. 

[Boring into the trunks of the pear tree, a pale-yellow, six- 
teen legged larva.] 

This borer has about the same habits as the peach tree borer, 
but, as far as known, never infests any other kind of tree than 
the pear. 

The perfect insect (Fig. 88 — moth) usually issues 
from the pupa state in July. The wings expand 
about eight lines ; they are transparent, but bor- 
dered and veined with purplish black, and across the 
tips of the front wings is a broad, dark band, show- 
ing a coppery reflection ; the upper side of the body is pur- 
plish-black, with the edges of the collar and of the shoulder 
tufts, three bands across the abdomen, and the tuft at the pos- 
terior end of a golden-yellow ; the under side of the body is 
mostly of this color. 

Remedy. — Use No. 37. 




CHAPTER LVIII. 

The Pear-tree Seolytus. 

(Scolytus pyri — Peck.) 

Order, Coleoptera ; Family, Scolytid.e. 

[Boring into the branches of apple, pear, apricot, and plum 
trees ; a small, footless grub, finally transforming within its 
burrow into a dark-brown beetle. ] 

The egg from which this grub liatches is deposited in the 
latter part of the Summer, and is usually placed at the base 
of a bud ; as soon as hatched, the grub gnaws its way into the 
branch and works around the central part, usually following 



116 INSECTS INFESTING THE PEAR TREE. 

the course of the central part of the branch. By this means 
the vessels which convey the ascending sap is cut off, and that 
part of the branch above the place where the insect is located, 
withers and soon becomes dead wood. 

The larva assumes the pupa form in its burrow, and the 
perfect insect appears early in Summer. 

The perfect beetle (Fig. 89) measures about one and one 
quarter lines, or a tenth of an inch, in length, and is of a deep 
uniform brown color. 

Fig. 89. — Pear-tree Scolytus, natural size and en- Fig. 89. 
larged — color, brown or black. 

For the destruction of this insect, it has been rec- 
ommended to cut off and burn the infested limbs. 
This should be done earlier than the month of April, 
otherwise the beetles will have completed their trans- 
formations and made their escape. 

I have not found this insect in this State, but from speci- 
mens of branches sent me for examination, there can be no 
doubt of the presence of this beetle, or a closely allied species. 

I^EMEDY. — Prune, as above described, and use No. 37 on the 
branches as soon as the beetle appears, which is in the latter 
part of July. The branches, etc., may be sprayed with No. 
4, or Nos. 5 or 7. 




CHAPTER LIX. 

The Branch ~and Twig-Burrower. (Cal.) 

( Polycaon confertus. — Leconte. ) 
Order, Coleoptera ; Family, Ptinid^. 

[An elongate pitch-colored beetle, about half an inch in 
length, burrowing into the branches and twigs of the apple, 
pear, cherry, almond, apricot, peach and olive trees, and also 
into grape canes.] 

In June, 1881, Mrs. E. R. Thurber, of Vacaville, sent me 
some olive branches (Fig. 92, Plate 1) which were infested by 
this beetle. In the Fall of 1881, grape cuttings (Fig. 93, Plate 
1) were sent me from Sonoma County, with a beetle, Avhich 



INSECTS INFESTING THE PEAR TREE. 117 

proved to be this species, burrowing into the pith. In 1882, 1 
received apple, pear, cherry, almond, apricot, peach, and olive 
branches, all of which were infested by this beetle. I also 
visited one pear orchard, and one orchard in which olives are 
grown, and found some trees damaged to a serious extent. 
The nature of the damage done by this beetle, is the burrow- 
ing into the branch and eating the center or pith. (Fig. 94, 
Plate 1.) The place selected to commence operations is gen- 
erally in the axil of a bud, or small branch. The burrows 
made are invariably downwards, and measure from six lines 
to one inch in depth, and from two to three lines in diameter. 
A pear branch, thirty inches long, contained eleven of these 
burrows. 

The damage done the trees is caused by their burrows being 
filled with water by the Winter rains, causing the branches to 
decay, and also by the branches burrowed breaking off. 

The natural history of this beetle (Fig. 95, Plate 1) has not 
been fully studied, but it is supposed the eggs are deposited 
and the larvae live in forest trees. 

The perfect insect, both male and female, burrow into the 
branches of the fruit trees, but the eggs or larvee have not been 
found in any of the varieties which they infest. This Spring, 
1883, serious damage has been done Iw this species to trees 
planted last year. 

Remedies. — Use No. 27, and early in the Spring spray with 
Nos. 4, 5, or 7. 



CHAPTER LX. 

The Pear-tree Psylla. (Cal.) 

(Psylla pyri. — Linn«us.) 

Order, Hemiptera ; i ,-, ., . 

r, 1 ' 1 XT I h amilv, Aphidid.e. 

Sub-order, Homoptera ; ) - ' 

[Living in communities upon and puncturing the twigs of 
the pear tree; a small, yellowish or greenish louse.] 

These insects possess the power of leaping, and hence in 
some localities are known by the name of flea-lice. They 



118 



INSECTS INFESTING THE PEAR TREE. 



obtain their nourishment by puncturing the twigs with their 
beaks and imbibing the sap. The larvae, or young, are of a dull- 
orange color, and are obtuse behind. (Pupa, Fig. 90). The per- 
fect or winged insects (Fig. 91) are a little over a line long to 
the tip of the closed wings ; the eyes are large and prominent ; 
the head and thorax are of a brownish-orange color, and the 
abdomen is greenish ; the wings are transparent. I have 
found this species in one orchard only, and not sufficiently 
numerous to do much damage to the trees infested. 



Fig. 90. 



Fig. 91. 




Fig. 90. — Pupa of Pear-tree Psylla, highly magnified — col- 
ors, orange-red and black ; a, ventral view ; 6, back view. 

Fig. 91. — Pear-tree Psylla, enlarged — colors, orange-red and 
black. 

Remedies. — Trees infested the previous year should, when 
dormant, be thoroughly sprayed wth No. 13 — five pounds of 
mixture to six gallons of water. In April, spray with Nos. 5 
or 7. Repeat the spraying in two weeks, if necessary. 



CHAPTER LXI. 

The Pear Slug. 

{Selandria cerasi — Peck.) 

Order, Hymenoptera ; Family, Tenthredinid.e. 

[A small twenty-footed caterpillar, covered with a sticky 
olive-colored slime, infesting the foliage of the pear and cherry 
trees.] 

The specific name, cerasi, given to this saw-fly, places this 



INSECTS INFESTING THE PEAR TREE. 119 

insect as a pest of the cherry tree, but in this state it does most 
injury to the pear ; therefore, it is placed in the list of pear 
insects. 

The pear slug is found in many orchards in Central Cali- 
fornia ; it feeds upon the foliage of the pear, the cherry, and 
the plum tree, but only eats the epidermis off of the upper side 
of the leaves, leaving the framework and under surface 
untouched. 

" The trees attacked by them are forced to throw out new 
leaves during the heat of the Summer at the end of the twigs 
and branches that still remain alive ; and this unseasonable 
foliage, which should not have appeared until the next Spring 
exhausts the vigor of the trees and cuts off the prospect of 
fruit." — Harris. 

The egg is deposited in a cut made in the leaf, by the saw- 
like apparatus or ovipositor of the female. Nineteen eggs have 
been found deposited in one leaf. 

The larva (Fig. 96) is hatched from the egg in two days, and 
feeds upon the leaves, as described above ; it attains its full 
growth in from twenty to twenty-five days. During the time 
it is feeding it exudes an olive-colored slimy substance, which 
covers the body and gives it the appearance of a tadpole. 
When it ceases eating it casts its skin and slimy coat, and 
appears with a clean, yellowish skin ; the divisions of the 
segments of the body are plainly seen ; it then descends to the 
earth and crawls beneath the surface, from one to four inches, 
and forms a cocoon, where it undergoes its, metamorphoses or 
changes; in about fifteen days the perfect insect (Fig. 97) 

appears. .-- — 

Fig. 96. 

Fig. 97. 





Fig. 96. — Pear Slug ; an infested leaf on which are two slugs ; 
above it is one of the slugs, enlarged — color, olive-brown. 
Fig. 97. — Pear-Slug Saw-fly, enlarged — color, black. 
The first brood appears late in April, or early in May ; the 



120 INSECTS INFESTING THE PEAR TREE. 

second, early in July. When the larvae of the second brood are 
full grown they enter the earth, and remain unchanged until 
the following Spring. Harris says, referring to the first brood : 

" It seems that all of them, however, do not finish their 
transformations at this time ; some are found to remain in the 
ground unchanged till the following year, so that if all the 
slugs of the last hatch in any one year should happen to be 
destroyed, enough from a former brood would still remain in 
the earth to continue the species." 

There are apparently but two broods in each year. 

Larva length, five and one half lines. Perfect insect, body 
shining black, nearly three and one half lines long ; expanse 
of wings, six lines ; wings transparent ; lower part of fore 
anterior legs, dirty-white. 

Remedies. — Use No. 61 and No. 63. 



CHAPTER LXII. 

The Pear-leaf Caterpillar. (Cal.) 

(Nematiis Spf) 

Order, Hymenoptera ; Family, Tenthredinid^. 

[A small twenty-footed caterpillar, feeding upon the foliage 
of the pear tree.] 

Considerable damage has been done to pear trees in the 
Sacramento Valley by a small green caterpillar (of a saw-fly) 
eating the leaves. In some orchards the varieties of pear trees 
which were the first to put forth their leaves were seriously 
infested, and not only injuring the crop of fruit on the trees 
by destroying the foliage, but also the crop of the next year. 

' NATURAL HISTORY. 

About the time the leaves begin to appear, the eggs are 
deposited in a small slit or opening made by the ovipositor of 
the female fly in the surface of the leaf. These are hatched 
in about ten days. 



INSECTS INFESTING THE PEAR TREE. 



121 



The young caterpillar (Fig. 98) commences to feed by eating 
a short track, apparently under the surface of the leaf; it 
eventually makes an opening in which it feeds until one fourth 
grown, or six days old ; it then leaves this opening and com- 
mences feeding on the edge of the leaf, and as there are often 
from one to eight on a leaf, they move from one leaf to 
another until full grown, which is in about twenty-two days 
from the time they were hatched. When the larva, or cater- 
piller, ceases to eat, it descends to the earth and crawls below 
the surface and makes a tough, dark-brown oval cocoon. In 
this cocoon it hibernates, in the larval state, until the next 
Spring. Caterpillar (larva) ; length, six lines ; color, green ; 
head, yellowish-green ; eyes, black ; twenty legs. 



Fig. 98. 




Fig. 98. — Pear leaf, caterpillar and work. 
9 



122 



INSECTS INFESTING THE PEAR TREE. 



Fig. 99. 



Fig. 99. — Pear-leaf Saw-fl}- — colors, 
black and yellow. 

Perfect insect ( Fig. 99 ) — length of body , 
three and three fourths lines ; expanse 
of wings, about seven lines ; color, head 
and thoi'ax black, abdomen yellowish, 
with a black transverse band on the dor- 
sal half of each segment ; wings transpa- 
rent, wdth a brownish hue. 

There is, apparently, only one brood 
each year. 

Remedies. — As soon as. the larv« appear, spray as directed 
in No. 61, or 65 ; also, see No> 62. 




CHAPTER LXIII. 



The Thrips. 

Order, Hemiptera ; 
Sub-order, Heteroptera 



Family, Thripid^.- 



Fig. 100. 



[Feeding upon the upper surface of the leaves of the pear, 
peach, etc., minute black or yellow six-legged insects.] 

Last year, 1882, the owners of a great number of orchards 
complained that the leaves of the pear, peach, and plum trees 
were attacked by some insect or disease which caused them to 
wither and fall off. On examination they were found to be 
infested by a species of Thrips not heretofore noticed on fruit 
trees in this State. 

The leaves infested by these insects appeared 
marked all over their surface with minute 
black dots, either caused by the bite of these 
minute insects or were their excrements. 
Many of the branches, especially on the lower 
part of the tree, were denuded of their foliage. 

Fig. 100. — Larva of Thrips — colors, bright 
and dark yellow. 

The larva (Fig. 100) of this species of 
Thrips is one twenty-sixth of an inch in 
length ; color, primrose-yellow, with narrow 




INSECTS INFESTING THE PEAR TREE. 



123 



Fig. 101. 



Fig. 102. 



transverse orange-colored markings. (Fig. lOU, highly mag- 
nified.) 

The pupa (Fig. 101) is one twenty-fifth of an inch in 
length ; about the same color as the larva, only the transverse 
markings are not so clear. The legs and antennie are 
obscured by a film, the wings are in a sheath (see Fig. 101, 
magnified), and the insect moves more sluggishly than when 
in the larva state. 

Fig. 101.— Pupa of Thrips— col- 
or, yellow. 

Fig. 102.— Thrips— color, black. 
The perfect insect (Fig. 102) is 
one twenty-second of an inch in 
length ; body black ; wings black, 
bordered with a silvery fringe ; 
there is a yellowish transverse bur 
across the base of the wings. 

Remedies . — As soon as the 
thrips are noticed on the foliage, 
spray thoroughly with No. 4, or No. 5, or No. 7 ; repeat spray 
ing if necessary. 





INSECTS INFESTING THE QUINCE. 



CHAP. The Round-headed Apple-tree Borer (Saysrda 



The Quince Scale (Aspidiohcs cydonice 64 

The Quince Curculio {Conotrachelus cra- 
tisgi) 65 

The following insects also infest the Quince: 
The Greedy Scale {Aspidiotxi,e rapax). 



Candida). 
The Red Spider {Tetranijchus telarius). 
The Codlin Moth (Carpocapm pomotiella). 
The Plum Curculio {Conotrachelus ticnuphar). 
The Apple Curculio {Anthonomus quadrigib- 

bus). 
The Nesfro Bug iCoriinelcena pulicarta). 



CHAPTER LXIV. 

The Quinee Scale. 

( Asjndiotus cydon ix. — Comstock. ) 

Family, Coccid^. 



Order, Hemiptera ; 
Sub-order, Homoptera ; 



[A species of scale insect found on the quince in Florida.] 
Prof. Comstock reports this species in Florida, and states in 

appearance the scale is indistinguishable from that of the^ 

greedy scale — {A. rapax). 

Remedies. — Same as for San Jose Scale (^A. j^crniciosus), 

Chap. XX. 



CHAPTER LXV. 

The Quinee Curculio. (Cal.) 

( Conotrachelus cratsegi. — Walsh.) 

Order, Coleoptera ; Family, Curculionid^. 

[Living in quinces and pears, a whitish, footless grub, 
about four lines long, with a distinct tubercle on either side of 
each segment, and a reddish-brown head ; usually, but not 
always, deserting the fruit and entering the earth to pupate.] 



INSECTS INFESTING THE QUINCE. 



125 



Fig. 103. 



The female curculio punctures the fruit and deposits an 
egg therein. This hatches out in a few days, and the grub 
works, for the most Y>avt, near the surface of the fruit, never, 
as far as known, entering the core. It acquires its full growth 
in about a month after leaving the egg, and then usually, but 
not always, deserts the fruit and burrows two or three inches 
into the earth. Here it forms a small cell, in Avhich it remains 
unchanged until the following Spring, no matter whether it 
left the fruit as early as the first of August or as late as the 
first of October. In April of the following year, the larva 
assumes the pupa form, from which the beetle issues in the 
course of a week or two. 

Fig. 103. — Quince Curculio, enlarged ; 
a, side view ; b, back view — color, ash- 
gray. 

The beetle (Fig. 103) is about two 
lines long, of an ashen-gray color, mot- 
tled with pale-yellow, dusky and whitish, 
an(i at the base of the thorax is a some- 
what triangular dusky spot. The body 
is broadest at the shoulders, and the 
wing cases are destitute of humps. The snout is longer than 
the thorax and is bent beneath the breast. 

I have found but two specimens of this species, and these 
were found in 1882. 

Remedies. — In the latter part of April, spray the foliage and 
fruit thoroughly with Nos. 5 or 7. Repeat in two weeks if 
necessary. 




INSECTS INFESTING THE PEACH TREE. 



CHAP. 

The Peach-tree Borer (Aegeria exitiosa). . .66 

The Peach Moth {Anarda lineatella) 67 

The Peach Leaf-roller (Crania peraieana). .68 

The Peach Aphis (MyzuH perm'coe] 69 

The Indian Cetonia (Cefonia inda) 70 

The Green Fruit-beetle (Ggrnnetu nitida) . . 71 

The following insects also infest the Peach 
tree : 

The San Jose Scale (Aspidiotus perniciomn). 
The Greedj' Scale {Axfiidiotus rapax). 
The Flat-headed Apple-tree Borer (Chrysobo- 

thris femorata). 
The Cherry-tree Borer (Dicerca divaricata). 



The Apple-twig Borer (Bostrichus bicauda- 

tm). 
The Branch and Twig burrower (Pohjcaon 

confertus). 
The Snowy Tree Cricket (Oecanthits niveus). 
The Buffalo Tree-hopper (Ceresa bubaluD). 
The Many-dotted Caterpillar ( Brachy taenia 

malana). 
The Almond Aphis (Aphis amygdali). 
The Red Spider (Tetranychus telariui<). 
The Yellow Mite. 

The Codlin Moth fCarpocapua pomonella). 
The Plum Curculio (Corwtrachelus nenuphar). 
The Thrips. 



CHAPTER LXVI. 

The Peach Tree Borer 

(JEgeria exitiosa. — Say. ) 

Order, Lepidopteka ; Family, Aegerid^. 

[Boring into the trunks of peach, plum, cherry and similar 
trees, a pale yellow sixteen-legged larva.] 

The peach tree borer is Avidely disstributed over the greater 
part of the United States, and wherever found it is one of the 
most pernicious enemies of the peach tree. 

The egg from which this borer hatches is deposited in the 
latter part of Summer upon the trunk of the tree, usually 
near the roots, but sometimes at the base of one of the lower 
limbs. 

As soon as hatched, the young l)orer begins to eat its way 
downward through the bark and sapwood, continuing its 
course in this direction until the following Spring, when it 
turns about and directs its course upward. Before pupating, 
it forms a cocoon composed of its chips and castings, mixed 



INSECTS INFESTING THE PEACH TREE. 



127 



with gum. The perfect- insect issues during the lattei part of 
July, or during the .month of August. The presence of this 
borer may easily be detected by the mass of thick gum mixed 
with the castings of the larva, which accumulates around the 
opening of its burrow. It usually works in that part of the 
tree which is at or just beneath the surface of the ground, 
although it occasionally occurs in the crotches, or upon some 
other part of the tree. 

Fig. 104.— Peach Tree Borer— color, ^^^^ 

yellowish. M^?:^^^'"^^^^^: 

The full grown larva (Fig. 104) meas- ,^^^^^^S 
ures from six to eight lines in length, and ^-^-^s;^^^^-^^- 
is pale yellow, and provided with sixteen legs ; the head is red- 
dish, marked Avith black. 



Fig. 105, 1. 



Fig. 105, 2. 




Fig. 105.— Peach Tree 
Borer (moths) — colors, 
steel blue and yellow ; 1 , 
the female moth ; 2, the 
male moth. 

The perfect insects into 
which these borers are 
finally transformed somewhat resemble wasps, being provided 
with four nearly transparent wings. The female (Fig. 105, 1,) 
differs so much from the male (Fig. 105, 2,) as to cause her to 
be mistaken for a distinct species. Her body is of a steel blue 
color, with a dark orange colored band across the middle of 
the abdomen ; the fore wings expand about one inch and six 
lines, and are of a steel blue color ; the hind wings are trans- 
parent, but are veined and bordered with steel blue. 

The male expands ol)out one inch ; the wings are transpa- 
rent, and are bordered and veined with steel blue ; the fore- 
wings crossed beyond the middle by a band of the same color ; 
the body is also steel blue, and the edges of the collar and 
shoulders tufts, as well as two rings on the abdomen, and the 
brush at the end are pale yellow. 

Remedy. — Use No. 37 in July and August, or No. 98 — the 
latter is preferable. 



128 TN&ECTS INFESTING THE PEACH TREE. 

CHAPTER LXVII. 

The Peach Moth. (Cal.) 

(Anarsia lineatella. — Zeller. ) 

Order, Lepidoptera ; Family, Tineid^e. 

[A small reddish-pink larva, from four to five lines in 
length, boring into the fruit of the peach and apricot ; also, 
into the buds and the new growth of the peach.] 

In 1882 the larva (Fig. 106, Plate 1) of this species was 
found boring into peaches (Fig. 107, Plate 1) and apricots in 
several of the fruit-growing districts of this State. The moth 
or perfect insect is small ; length, three lines ; spread of wings, 
about six lines ; color, dark-gray ; antennae gray, ringed with 
brown ; wings gray, with brown streaks ; hind wings, smoky- 
gray ; cilia, gray. Larva length, nearly four lines ; color, red- 
dish-pink ; head, brownish-black. 

I found a larva in a peach early in June, 1882. It left the 
fruit on the 13th, and was changed to a pupa by the 16th. On 
the 25th of June, the perfect moth appeared. The larva in 
apricots matured to perfect insect in about the same length of 
time. I have also found the larva of this moth in peach buds, 
also in the end of the new growth. In the latter it can be 
easily detected, as the new leaves present a withered appear- 
ance. The larva passes its transformations in the debris in 
the crotches of the trees, or on the ground among fallen 
leaves, etc. I have found them more than half grown in the 
buds in January, but apparently in a semi-dormant state. 

The variety found in the fruit of the apricot and peach is 
lighter in color than that found in the buds and new growth. 
The perfect insect (Fig. 106, Plate 1) that is reared from the 
fruit-eating larva, is lighter colored than those raised from the 
bud or new growth larva. 

There are probably three broods each year. From the 
limited opportunities I have had to investigate the natural 
history and habits of this pest, I am inclined to think that a 
part at least of the so-called sap disease, or gum oozing from 



INSECTS INFESTING THE PEACH TRRE. 129 

the buds is caused by the boring of the larva of A. lineatella, 
but will not say positively that such is the case. It is also 
reported as a destructive pest to the strawberry, by eating chan- 
nels through the crown of the plant, and also burrowing into 
the runners. 

Since writing the above, I have reared a number of the 
perfect insects. The larva leaves the fruit to pass its tran- 
formations. When it selects a place it spins a few threads, 
then changes to pupa. It remains in the pupa state from 
seven to ten days, according to the temperature. 

This season (1883), specimens of plums, prunes and necta- 
rines have been received infested by the larva of this moth. 

Peaches received in this city (Sacramento) in July last, had 
at least forty per cent, infested by this pest. The moth 
deposits the egg on the fruit, generally near the stem. 

Remedies. — See No. 67, and use Nos. 5 or 7 as spray. For 
strawberries, see No. 68. 



CHAPTER LXVIII. 

The Peach-leaf Roller. (Cal.) 

( Crcesia persicana. — Fitch.) 

SvxoNY.M. — Ptydioloma persicana. — Fitch. 

Order. Lepidoptera ; Family, Tortricid.e. 



I M h I i M i I l:lJ 
[The measurements of insects in this work are given in inches and lines. The above cut lep- 
resents one inch divided into lines and fractions thereof.] 

[Living singly in a nest of newly-exjDanded leaves on peach 
trees ; a pale-green worm, with two white lines along the back, 
the head dull-yellowish.] 

This leaf-roller assumes the pupa state in its nest. The 
fore-wings of the perfect moth expand about eight lines, and 
are of a yellowish color, varied with black, and marked with 
white spots. 

Remedy. — Use No. 24. 



130 INSECTS INFESTING THE PEACH TREE. 

CHAPTER LXIX. 

The Peaeh Aphis. (Gal.) 

(Myzus persicse. — Sulzer.) 

Order, Hemiptera : ) t? ■^ k 

o 1 J TT ( Familv, Aphiddi.e. 

bub-order, Homopteea :) - ' 

[Living on the underside of the leaves and on the new 
growth of peach, prune, and nectarine trees, causing the leaves 
to curl and thicken by puncturing them with their beaks and 
extracting the sap; small, black or reddish-brown plant-lice.] 

The wingless females are rusty red ; the winged females are 
black or greenish-brown. 

The winged males are a bright yellow, with a transverse 
brown streak on the thorax, and a few streaks of the same 
color on the abdomen. 

Remedies. — When the tree is dormant, spray with No. 11 
or 12 ; when in leaf, use Nos. 4, 5, or 7 — 5 or 7 preferable. 



CHAPTER LXX. 

The Indian Cetonia. 

(Cetonia inda. — Linnaeus.) 

Synonym. — Euryomia inda. 

Order, Coleoptera ; Family, Cetonid.e. 

[Eating into peaches, pears, and grapes : a coppery-brown 
beetle, about six lines or half an inch long, sprinkled with 
brown dots, and thinly covered with yellowish hairs.] 

Fig. 108. — Indian Cetonia — color, coppery-brown. Fig. 108, 

The larval and pupa stages of this insect are un- 
known, but it probably lives in the ground during 
the larval state, feeding upon the roots of plants. 

The beetles (Fig. 108) make their appearance in 
the Autumn and again in the Spring, passing the 
AVinter in some sheltered situation. 




INSECTS INFESTING THE PEACH TREE. 



181 



CHAPTER LXXI. 

The Green Fruit-beetle. (Cal.) 

[Gymnetis nitkhi. — Linnseus.) 

Synonym. — AUorliina nitida. 

Order, Coleoptera ; Family, Cetonid^e. 

[Feeding upon ripe peaches, i)cars, phims, figs, and melons ; 
a green beetle (Fig. lOOc) measuring about one inch and two 
lines in length, having the wing-cases bordered with yellow ; 
or feeding upon the roots of strawlxn-ry plants, etc., a whitish 
six-legged larva.] (Fig. 109a.) 

Fig. 109. 




Fig. lOy. — Green Fruit-beetle, Larva and Pupa; r, the male 
beetle — colors, green and yellow ; 6, the pupa — color, brown ; 
a, the larva, or grub — color, whitish ; d^ its upper jaw, enlarged ; 
e, its antennse, enlarged ; ,f, one of its legs, enlarged ; r/, its 
upper lip and palpus. 

This species is very scarce in this State, as but few speci- 
mens have been found. It is plentiful in Arizona Territory, 
and is very destructive to peaches and melons. 



INSECTS INFESTING THE APRICOT. 



The Red-bodied Saw Fly I^Dolerus tejonicus}.12 
The Apricot Leaf-roller (Diahcelia cali/omi- 

ana) 73 

The Striped Bud-beetle (Disonycha Uinbi- 

collix) 74 

The followina^ insects also infest the Apricot : 
The Greedy Scale (AxpidiotUH rapax). 
The Pear tree Scoly tus (Ssolytin pi/ri). 



The Branch and Twig-burrower {Polycaon con- 

fertwi). 
The Peach Moth (Anarsia lineatclla). 
The Robust Leaf Beetle (Seriaa valida). 
The Buffalo Tree-hopper (Cere^a bi(,')alu,s). 
The Red Spider {TetrunyehxK telarius). 
The Plum Curculio {ConolrcKhelus nenuphar) 
The San Jose Scale [Axpidiotwi pernieiosuH). 
The Black Scale (Lecaniiim olece). 
The Cottony Cushion Scale (Icerya purchasi). 



CHAPTER LXXIL 



The Red-bodied Saw Fly. (Cal.) 

(Dolents tejonicus. — Norton. ) 

Order, Hymenoptera ; Family, Tenthredinid^. 

[A four-winged saw-fly with dark wings and a reddish body, 
eating the leaves and shoots of young fruit trees.] 

About the loth of May, 1883, a young orchard planted in 
1882, was attacked by this saw-fly (Fig. 110, Plate 1). The 
owner of the orchard writes on the 3d of June: "The flies 
injured my trees very much by eating the leaves and young 
shoots off" entirely ; many of the trees have sent out new 
growths, but many have not, and appear as though they were 
killed." 

The following is the description of this new pest : Head, 
black ; antennae black, nine-jointed ; thorax reddish, hinder 
portion and scutellum black ; abdomen marked with black at 
the base ; legs, black ■ wings clouded with smoky or blackish ; 
the veins and costa deep black ; length of body nearly half an 
inch ; spread of Avings, three fourths of one inch. 



INSECTS INFESTING THE APRICOT. 133 

At a later date, June 26, the orchardist writes : " They are 
now feeding on the weeds around the orchard." 

Note. — This saw-fly, if not identical with the European 
saw-fly, Dosytheus Interitius — Klug., very closely resembles 
that species. The larval history of this insect is unknown to 
us at the present time. 

Remedy. — Spraying the foliage with No. 5, or 7, or 65, will 
protect it from the ravages of this pest. 



CHAPTER LXXm. 

The Apricot Leaf-roller. (Cal.) 

(Dichoelia Californiana. — Walsingham. ) 

Order, Lepidoptera ; Family, Tortricid.e. 

[A small caterpillar, living in a rolled leaf, and feeding upon 
the new leaves and growth of the apricot tree. It also feeds 
on the fruit after it sets f6rth from the bloom.] 

This caterpillar appeared in several orchards in the Spring 
of 1882. In one instance it nearly destroyed the entire crop 
of apricots, by feeding upon the fruit. I did not succeed in 
rearing the moth last year, but this season I have been suc- 
cessful. It has attacked several orchards this Spring, 1883 ; in 
one case young trees planted last Spring from the dormant 
bud, were nearly denuded of their foliage by this pest. In 
other cases it has fed on the fruit. The caterpillar first attacks 
the fruit when about the size of a small marble — first fasten- 
ing a leaf to it. At first it feeds upon the epidermis, or skin, 
but as the caterpillar grows larger it eats into the fruit. When 
.not feeding, it returns to its nest. At other times it folds a 
leaf and feeds upon the new shoots and leaves near its nest — 
in some cases nearly cutting off" the former. 

The body of the caterpillar (Fig. Ill, Plate 1) is yellowish- 
green, with a dorsal line of a darker shade ; head and cervical 
shield brownish-black, with a pale space betAveen them ; spira- 
cles, ringed with brown ; length, seven to eight lines. 

The perfect insect (Fig. Ill, Plate 1) emerged from the pupa 



134 INSECTS INFESTING THE APRICOT. 

case on the 6th, 7th, 11th, and 12th of June, after remaining 
in the pupa state about eleven days. 

The moth is of a golden ochre-yellow color ; the fore wings 
are crossed near the middle, by an obhque reddish-brown 
irregular band, on which are scattered some bluish scales ; and 
there is a reddish-brown bar, tinged with yellow, across the 
outer end of the wings; hind wings, reddish-brown, marked 
with whitish on the front edge ; legs, yellow ; length, from 
front of head to apex of fore wings (when at rest), nearly four 
lines ; spread of wings, about nine lines. There are two broods 
each year. 

Remedies. — As directed in No. 24. Hpray early in May, 
with Nos. 5 or 7, or 65. 



CHAPTER LXXIV. 

The Striped Bud-beetle. (Cal.) 
(Disonyche limhirolUs. — Leconte.) 
Order, Coleoptera ; Family, Chrysomelid^. 

[A five-striped beetle, similar in size and appearance to the 
striped cucumber beetle (D. vittata), feeding upon the buds of 
apricot trees.] 

This species has appeared in immense numbers in several 
localities, and many persons supposed it to be the striped 
cucumber beetle. It hibernates in the perfect state (Fig. 112, 
Plate 1), and as soon as the warm weather begins it appears 
in the orchards and attacks the fruit-buds as soon as they 
begin to swell, seeming to have a ^Ji'cference for the apricot. 
After their appearance in the early Spring, at night and on 
cold days, they gather together in large numbers. As many 
as one or two gallons have been found on one tree, fence, 
frame of windmill, etc., apparently in a semi-dormant condi- 
tion ; but as soon as the weather became warm again they 
took to flight. This beetle is elongate-oval in shape ; thorax, 
black, bordered with a narrow light-yellow margin ; the wing- 
cases are light A^elloAv, marked Avith five black lines. The dif- 



INSECTS INFESTING THE APRICOT. 135 

ference between this species and the striped cucumber beetle 
can be readily distinguished. The larva probabl}^ lives in the 
roots of some kinds of plant. 

Remedies. — Spray trees infested by this beetle with No. 5, 
or 7, or 65. If the trees are seriously infested, by stirring or 
mixing one pound of buhach in fifteen gallons of the mixture, 
it will effectually destroy the beetle. When gathered in large 
numbers in one place, as described above, the solution, mixed 
with buhach, should be used. 



CHAPTER LXXIV^. 

The Twelve-spotted Diabrotiea. (Cal.) 

{Dinbrofica 12-puiictata. — ( )livier. ) 

Order, Coleopteka ; Family, Chrysomelid^. 

[Feeding upon the buds and leaves of various kinds of 

plants, and also upon ripe or nearly ripe fruit ; a yellow beetle 

(Fig. 1124^) about three lines long, the head black, and tlic 

wing-cases marked with twelve black spots.] 

Fie 112V "^^^^ early stages of this beetle have never been 

traced out, but it probably lives in the ground 

in the larva state, feeding upon the roots of 

plants. 
f'^&i Fig. 112^,.— Twelve-spotted Diabrotiea— colors, 

yellow and black. 
Remedies. — The fruit in an orchard in this vicinity (Sacra- 
mento) was attacked by these pests in the month of August, 
18S3. The owner sprayed the trees with a solution composed 
of six pounds of buhach steeped in one gallon of alcohol, then 
diluted Avith twenty gallons of water ; this destroyed the pests 
very effectually. I have succeeded in driving them off of the 
trees by spraying the latter with Remedy No. 5 or 7, one pound 
to each gallon of water used. 

NoTE.--Since writing the article on the Horned Flower-beetle (page 259), I learn that these 
beetles sometimes burrow into ripe peaches, pears, and plums ; and they are also charged with 
gnawing off the green grapes and letting them fall upon the ground. 

When furnishing copy to the luiblisher, this Chapter was overlooked and not detected until 
too Iate.--M. C. 




INSECTS INFESTING THE CHERRY TREE. 



CHAP. 

The Cherry-tree Borer {Dicerca dinaricata).!^ 
The Cherry Tortrix {Loxotcenia ceradvor- 

ana) 76 

The Cherry Worm 77 

The following insects also infest the Cherry- 
tree : 

The Woolly Aphis ( iSchizoneura lanigera). 
The Lemon-peel Scale (AnjiidioUta nerii.) 
The Peach-tree Borer (^Hgeria exitiom.) 
The Branch and Twig'-bnrrower {Polycaon 

confertus.) 
The Harvest-fly (Cicada.) 
The Orchard Tent-caterpillar (Clisiocampu 

Americana.) 
The Forest Tent-caterjDillar (Clisiocampa syl- 

vatica.) 



The Red-humped Caterpillar (Xotodonta con- 

cinna.) 
The Canker Worms. 

The Greater Leaf-roller ( Loxotcenia rosaceaiia.) 
The Many-dotted Caterpillar {Br achy taenia 

■malana.) 
The Turnus Butterfly {Papilio turnuH.) 
The Pear Slug (Selandria cerasi.) 
The Red Spider (Tetranychus telariuv). 
The Yellow Mite. 

The Rose Cha,fer (Macrodactyhis stibapinosus.) 
The Angular-winged Katydid (Microcentrum 

retinervis.) 
The Brown Strawberry-weevil {Lintronotiis 

nevadicus.) 
The Negro-bug {Corimelcena pulicaria.) 
The Plum Curculio {Conotrachelus nenuphar). 



CHAPTER LXXV. 

The Cherry-tree Borer. (Cal.) 

{Dicerca div aricata — Say . ) 

Order, Coleoptera ; Family, Buprestid^. 

[Boring beneath the bark of cherry and peach trees ; a yel- 
lowish footless grub, having the second segment greatly 
widened and flattened.] 

This borer closely"resembles the flat-headed apple-tree borer 
in all its stages, as well as in its habits. 
The perfect beetle (Fig. 113) is from eight to eleven lines 
long, and is of a shining bronze or copper-color ; 
the wing-cases are elongated, their tips separating 
quite widely from each other, and appearing as if 
broken squarely ofif at the apex. 
Fig. 113. — Cherry-tree Borer — color, coppery-gray. 
Remedy. — Use No. 37. 



Fig. 113. 




INSECTS INFESTING THE CHERRY TREE. 



137 



CHAPTER LXXVI. 

The Cherry-tree Tortrix. (Cal.) 

{Loxotxnia cerasivorana — Fitch.) 

Order, Lepidoptera ; Family, Tortricid^. 

[Living on cherry trees, between two leaves, or in commu- 
nities in a large nest formed b}' fastening the leaves and 
branches together with silken threads; a nearly naked, pale- 
yellow caterpillar, with the liead and a spot on top of the 
fore and hind parts of the body, black.] 

This caterpillar pupates within its nest, and a short time 
before the perfect moth issues, the pupa works itself part way 
out of the nest. 

The moth (Fig. 114) expands from nine to thirteen lines, is 
of a pale ochre-yellow color, marked with pale leaden spots 
or bands ; the hind wings, and the under side of all the wings 
are pale yellow. 

Fig. 114. — Cherry Tortrix — colors, yel- 
lowish and l.)rown. 

Remedies. — When tlic tree is dormant, 
spray with No. 18 — five pounds of the mix- 
ture to six gallons of water ; or. No. 1 1 or 
12. As soon as the fruit sets well from blossom, use Nos. 5 
and 7. 



Fig. 114. 




CHAPTER LXXVII. 

The Cherry Worm. (Cal.) 

Order, Hymenoptera ; Family, Tenthredimd^e. 

[A small twenty-footed larva, eating into cherries.] 
Specimens of cherries infested by a small, twentj-footed 
larva, have been received from at least three localities, situ- 
ated about thirty miles from each other. 

The larva (Fig. 115, Plate 1), when full grown, measures 
about three lines in length ; color — body yellowish-white, 
10 



138 INSECTS INFESTING THE CHERRY TREE. 

immaculate, anal shield a little darker than body ; head small, 
round and pale-yellow ; eyes black ; twenty legs. 

The egg is probably laid by the parent fly on the cherry 
when the latter is about the size of a pea ; as soon as hatched 
the larva commences to feed upon the skin of the fruit and 
eats in toward the pit or stone. In the young fruit it eats 
into the pit, but when the cherry is more than half grown it 
seldom attacks the pit. When the larva is full grown it evidently 
leaves the fruit to prepare to go through its change (metamor- 
phosis) in the ground or elsewhere. The specimens were received 
too late in the season to learn the natural history of this pest ; 
and failing to rear the perfect insect, it is only by analogy that 
its history can be referred to, therefore its having twenty legs 
indicates that it is the larva of a saw-fly, and as the full grown 
larva is only three lines in length, the perfect insect or fly 
must be very small. 

Remedy. — The natural history of this insect being unknown 
to me at present, I can only recommend the picking off of the 
trees all infested fruit and boiling it, or otherwise making 
such use of it as will destroy the insect which it contains. It 
would be beneficial to the tree to spray it when dormant with 
No. 11 or 12. Or No. 13 — five pounds to each six gallons of 
water used. 



INSECTS INFESTING THE PLUM TREE. 



CHAP. 

The Pliiin-tree Aphis (Aphis pnini) 78 

The Phiin Leaf-hopper (Bythosmpux clitel- 

larim) 79 

The Plum Curculio {Conotrachelus nenu- 
phar 80 

The Plum Gouger (Anthonoynus prunicida).81 
The Plum Moth (Semagia pruniana) 82 

The following insects also infest the Plum 
Tree: 

The San Jose Scale {Aspidiottis pemiciosux). 
The Greedy Scale (Aspidiotus rapax). 
The Lemon-peel Scale ^Aspidiotms nerii). 



The Peach-tree Borer (Acgeria exUioxa). 
The Pear-tree Scoljtus {Scolijtus pyri). 
The Buffalo Tree-hopper (Cercsa biibatti>><). 
De Long's Caterpillar {Clisiocampa conatricta). 
The Tussock Moth (Orygia leucoxUgma). 
The Red-humped Caterpillar {Nolodonta am- 

cinna). 
The Apple-leaf Grumpier (Phycita nehulo). 
The Red Spider (Tetranyclam telariiix). 
The Robust Leaf-Beetle (Serica valida). 
The Green Fruit-Beetle (Gyninetix nitida). 
The Thrips. 
The Peach Moth [Anfirxia Uneatdla.) 



CHAPTER LXXVIII. 

The Plum Tree Aphis. (Cal.) 

{Aphis ■prnni. — K( )cli. ) 

Synoxy^i. — A. prunifoVia. — Fitch. 

Order, Hemiptera ; / t^, -i . „,. ^ „ 

o 1 ' J TT < I'' amilY, Aphidida:. 

Sub-order. Homoptera : ) 



I I I I I 1 I I M I hill 

[The measurements of insects in this work arc given in inches and lines. The above cut rep- 
resents one inch divided into lines and fractions thereof.] 

[Living on the under side of the leaves of the plum, whicli 
they puncture with their beaks and extract the sap ; small 
greenish plant-lice, usually marked with black.] 

The wingless lice are greenish-white ; or the head is black, 
the thorax green, with tAvo transverse black lines, and the 
abdomen is green, dotted with black, and marked on the top 
with a large dark colored spot. 



140 INSECTS INFESTING THE PLUM TREE. 

The winged lice have the head and thorax black, usually 
with a green ring around the neck ; the abdomen is colored 
similar to that of the wingless lice, but is darker. 

This species is very destructive to the plum and prune. 

Remedies. — When the trees are in leaf, use No. 3 or 4, or 
No. 5 or 7 ; when dormant, spray with No. 11 or 12, as 
directed; or No. 13 — five pounds to six gallons of water. 



CHAPTER LXXIX. 

The Plum Leaf-hopper. 

{Bythoscopus cHteUarivs. — Say. ) 

Order, Hemipteka ; ) j^ -in 

o 1 ' 1 XT Familv, (_ ECROPinyE. 

bub-order, Homoptera ; ) • ' 

[Puncturing the fruit-stems of plums and extracting the sap ; 
a small cylindrical, slightly tapering leaf-hopper, about two 
and a half lines long ; black or dark brown, with a bright, 
sulphur-yellow spot on the middle of its back and a pale 
yellow band in front of this ; the head pale yellow, with two 
black dots on the forehead. — Fitch.] - 

Remedies. — When the tree is dormant, spray with No. 11 or 
12, as directed ; or with No. 13 — five pounds to six gallons of 
water. For Summer wash, use Nos. 3, 4, 5, or 7 ; those mixed 
with sulphur are preferable. 



CHAPTER LXXX. 

The Plum Curculio. 

( Coiiotrachelus nen uphar. — Herbst. ) 

Order, Coleoptera; Family, Curculionid^. 

[Living in plums, cherries, peaches, pears, nectarines, apri- 
cots, quinces and apples, a yellowish-white footless grub 
which undergoes its transformations in the earth.] 




INSECTS INFESTING TEE PLUM TREE 141 

This is undoubtedly the worst enemy with which the fruit- 
grower has to contend — in fact its operations have become so 
extensive that the raising of phims has become ahnost entirely 
abandoned in several sections of this country. This pest can 
be kept in check by following the proper course, but it 
requires constant watching ; or, as Professor Riley remarks, 
" eternal vigilence is the price of fruit." 

Fig. 116. — Plum, showing egg-puncture Fig. 116. 

and crescent-mark of the plum C'urculio ; 
also, a curculio resting \\\)<n\ the ])lum. 

The female curculio makes a small hole 
in the fruit {Fig. 116) with her snout, then turns around and 
deposits therein a single egg ; after which she gnaws a cres- 
cent-shaped slit around and partially under the egg. This 
precaution is probably taken in order to prevent the fruit from 
growing over and thus destroying the egg. On account of this 
ha])it, the insect has l)een named the " Little Turk," the cres- 
cent being the national emldemof the Turkish Empire. 

This crescent is a pretty sure indication that the fruit upon 
which it appears is infested with the curculio, although upon 
apples and similar fruits the growth of the fruit is so rapid as 
to obliterate the crescent in a short time. Each female is sup- 
posed to have a stock of from fifty to one hundred eggs, and 
to dei)osit from five to ten a day. While those which appear 
earlier begin this work l)y the middle of May, it is continued 
by others, Avhich api)ear later, so that the period of egg-laying 
is extended to a i>eriod of about two months. 

Fig. 117.— Larva of Plum ("urculio. Fig. 117. 

enlarged — color, yellowish-white. 

The larva (Fig. 117) which hatches 
from the egg of the curculio is a small 
footless worm, somewhat resembling 

a maggot, except that it does not taper so much, and it has a 
distinct head. It is of a glossy yellowish-white color, but 
partakes more or less of the color of the flesh of the fruit it 
infests. There is a lighter line running along each side of the 
body, with a row of minute black l)ristles below, and a less 
distinct one above it. The under part is reddish-brown, and 
the head is yellowish or pale brown. When fully grown it 




142 



INSECTS INFESTING THE PLUM TREE. 



Fig. 118. 




Fig. 119. 




measures about five lines in length. As soon as it reaches its 
full growth, the larva deserts the fruit — which usually falls to 
the ground before ripening — and enters the earth to the depth 
of a few inches, where it forms a small cell in which to pass 
the pupa state (Fig. 118). It remains in this state about 
three weeks when the change to the perfect state takes place. 
Fig. 118. — Pupa of Plum Curculio, enlarged — 
color, yellowish-white. 

Fig. 119. — Plum Curculio, en- 
larged — colors, brown, yellow, black 
r ^^^^^ and white. 

1 M^Mir Tj^g perfect beetle (Fig. 119) or 
curculio is about two lines long, 
and is of a dark brown color, vari- 
gated with white, yellow and black ; the snout is 
rather longer than the thorax — the latter is uneven ; the wing- 
cases have two black tubercles on them, one on the middle of 
each near the suture ; behind these is a broad band of dull 
yellow and white ; the thighs have two small teeth on the 
under side. 

This insect lives not only in the fruits mentioned at the 
head of this article, but also in the black knot infesting plum 
and cherry trees. The perfect beetle feeds not only upon the 
fruit, but also upon the leaves, and even the bark of newly- 
formed twigs does not escape its attacks. 

The number of broods which this insect produces in one 
year is not definitely known, but most authors regard it as 
being single-brooded ; the perfect beetles hibernating beneath 
pieces of wood, etc., lying upon the ground. 

I am not aware that this insect has been found in this State 
up to date ; but as we have received so many injurious insects 
from the East, it is not at all improl)able that the plum cur- 
culio Avill make its appearance among us. The greatest care 
should be taken to prevent its importation on nursery stock 
from infested districts. 

Remedies. — Use Nos. 109 and 110. 



INSECTS INFESTING THE PLUM TREE. 143 

CHAPTER LXXXI. 

The Plum Gouger. 

(Antkonomus prutiicida — Walsh.) 

Synonym. — Coccotorus scutellaris— Lee. 

Order. Coleoptera ; Family, Curculionid.e. 

[Living in the pits of plums ; a small milk-white footless 
grub with a yellowish-white head, passing through its trans- 
formations within the pit, and finally producing a brown snout- 
beetle, having the thorax pale-yellow.] 

This insect, as its name indicates, seems to confine its attacks 
wholly to the plum. The female gnaws a hole into the fruit 
and deposits an egg therein ; as soon as hatched, the young 
larva makes its way directly to the pit or stone, which it enters 
and feeds upon the kernel ; after attaining its full growth, it 
cuts a round hole through the shell of the pit — which is now 
quite hard — and having thus prepared a place of exit, it casts 
off its skin and appears in the pujDa form, from which the per- 
fect insect issues in the course of a few weeks. 

The larva of this species can easily be distinguished from 
that of the plum curculio by having the under part of its body 
white, this part being reddish-brown in the curculio. 

The perfect insect (Fig. 120) is about one and a half lines 
long, exclusive of the snout, which is not much longer than 
the thorax ; the latter is pale yellow, as are also the legs ; the 
wing-cases are brown, with a dull grayish tint, and are desti- 
tute of tubercles. — Walsh and Riley. 

Fig. 120. — Plum Gouger, enlarged — col- Fig. 120. 

ors, yellow and grayish-brown. 

In 1882 I received specimens of plums? 
in the pits of Avhich was a small grub, 
but failed to rear the perfect insect, there- 
fore cannot say if this species is found 
here. 

Remedies. — Use Nos. 109 and 110. 




IM INSECTS INFESTING THE PLUM TREE. 

CHAPTER LXXXII. 

The Plum Moth. 

(Sema>iia ■pniniana — Walsh. ) 

Order, Lepidoptera ; Family, Tortricid^e. 

[Living in plums, apples and crab-apples ; a dingy white or 
brownish-yellow sixteen-legged worm, having a black head.] 

It is not known with certainty whether this larva will attack 
sound fruit, or whether it only infests fruit which has l)een 
attacked by some other insect, but the latter is perhaps the 
case, and, if this view is correct, then this insect cannot be 
regarded as being very injurious to the orchard. When fully 
grown, this worm measures about three lines in length ; it then 
deserts the fruit and spins a dark colored cocoon, which is 
fastened to some neighboring object. 

The perfect moth has the fore-wings black and variously 
marked with red, blue and Avhite, the latter forming seven 
short streaks along the front edge of the wing ; the hind Avings 
are grayish next the body, shading into black at the tips. 
This insect was bred by Mr. Walsh from the plum ; the hlack 
knot ; a gall produced by plant-lice on an elm leaf ; and a gall 
made by a four-winged fly on an oak leaf, and Professor 
Riley has bred it from the apple, crab-aj^ple and haws. 

This insect is described in order that investigations may be 
made by those who have plums infested by a small whitish 
larva. I have been unable to procure specimens, but I know 
of at least six localities in which plums are infested by a smal 
caterpillar. 



INSECTS INFESTING THE PRUNE. 



The following insects infest the prune, l)iit are treated of 
elsewhere in this work : 

The Robust Leaf-beetle (Scrica valida). I The Peach Moth {Anarsia lineatdUt). 

The Peach Aphis {Mijzus perxicce). 



Tree Cricket (Oeeanthus). 

I have received twigs of prune trees containing eggs similar 
to that of the gray tree cricket ( Oeeanthus latijieiuiiti — Fig. 121), 
but whether they belonged to this or to an allied species I am 
unable to say. 

Fig. 121. — Eggs of Gray Tree Cricket; a, the wood removed 
showing 
the eggs; 6, 
punctures ^^ 
contain- 

ing the "^ ^^s«^£^^ 

eggs ; e, an egg highly magnified — color, white. 

Remedies. — Use Nos. 25 and 2S. 




INSECTS INFESTING THE NECTARINE. 



The following insects infest the nectarine, l)ut are treated of 
in another part of this work : 

The Peach Aphis (Mysm persicfr). \ The Plum Curculio [Conotrachelus jiemiphar). 



INSECTS INFESTING THE PERSIMMON TREE. 



The Persimmon Aphis (Aphin diospyri) Chap. 83 



CHAPTER LXXXIII. 

The Persimmon Aphis. 

(Aphis diospyri — Thomas. ) 

Order, Hemiptera ; } -j^, ., . 

a, 1. J ^ xj^,,^ i^ amilv, Aphidid.e. 

bub-order, Homoptera ;) " ' 



1 I I I I I M I M lihl 

The measurements of insects in this work are given in inches and Hnes. The above cut rep- 
resents one inch divided into lines and fractions thrreof. 

[Living upon the leaves of persimmon trees, which they 
puncture with their beaks and imbibe the sap ; small brown 
and black plant-lice.] 

The wingless lice are purplish-l)rown ; the head and thorax 
are dark ; the alxlomen l^rownish with the extremity black. 
The winged lice are usually colored like the wingless ones. — 
Professor Thomas. 

Remedy. — fSpray the foliage with either Nos. 3, 4, 5 or 7, as 
directed. 



INSECTS INFESTING THE OLIVE. 



The Black Scale (Lecanium olece) 84 

The Olive Worm {Danif, olece) 85 



The following insects also infest the olive : 
The Greedy Scale (Anpidiotus rapax). 
The Red Baj' Scale (Aspidiotus perseoe). 
The Branch and Twig Burrower (Polycaon 

cotifertus). 



CHAPTER LXXXIV. 

The Black Scale. (Cal.) 
(Leraiiium olese. — Bernard. ) 



Order, Hemipteea ; 
Sub-order, Homopteea ; 



Family, Coccid.e. 



[A dark brown hemispherical scale insect, or bark-louse, 
which infests all varieties of citrus trees, and nearly all varie- 
ties of deciduous fruit trees, and many shrubs, vines, etc.] 

The black scale is more generally found in the orchards and 
gardens of California than any other species of the Coccidse. 

It infests the orange,- lemon, lime, olive (Fig. 122, 1,) apple, 
pear, peach, apricot, plum, prune, cherry and pomegranate 
■ trees. In the garden, it infests the honeysuckle, chrysanthe- 
mum, rose, oleander, and many other plants ; and this, or a 
closely allied species, infests the forest trees. The presence of 
this species can be readily detected by the appearance on the 
branches, foliage and fruit of a black smut, known to scien- 
tists as Fumago salicina, and the cause of its production is a 
question upon which authorities difler. I am convinced, from 
practical investigation, and also from information re(;eived 
from Mr. Alexander Craw, and Mr. Wolfskill, of Los Angeles, 
and the late A. B. Clark, of Orange, Los Angeles County, 
that the black smut is caused by a honeydew exuded by the 
females of the black scale insect, in the stage of their life 



148 



INSECTS INFESTING THE OLIVE. 



between the time of the first formation of the calcareous secre- 
tion by which the insect is covered, and their reaching matur- 
ity or becoming fixed to any part of the plant. 

Fig. 122. 




Fig. 122. — Black Scale ; i, an infested twig ; la, side view 
of one of the scales, enlarged — color, dark brown. 

In relation to this smut or fungus, Professor Barlow writes : 
" The result of our examination of the diseased orange and 
olive leaves is briefly as follows : The disease, although first 
attracting the eye by the presence of the black fungus, is not 
caused by it, but rather by the attack of some insect which 
itself deposits some gummy substance on the leaf and bark, or 
so wounds the tree as to cause some sticky exudation on 
which the fungus especially thrives. It is not denied that the 
growth of the fungus greatly aggravates the trouble already 
existing by encasing the leaves, thus preventing the action of 
the sunlight. We only say that in seeking a remedy we are to 



INSECTS INFESTING THE OLl VE. 149 

look further back than the fungus itself, to the insect, or what- 
ever it may be, which has made the luxuriant growth of the 
fungus possible." • 

The smut or fungus is found on the branches, foliage and 
fruit of orange, lemon, lime and olive trees infested by the 
black scale. I have also seen apricots and peaches, taken 
from trees infested by this insect, so thoroughly covered by 
this smut that it destroyed their marke.t value for canning 
purposes. 

NATURAL HISTORY. 

The black scale (Fig. 122, la^) when full grown is of a dark 
brown color, nearly hemispherical in form, but is slightly 
longer than broad ; length, from two to two and a half lines ; 
width, about two thirds of the length ; height, one and one half 
lines ; there are two ridges or bars across the body, apparentl}^ 
dividing it into three parts, the middle being the largest ; a 
short ridge along the back joins the two cross ridges, forming 
lines resemliling the letter H ; the edge of the covering of the 
insect resting on the wood, foliage, etc., is margined, and has 
a grooved or fluted appearance nearl}'^ one half the height of 
the insect. 

The eggs are oval in form ; when first laid, whitish ; before 
hatching, a reddish-yellow. From seventy-five to one hundred 
and seventy-five are deposited by each female of this species. 
Fig. 123. — Larva of Black Scale, en- 
/ ' . larged, back view — color, reddish-yellow. 

The larva (Fig. 123) is one seventy- 
fifth of an inch long ; Avidth, five eighths 
of length ; form, oval ; antenntie, six or 
seven jointed. From the time the secre- 
tion begins to form until the insect has 
reached maturity, it assumes different 
shades of color — first, greenish-brown; 
half grown, reddish-brown, and at ma- 
turity, dark brown. 
It is doubtful if there are more than one brood in each 
year ; the first brood are hatched, in this locality (Sacramento), 
about the first of May, but do not attempt to leave from under 




150 INSECTS INFESTING THE OLIVE. 

the scale until the twelfth ; yet it is very common to find the 
females of this species depositing their eggs late in September, 
but whether they are of the Spring brood I am not prepared 
to say. 

In relation to the length of time the lecaniums are capable 
of moving from one place to another, Mons. V. Signoret 
writes : " Before pregnancy, they have the power to move, 
if necessary." 

Remedies. — Deciduous ft-uit trees : When the tree is dormant, 
spray with Nos. 11 or 12, as directed; or No. 13 — five pounds 
to six gallons of water. In Spring or Summer, when the young 
are hatched, spray thoroughly with Nos. 5 or 7. (No. 4 may be 
used and prove very effective, but the solution containing sul- 
phur is preferable, as it destroys the black smut.) For citrus 
trees : (see No. 48), spray, etc., as directed in No. 49, and also 
as directed for olive trees. For olive trees : Use same as for 
citrus trees ; or No. 9, with one gallon of water added to every 
gallon of the solution. Example — To thirty gallons of No. 9, 
add thirty gallons of water — sixty in all. 



CHAPTER LXXXV. 

The Olive Worm. 

(^Dacus oleoi.) 

Order, Diptera ; Family, Ortalid.^. 

[Living in the olive berries (Figs. 126 and 127); small 
whitish footless maggots.] 



INSECTS INFESTING THE OLIVE. 
Fig. 126. 



151 




Fig. 127:^' Fig. 12G.— Olives iniestecl by Olive Worms. 
Fig. 127. — An olive cut open, showing work 
of Olive Worms. 

This pest is n(,)t found in California, so far 
as I am aware, at present. The following is 
taken from Figuier's account of this insect : 

The parent ^Fig. 124), which deposits the 

eggs from which the maggots (Fig. 125, left,) 

are produced, is about one half the size of the 

common house-fly, and of an ashen-gray color ; its head is 

orange-yellow, with two black spots on the upper part of the 

face; the eyes are green; the thorax is marked with four 




152 



INSECTS INFESTING THE OLIVE. 



light yellow spots, and the abdomen is brownish, spotted with 
black on the sides. 



Fig. 124. 



Fig. 125 





Fig. 124. — Olive Fly, enlarged — colors, gray, black and yel- 
low. 

Fig. 125. — Olive Worm and Pupa ; at the left, the worm, nat- 
ural size and enlarged — color, whitish ; at the right, the pupa, 
natural size and enlarged — color, brown. 

This fly punctures the skin of the olive and deposits therein 
a single egg ; the maggot, which hatches from this, burrows 
into the berry until reaching the stone, which it leaves 
untouched. After attaining its full size, it forms a cell beneath 
the skin, and in this cell it assumes the pupa form (Fig. 125, 
right.) 

Remedy. — Sjiray with Nos. 4, 5 or 7. 



Insects Infesting OFange, Lemon and Lime Trees. 



CHAP. 

The Red Scale (Aspidiotux aurantU) 86 

The Red Scale of Florida ( Aspidictm ficus) 87 
The Lemon-peel Scale (Aspidiotiig nerU)...68 
Pergande's Orange Scale (Axptdiotux per- 

gandii) 89 

The Citrus Leaf and Fruit Scale (Aitpidiottis 

citricola) 90 

The Soft Orange Scale (Lecanium henperi- 

duin) 91 

The Cottony Cushion-scale {Teerya purchasi) 92 



Th# following insects also infest Citrus 
trees : 

The Black Scale (Lecanium olece). 
The Filbert Scale (Lecanium hemisphericum). 
The Common Mealy-bug (Dactylopius adotii- 

dum). 
The Destructive Mealy-bug (Dactylopius de- 

ffructor). 
The Red Spider (Telranychus telarius). 



CHAPTER LXXXVL 

The Red Scale. (Cal.) 

( Aspidiotus avrantii — Maskell. ) 

Synonym. — Aspidiotus citrii — Comstock. 

Order, Hemipteka ; ^ i- -i ri 
bub-orcier, Homoptera ;) - ' 

[A circular reddish scale insect, infesting the citrus trees, 
and has been found on grape vines and the foliage of walnut 
trees.] 

The red scale (Fig. 128) infests some of the citrus groves of 
Southern California, and orange trees in Sacramento and 
Marysville. It has also been found on grape vines and on the 
foliage of walnut trees, but I do not think that any damage 
Avill be done to these plants by this pest. As the walnut sheds 
its foliage annually, the insects are likely to be destroyed; 
and those which I have examined on the grape vines in the 
month of September, and which appeared to be in a healthy 
11 



154 



INSECTS INFESTING ORANGE TREES, ETC. 



condition, were dead and shrunken when I examined the vines 
in the month of February following. 

It is generally conceded that this species is an importation 
from Australia. 




Fig. 128. — Red Scale; l,a twig infested by these scales; la, 
the male, highly magnified — colors, yellow and brown; 1&, the 
female scale, greatly enlarged — colors, gray, yellowish or brown ; 
Ic, the male scale greatly enlarged — color, same as the female 
scale. 

NATURAL HISTORY. 

Female scale (Fig. 128, 16), nearly transparent, circular, of 
a light-grayish color, and measures from one line to one and 



INSECTS INFESTING ORANGE TREES, ETC. 155 

one quarter lines in diameter; exuvias or cast skin in center, 
yellowish ; second larval skin easily distinguished. 

Male scale (Fig. 128, Ic) a little darker in color and smaller 
than the female scale ; form, elongated ; exuvife nearest the 
anterior end. 

Eggs. — It is thought by some writers that the females of 
this species are viviparous. I have watched the female insect 
ovipositing, and immediately examined the egg or sack under 
a microscope, using a high power, and could not detect any 
appendages ; however, in twenty-four hours I noticed the pres- 
ence of antennte and legs. The insect produces from two to 
four of these eggs or sacks in twenty-four hours, and the num- 
ber produced by each female is from twenty to forty-three ; 
the latter is the highest number I have found. 

In the month of September, 1882, I found a lemon at an 
orchard in Los Angeles County, on which the larvae of thirty- 
nine male scale insects had located around the stem of the 
fruit, and as there was only one matured scale on the lemon, 
this was evidently the number produced by one female. Larva 
color, bright yellow ; form, ovoid ; length, one eightieth of an 
inch; antennae, six-jointed; anal setas, present. 

Female (Fig. 129) — color, light or primrose-yellow when the 
scale is formed, but as it reaches maturity it becomes a brown- 
ish-yellow. The formation of the body is such that under the 
scale, when examined with a lens, its appearance is that of a 
broken ring, but when ovipositing the posterior end of the 
abdomen extends beyond the circular line of the body. The 
color of the natural insect is shown -through the nearly trans- 
parent scale from which it derives its common name — Red Scale. 
Male (Fig. 128, la) — color of bodv, amber- 
^.^■^,1 yellow, with dark marking on thorax ; eyes, 

black. 

Fig. 129. — Female Red Scale Insect, en- 
larged, ventral view — color, yellow. 

The young larva? can be found at all seasons 
of the year, and there are probably four or five 
broods in each year. 




156 INSECTS INFESTING ORANGE TREES, ETC. 

Fig. 130. lig. 131. 





Fig. ISO.^Orange infested by Red Scale. 

Fig. 131. — Leaf infested by Red Scale; two of the scales at 
the left, enlarged — color, yelloAV or brown ; the upper one the 
female ; the lower one the male. 

This species infests the small branches and foliage (Fig. 
128, 1) and fruit (Fig. 130), but seems to prefer the fruit and 
foliage. (Fig. 131.) 

Remedies. — See Nos. 48, 49, oO, 65, and 77. Spray. 



(Aspidiotus ficus- 



CHAPTER lxxxvii. 

The Red Scale of Florida. 

-Riley, MSS. ; Chrysomphalvf: fcv^- 
MSS. Ashmead.) 



-Rilev, 



Order, Hemiptera ; / 

Sub-order, Homoptera ; \ 



Family, Coccid.e. 



[A species of scale insect infesting the branches, foliage and 
fruit of orange trees in Florada and the Island of Cuba.] 

Fig. 132. — Red Scale of Florida; 2, leaves infested by these 
scales ; 2a, the female scale, enlarged — colors, reddish-brown 
and brown ; 2h, the male scale, enlarged — colors, gray and 



INSECTS INFESTING ORANGE TREES, ETC. 157 

brown : ^c, young larva, highly magnified — color, yellow ; ^d, 
Jc and -if, the scales in different stages of formation. 




Professor Comstock describes this species as follows (Fig. 
132): " Female Scale. — Color, the part of the scale covering 
the second skin is a light reddish-brown ; the remainder of 
the scale is much darker, varying from a dark reddish-brown 
to black, excepting the thin part of the margin, which is gray ; 
exuviae nearly central, whitish in fresh specimens ; form circu- 
lar, one line in diameter. Male Scale. — The scale oi' the male 



158 



INSECTS INFESTING ORANGE TREES, ETC. 



Fig. 133. 



is about one fourth as large as that of the female ; the pos- 
terior side is pro- 
longed into a thin 
flap, which is gray 
in color (Male, Fig. 
133). (See United 
States Agricultural 
Report, 1880: and 
A s h ni e- a d in 
" Orange Insects," 
1880.) 
Fig. 133 — Red Scale of Florida (male, highly magnified) — 

colors, yellow and brown. 

Remedies. — Same as for red scale {A. aurantii). Nos. 48, 

49, 50, 65, 77 or 44. 




CHAPTER LXXXVIII. 



The Lemon-peel Scale. (Cal.) 
(Aspidiotus nerii. — Bouche. ) 



Order, Hemiptera ; 

Sub-order, Homoptera 



Family, Coccid.^. 



[A whitish circular scale insect, infesting the lemon, plum, 
cherry and currant; also the oleander, acacia, magnolia, etc.] 

This species has been known to scientists as the " Oleander 
Scale" (Fig. 134), from which it derives its specific name, 
nerii. Within the last four or five years it has been found on 
the lemon, plum, cherry and currant ; also on the acacia, mag- 
nolia, etc. It seems to prefer the fruit of the lemon, and in 
many cases infests the skin or peel to such an extent as to 
reduce its market value. California cannot claim a sole pro- 
prietary right to this pest, as lemons imported from Europe 
are often offered for sale in our market which are seriously 
infested by A. nerii. 

Fig. 134. — Lemon-peel Scale; 1, leaves and twigs infested 
by these scales; la, the male scale insect greatly magnified — 



INSECTS tINFESriXG ORANGE TREES, ETC 



159 



colors, yellow and brown ; lb, scale of male greatly enlarged — 
color, white ; Ir, scale of female highly njagnified — color, whit- 
ish or gray. 



P^ 




NATURAL HISTORY. 



The female scale (Fig. 134, Ic,) is of a whitish color, and 
nearly circular, measures one line in diameter ; exuviae or cast 
skin, yellowish, and near the center. Male scale (Fig. 134, 
16,) white, smaller, and not as circular as that of the female. 
Egg, light yellow. Larva, yellowish white ; length, one eighty 



160 



INSECTS INFESTING OR'ANGE TREES, ETC. 



fifth of an inch. Female, light yellow, with darker blotches ; 
body, circular ; abdoijainal segments appear as a pointed pro- 
jection at one part of the circle. Male insect (Fig. 134, la,) 
winged ; body yellowish, with dark markings. The lemon- 
peel scale insect closely resembles the red scale, and it is only 
by the difference in color that a person not thoroughly acquain- 
ted with the respective species can distinguish them. 
Remedies. — Use Nos. 48, 49,. 50, 65, 77 or 44. 



CHAPTER LXXXIX. 

Pergande's Orange Scale. (Cal) 

{Paiiatoria pergandii. — Comstock) 

Order, Hemiptera ; } ^ ., ,, 

c, 1 1 XT Fannlv, Coccid,^. 

Sub-order, Homoptera ; ) - ' 

[A scale insect infesting the branches, foliage and fruit of 
citrus trees.] 

I have found this species on the orange tree in Sacramento, 
but have not found it in any other part of the State. 



Fig. 136. 



Fig. 135. 





Fig. 135. — Pergande's Orange Scale ; at the left, the female 
scale enlarged — color, dirty gray ; at the right, the male scale 
enlarged — color, gray. 

Fig. 136. — Pergande's Orange Scale ; male, highly magni- 
fied — color, purplish. 

The female scale (Fig. 135, left,) is somewhat elongated in 
form, but nearly circular, the exuviae at one side of the cen- 



INSECTS INFESTING ORANGE TREKS, ETC. 161 

ter — color, grayish; exuviae yellow, and genenally oval in 
shape. 

Male scale (Fig. 185, right,). Tlie scale of the male is elonga- 
ted and narrow — color, dirty white ; exuviae at the anterior 
end. Female — color, purplish, with posterior end of body yel- 
lowish, and is nearly as broad as long. Eggs — color purplish, 
elongated ; from nine to twenty found under each female 
scale. Larva length, nearly one nineteenth of an inch — color 
purplish, ^fale (Fig. 136) — color dark piu'plish. 

Remedies. — Nos. 48, 49, 50, 65, 77 or 44. 



CHAPTER XC. 

The Citrus Leaf and Fruit Scale. 

(Mytilaspis citri.cold — Packard.) 

Synonym. — Aspidiotus citricola. — Packard. 

Order, Hemiptera ; ) -c^ -i n 

a \ ^ XT Familv, CocciD^. 

bub-order, Homoptera \\ 

[An eltingated slightly curved scale insect, infesting citrus 
trees.] 

This species of scale insect has not been found on any of 
the citrus trees in this State, so far as I know, but it will be 
strange if it is not found in the near future. It is not a rare 
occurence to find it on oranges, etc., which are imported from 
Europe, Australia and Tahiti, and offered for sale on fruit 
stands throughout the State. 

The scale of this species (Fig. 137, la, lb)ii^ similar in form 
and appearance to that of the oyster shell bark-louse (M. 
poinorurn, Chap. XIX), excepting that it may be a little wider 
at the posterior end. Length of female scale about one and 
one half lines. The male scale (Fig. 137, Jc) is similar to 
other species of Mytilaapis in having a hinge-like joint, poste- 
rior to the middle of the scale, so that by lifting the posterior 
part up, the perfect insect (Fig. 138a) can emerge. 



162 INSECTS INFESTING ORANGE TREES, ETC. 





Fig. 137. — Citrus Leaf and Fruit Scale; i, a leaf infested by 
these scales ; la, the female scale greatly enlarged, back view 
— color, brown ; i6, the same, ventral view, showing eggs — 
color of each, white ; ^c, the male scale enlarged, back view — 
color, brown. 

Fig. 138.— Citrus Leaf and Fruit Scale, 
enlarged; c, the male scale — color, 
brown ; a, the male scale insect — color, 
red ; h, the larva — color, yellowish. 

Remedies. — Nos. 44, 48, 49, 50, 65, 
and 77. 



Fiff. 138. 




INSECTS INFESTING ORANGE TREES, ETC. 



163 



CHAPTER XCI. 
The Soft Orange Scale. (Cal.) 



Fiff. 139. 



(Lecanium ha^iieridum. — Linnaeus.) 

Order, Hemiptera ; ^ jn -i r-, 
Sub-order, Homoptera ; \ ^^™^^-^' ^^^"D.f.. 

[An oval flattened scale insect, infesting citrus trees, 
especially the orange.] 

The soft orange scale is found in California in nearly every 
locality where citrus trees are grown ; it infests the wood 
foliage and fruit. This, or a closely allied species, is found on 
plants in hot-houses. 

Fig. 139. — Soft Orange 
Scales ; at the left, one of the 
scales enlarged — color, yel- 
lowish. 

In the Treatise on Injuri- 
ous Insects, 1881, I describ- 
ed the male of this species 
as winged. Prof. Comstock, 
in his Entomological Report 
of 1880, writes: "The male 
of this species has never been 
found, although it has been 
studied from the time of 
Linnseus down." 

In September, 1880, I pre- 
pared a dry mounting of a 
specimen °of Lecanium hes- 
peridum for microscopic use 
at the State Fair of that year ; 
early in the week a small in- 
sect was noticed coming from under a specimen beneath the 
glass, and finally released itself. It proved to be a male scale 
insect. 





164 



INSECTS rXFESTTNG ORANGE TREES, ETC. 




NATURAL HISTORY. 

Female (Fig. 139) — a broad oval scale, measuring from one 
and one quarter to one and one half lines in length, Avidest at 
the posterior end — color, dark brown on top, and a lighter 
brown surrounding the margin. Two indentations on the 
margin on each side, and a large indentation on the posterior 
end. It has powers of locomotion similar to those of other 
Lecaniinns. I have not found the egg of this species, but have 
found large numbers of the young larvae — as many as forty- 
five under one specimen. The young larva? appear about the 
first of May in this vicinity (Sacramento). Larva length, one 
eighty fifth of an inch — color, dark or dirty yellow ; antennae, 
six jointed (some specimens appear to have seven joints) ; 
tAvo anal setae. 

Description. — Length Fig. 

of body, one seventy-sec- 
ond of an inch ; fronj ^ ^ 
front of head to apex of 
wing, one twenty-fourth of 
an inch ; posterior styl- 
ets, one forty-fifth of an 
inch, or one half t h c 
length of body — color, 
body, immaculate golden- 
yellow ; eyes, dark oi- 
black ; antenna^ (from the ^'| 
peculiar position in which 
they are placed I can only 
count seven joints), gold- 
en yellow and hairy ; legs, 
golden-yellow. 

As it did not agree 
with the description of 
any of the male scale in- 
sects I had read of, or 
specimens of males of 
aurantii, perniciosus, per- 
seas, rapax, vosese or pur- 
chasi in my possession, I could only imagine that it was the 




INSECTS INFESTING ORANGE TREES, ETC. 



165 



male of L. hesperidum (be what it may, it come from under the 
L. hesperidum scale), and fortunatel}' I preserved the mount- 
ing. 

Fig. 140. — Soft Orange Scale — color, brown. 

Remedies. — No. 4 or 9, one gallon of Avater added to each 
gallon of the mixture; Xo. 5 or 7, four pounds of mixture to 
each five gallons of water. Apply all the above at a tempera- 
ture of one hundred and thirty degrees Fahrenheit. (Spray.) 



CHAPTER XCII. 
The Cottony Cushion Scale. (Cal.) 
(Irerifa pnrrhasi. — Maskell.) 
I 



Order, Hemipteka ; 
Sub-order, Homoptera 



Familv. Cocrin.E. 



Fi^. 141. 



[A white cushion-like scale insect, feeding upon citrus trees, 
deciduous fruit trees, forest trees, and on some varieties of 
vegetables.] 

Fig. 141.— I 'or- Fig. 142. 
tion of a l)rancli in- 
fested In- Cottony 
Cushion Scales. 

Fig. 142. — Cot- 
t o n y C u s li i o ii 
Scales, natural 
size-colors, orange, 
red, Avhitish and 
pale yellowish. 

This species of scale insect 
(Figs. 141 and 142) I consider 
the most dangerous of any that 
infests fruit and other trees in 
California, as it may be said to 
lie a general feeder ; it is found 
on all varieties of citrus trees, deciduous fruit trees, on many 
varieties of ornamental trees, forest trees and shrubs : also on 





166 



INSECTS INFESTING ORANGE TREES, ETC. 



Fig. 143. 



some varieties of vegetables. The apparent color of this scale 
insect at first sight is white, with a dark colored head. On 
examination, it is found that the part indicated by the dark 
color is the insect, and the white portion a bag or case spun by 
the insect to conceal her eggs when deposited. 

Fig. 148. — Cottony Cushion Scale — color, yel- 
lowish-white. 

The females (Fig. 143), after ovipositing (the 
egg case included), differ in size, some measuring 
six lines in length ; but the general length is from three to 
four lines ; width, one and one half to three lines, and slightly 
tapering toward the posterior end. Each female deposits from 
two hundred to five hundred eggs. In one instance I counted 
seven hundred and three. The eggs are oblong-ovate in form, 
and of a pale red color. 

Fig. 144. — Larva of Cottony Cushion Scale — 
color, red. 

Larva (Fig. 144) — color, body red; antennae 
six jointed, clubbed at the apex, on Avhich are 
six long hairs — color, smoky black ; legs, smoky 
black (the joints of the antennae and legs are 
lighter in color than the balance) ; there are six 
long anal hairs ; the margin of the body and back is also dot- 
ted with hairs ; length of body, one thirty fifth of an inch. 

Fig. 145. — Female of Cottony Cushion 
Scale Insect — color, reddish-brown. 

Mature female (Fig. 145) before spin- 
ning egg-case. The female insect during 
her growth assumes a variety of colors : 
principally yellowish-red, with irregular 
blotches of white, green and yellow. At 
full groAvth, and before spinning egg-case, 
she is ovoid in form ; the hairs on the anal margin and sides 
are used as spinerets, exuding a cottony-like secretion of which 
the egg-case is formed. During her growth, and before begin- 
ning to spin her egg-case, the females exude a honeydew, 
which forms a black smut on the branches and foliage, as 
described in the chapter on the Black Scale. 

Male insect (Fig. 146, Plate 3), winged — color, thorax and 




Fig. 145. 




INSECTS INFESTING ORANGE TREES, ETC. 167 

body dark brown, abdomen red ; antenna^ dark colored, with 
light brown hairs extending from each joint; wings brown, 
irridescent. 

Remedies. — Nos. 96, 44, 77 or 50 — one part to twelve of 
water. If No. 50 is used, wash thoroughly with No. 5 or 
7 after the leaves drop off. Simple remedies are of no avail 
in fighting this pest. 



INSECTS INFESTING THE FIG. 



The Green Fruit-beetle (Gymnetis nitido). and the Cottony 
Cushion-scale (/. jjurchasi) infest the lig, but are treated of in 
another part of this work. 



INSECTS INFESTING THE GRAPE. 



CHAP. 

The Grape-root Borer (JEgeria polistifm-mis) 93 
The Broad-necked Prionus (Priomis lati- 

collis) 94 

The Grape-root Louse (Phylloxera vmta- 

trix) 95 

The Cottony Grape-scale (Lecanium vitis).96 

The Grape Scale (Aspidiotiis tivee) 97 

The Decaying Wood Borer (Lyctug) 98 

The Achemon Sphinx {Philampelis ache- 

mon) 99 

The Satellite Sphinx (Philainpelin satel- 

litia) 100 

The Abbott Sphinx {Thyreu^ Abbottii). . . .101 
The Hog Caterpillar (Clicerocampa pam- 

pinatrix) 102 

The White-lined Sphinx {Deilephila lineata)10S 
The Eight-spotted Forester (Alypia octo- 

ifMculala) 104 

The Beautiful Wood-nymph {Eitdryas 

grata) 105 

The Grape-vine Epimenis (Psychomorpha 

epimeiiU) 106 

The American Vroms{Procriii Americana)\(yi 
The Grape-leaf Folder (Desmia macu- 

lalU) 108 

The Grape-vine Plume (Ptei'opharus peri- 

scelidactylufi) 109 



CHAP. 

The Grape-vine Flea-beetle {Haltica chaly- 

bea) 110 

The Imported Grape Flea-beetle (Adoxus 

ritix) Ill 

The Rose Chafer (Macrodactylus subspino- 

sxts) 112 

The Spotted Pelidnota (Pelidnota punc- 
tata) 113 

The California Grape-vine Hopper (Ery- 

thronetira comes) 114 

The Grape-vine Aphis (Siphonophora viti- 

cola) 115 

The False Chinch-bug (Xygius destructor) 116 

The Yellow Mite 117 

The Angular-winged Katydid (Microcentrum 

retinerns) 118 

The Snowy Tree-cricket {€Ecanthtisniveu.->) 119 
The Grape Curculio(C«//'orfe»' irueqiialin).. 120 

The Grape-seed Maggot (lnosoina vitia) 121 

The Grape-leaf KoUer (Tortrix Sp?) 122 

The following insects also nfest the Grape : 
The Red Scale {Aspidiotus aurantii). 
The Branch and Twig-burrower {Polycaon con- 

fertus). 
The Apple-twig Borer (BostrkhiM bicaudatus). 
The Yellow Bear (Spilosoma Virginiva). 



CHAPTER CXIII. 



The Grape-root Borer. 

{jEgeria polistijormis. — Harris. ) 
Order, Lepidoptera ; Famih-, .Egerid.e. 

[Feeding upon the bark and sapwood of the roots of the 
grapevine; a whitish sixteen-legged hirva.] 

The female moth (Fig. 146fe) usually deposits her eggs upon 
the vine close to the ground, and the young borer, as soon as 



INSECTS INFEST ryr; THE a RAPE. 



109 



issuing from the egg, begins to excavate a ))un'ow through and 
just l)eneath the bark, proceeding directly to the roots, devour- 
ing the sapwood and leaving the heart untouched. When fully 
grown (Fig. 147) it measures aljout one inch and six lines in 
length. Before pupating, it forms an oval pod-like cocoon 
neai- the infested roots. The moth, or perfect insect, issues in 
July or early in August. Male insect (Fig. 14(5^) — The fore- 
wings of the moth expand a little over one inch, and are of a 
brownish-black color, with one or two nearly transparent spots 
at the base of each ; the hind wings are transparent, with the 
veins and outer border brownish-black. The bodv is black 
and variously marked with yellow ; in some the basal part of 
the abdomen is l)Iack. with the remainder dull yellowish ; in 
others the abdomen is AvhoUy Ijlack, with the exception of one 
or two yellow rings. — [Condensed from Riley. 

Fig. 
Fig. 146. U7. 




Fig. 14(). — Grape-root Borer ]N[oths — colors, dark brown 
and oiange ; a, the male moth : h, the female. 
Fig. 147. — Grape-root Borer — color, yellowish. 
Remedy. — Use No. .^ or its. The latter is preferable. 



(CHAPTER GXIV. 

The Broad-necked Prionus. (Cal.) 

{Prion IIS latiroUi''. — Drurv.) 

Order, Coleoptej{.v ; Family, Ceka.mbvcid.e. 

[Living upon and usually hollowing out the roots of apple 
trees, gra})e and hop vines ; a large white nearlv footless 
12 



170 



INSECTS INFESTING THE GRAPE. 



larva or grub, having the first segment of its body larger than 
any of the others.] 

This larva (Fig. 148) is of a creamy-white color, with a pale 
bluish line along the back ; the first segment is as long or 
longer than the next three combined ; the body tapers gradu- 
ally from the third segment backward ; the head is brown, and 
the legs are minute. It is supposed to pass three years in the 
larva state. When fully grown it measures about three inches 
in length ; it then deserts the roots and forms a smooth cavity 
in the earth, wherein to undergo its transformations. The 
perfect beetle appears in about three weeks after the change 
to the pupa form (Fig. 149) has taken place. 

Fis. 148. 




Fig. 148. — Larva of Broad-necked Prionus — color, yellow- 
ish-white. 

Fig. 149. Fig. 150. 





Fig. 149. — Pupa of Broad-necked Prionus — color, yellowish- 
white. 

Fis. 150. — Broad-necked Prionus — color, brownish-black. 



INSECTS INPESTrNG THE GRAPK 



171 



These lieetles (Fig. 150) vary in leiigtli from a little over an 
inch fo an inch and eight lines, and are of a brownish blaek 
color ; on each side of the thorax are three teeth, the middle 
one the most ])rominent. 

There is another beetle very closely related to the above 
species, which, like the latter, also infest the roots of grape 
and lu)}> vines in its larva state. This is known as tlie tile- 
horned prionus {Pn'ouis imhriroiiiia). It ditfers from the 
broad-necked species in having from sixteen to nineteen joints 
in each antenna, whereas those of the broad-necked species 
have only twelve joints. 

Remedy. — Use No. 99. 



CHAPTER CXV. 

The Grape-root Louse. (Cal.) 
( Phyllo.rrra ru-^tat ri.r. — Planchon.) 

Order, Hemiptera ; ( ^^ ., . 

o 1 1 XT l^amilv, ApniDiD/E. 

Sub-order, Homopteka; \ • ' 



[A minute yellow louse, feeding upon the roots of the grape 
Fig. 151. 



vme. 



sini] 



Fig. 151. — rjrape 
Root Louse froot- 
iidial)iting form) : 
a, an infested root ; 
/>,hibei-natinglouse 
enlai'ged — color, 
yellow : r, its an- 
tenna enlarged ; (/, 
one of its legs en- 
larged : r, J\ and (/, 
the lice enlarged — 
color, yellow ; /, a 
tubercle enlarged ; 
/( and ,/', granula- 
tions t>f the skin, 
enlarged ; /.-, the 
le eyes, eidarged. 1 will not give an extended descrip- 




172 INJECTS INFESTING THE GRAPE. 

tion of this pest, nor an account of the damage done to vine- 
growers- by its ravages, as the reports of the State Board of 
Viticultural Commissioners, the report of Charles A. Wet- 
more, Chief Elxecutive Viticultural Officer ; papers l)y Prof 
E. W. Hilgard and others, of this State, and Prof. C. \. 
Riley's Missouri Reports, have given full information of its 
natural history, habits, etc. 

Unfortunately the presence of the grape-root louse (Fig. 
151) in some of the vinej^ards of this State is established 
l)ey()n(l a doubt, and that a large acreage of vineyard property 
has been destroyed by the ravages of this pest many of the 
vine-growers can offer substantial verifications. 

Various opinions have been expressed as to how this insect 
sprea<ls from one vine-growing district to another. A asserts 
that the winged individuals fly from one vineyard to another, 
as other species of Aphididse spread on their respective food 
l)lants. B considers that the insect is spread by transporting 
from infested vineyards rooted vines and cuttings on which 
the Winter egg is deposited. C claims that the grape-root 
louse was brought on his premises by boxes returned from 
market in which grapes had been shipped. D insists tliat he 
has not had any boxes returned to his premises, that the cut- 
tings he used were grown in his own vineyard, yet on a patch 
of ground five rods square the vines are infested by the Phyl- 
loxera, although the latter are not found on his older vines 
from which the cuttings were taken. The opinions of A, B, 
C, and D, may individually or collectively be correct, and as 
the pest has secured a foothold on their premises, the query 
arises : "What can be done to save the infested vines?" 

Since the first of January, 1880, 1 have visited several locali- 
ties in which I found grape-vines infested by the grape-root 
louse, and in nearly every case the appearance of the vine 
indicated the presence of the pest. In conversation with the 
vineyard owners, in relation to the decay of their vines, the 
following questions and answers may be taken as the result of 
such investigations : 

Question— -How many crops of grapes have you taken off of 
these vines? Answer (from different growers) — From ten to 
fifteen cro|)S have been taken from this vineyard. 



INSECTS INFEST TNG THE GRAPE. 173 

Q. — Were the vines pruned each year? A. — Yes. 

Q. — Wliat was done with the cuttings or prunings? A. — 
Some of them were used for cuttings for phxnting, the l»akince 
were hauled off the ground and ])urned. 

Q. — Has the ground been thoroughly cultivated each 3'ear? 
A. — [ believe so. 

Q. — And of course you gathered the crop of grapes each 
year? A. — That is what I planted the vines for. 

Q. — Have you at any time during the last eight years used 
any kind of fertilizers on your vineyard? A. — No. 

Q. — How did the yield of the vines planted fourteen years 
ago or more, compare last year with those of four or five 
years ago? A. — Five years ago I had a nuich larger yield on 
the same vines. 

Q. — Did you notice any difference in the yield of the crops 
of 1881 and 1882 of the vines planted, say seven years 
ago? A. — The crops of 1882 were heavier; but that may be 
attributed to a favorable season, as much at least as to the 
increased age of the vine. 

My reasons for asking questions as indicated above, were this : 
In 1880 I had formed an opinion that a remedy for the grape- 
root louse could l)e found l)y fertilization, and so stated at a 
meeting of the State Horticultural Society — that "The pres- 
ence of the grape-root louse and the serious damage done by 
it to the vine might, to a- great extent, be attriluited to the 
weakly condition of tlie vine at the time it was attacked by 
the pest, and which was probably caused by the vine being 
deprived of some nutriment that it required, and which did 
not then exist in the soil in which it was growing.'' At that 
time some of the vine-growers took issue with me on that 
opinion. In the month of September following the meeting of 
the State Horticultural Society referred to, a meeting was held 
of the " Phylloxera Congress," at Paris, France, at which the 
President of the Congress, M. Henricy, expressed the follow- 
ing opinion : " The phylloxera were but the result of the long 
use and fatigue of the vine, and that they might get rid of 
them by restoring health and vigor to the soil and plant." 

Fig. 152. — Grape-root Louse, highly magnified (the root- 
inhabiting form); a. a healthy root ; &, a root on which the 



174 



INSECTS INFESTING THE GEAPE. 



lice are working ; r, a root which they have deserted ; ^/, d, d, 
d, the lice on large roots ; e, the female pupa, back vieAV — 
color, yellowish ; /, the same, ventral view ; g, the winged 
female, back view — color, yellow; /?, the same, ventral view; 
i, her antennse, more highly magnified ; ,/, side view of wing- 
less female, laying eggs ; k, a section of an infested root, show- 
ing eflfects of their work. 

Fig. 152. 




In discussing the merits of fertilization, vine-growers have 
used the following argument : " If fertilizers are used to pro- 
duce a vigorous growth of the vine, so as to offset the damage 



INSECTS INFESTING THE GRAPE. 



175 



done by the attack of the grape-root louse, the value of the 
grapes would be destroyed to a great extent for making fine 
wines.'' 



h\g. 153. 




Fig. 158.— 
(Trape-root T^ousc 
(gal l-inhal)iting 
form) ; r/, a gall 
in the leaf cut 
o])en ; r, a gall in 
the temh'il ; r, ;in 
egg, highly mag- 
ni fied — col or, pale 
y e 1 1 u w ; /*, back 
view of n e w 1 y 
hatched louse,. en- 
larged ; a, ventral 
view of the same, 
enlarged — color. 
y('lh)W ; f", //. and A. a(Udt fcmalt' lice — side view, l)ack view, 
and ventral view, enlarged : /, an antenna — color, orange-yel- 
low, greatly magnified ; /', a foot, greatly magniiied. 

To this argument I only answer : Taking into consideration 
the general rielmess of the lands yet to be planted in this 
State, the visitation of this pest may ])c considered a ben- 
efit rather than a misfortune to the vine-growers who grow 
grapes for wine-making purposes. In regard to grapes grown 
for table use and raisin making, the objection to the use of 
fertilizers is unttmalde, as I know a very extensive grower of 
these varieties who has been very successful in maturing heavy 
crops of a choice (piality by the use of fertilizers. A vine- 
grower residing within forty miles of Sacramento had thirty- 
nine acres, ])rincipally table grapes, which netted him a revenue 
of nearly six thousand dollars per year. The viiu's connnenced 
to decay to such an extent that thirty-four acres were dug out 
and peach and apricot trees were planted in their place, and 
these are in full bearing at the present time — June, 1888. It 
was ascertained afterwards, by examining some of the roots 
left in the ground, that the grape-root louse was the cause of 
the decay of the vines. The few acres remaining were found 



176 



INSECTS INFESTING THE GRAPE. 



to lie infested. Every alternate row was taken up, and fer- 
tilizers used. The improyement in the appearance and liear- 
ing of the vines in two years was such that the grower expressed 
the opinion that had he known at the time his vines hegan to 
decay, what he has since learned by practical experiments, he 
might have saved his thirty-four acres of vines dug up, and 
also the loss of three or four years' crop. 

Remedies. — If the vines infested are planted close together, 
say less than ten feet between the rows, dig out every third 
row, and use as a fertilizer No. 35. 



CHAPTER ('XVI. 

The Cottony Grape Scale. (Cal.) 

( Lecaninm vitU. — Fitch.) 

Synonym. — Coccus ritis. — Kirby. 

Order, Hemiptera ; ) ^j, ., ,, 

^ 1 ' T -u- ' Familv, C'occiD.E. 

Sub-order, Homopteka ;) 

[Infesting the grape vine ; a scale insect which exudes a 
white cottony-like secretion in which its eggs are concealed.] 

Fig. 155. 



Fig. 154 




IN.SECT.S INFESTING THE GRAPE. Ill 

Fig. 154. — Cottony drape Scale — color of tlie scales, reddish- 
brown ; of the cottony masses, >vhitc. 

Y\\i. 155. — Cottony Maple Scale (Piilrinariu iiDiumfrlhilis^ 
syn. Lccdniniii accrirola, L. iiutrhinv, L. urcriniriicis) — colors, 
brown and Avhite. 

This species is closely allied to the Lcrduivni urcrirohi (Fiu's. 
154 and 155), which infests the maple, and lias l)e('n Ibund in 
several ]iarts of tliis State. It infests the foliage and bi-andics 
of the grapevine. 

XATIHAL HISTORY. 

The f(>ninle is oval in form, and measnres abont two lines in 
length ; color, dark-brown ; near the posterior end arc ridges 
or carina^ and the lines se})arating tliem are darker than the 
other parts; anal indentation similar to L. he^pcridnni or soft 
orange scale. The eggs are white when first laid, but change 
to a yellowish tinge before hatching; oval in form, and al)ont 
one ninetieth of an inch in length. 

In one of the cottony-like masses attached to a female of 
this species, I have found nearly three hundred eggs. Larva — 
color, yellowish-white ; form, ovoid ; length, one ninetieth of 
an incli. Similar in api)earancc tollie larva of the soft orange 
scale, excei)t in color. 

Rkmedies. — When tiie vine is doi-mant, use Xos. 14, 12, or 
18, after scrajjing off the loose liark and bui-ning it. In Sum- 
mer use No. 4, or Xo. .'> if Xo. 4 cannot l>e had. 



CHAPTER CXVII. 

The Grape Scale. 

{A-yil(ll()tiis iir;i\ — Com stock.) 

Order, Hemiptkra ; ; ,^ ., 

c. 1 1 XT r ami V, ( occid.k. 

Sub-order, Homoptera S ■ 

[A small circular scale, found on the trunk of the vine and 
wood left from growth of the |irevious year.) 

I have only had one s})ecimen of this species sent me. which 



178 INSECTS INFESTING THE GRAPE. 

was found on imported vines. Professor Conistock reports it 
from Indiana, and describes it as infesting the lower part of the 
grapeA'ines from the ground to the shoots of the second year's 
growth. In comparison with the red scale it is smaller, and 
the color is lighter, being a yellowish-brown. 

Remedies. — When the vine is dormant, use Nos. 11, 12, or 
13. In Summer use No. 4. 



CHAPTER XCVIII. 

Decaying Wood Borers, (Cal.) 

Order, Coleoptera ; Family, Ptinid.e. 

[Grubs from three to five lines in length, found in decaying 
wood of fruit trees and grape-vines.] 

Between the months of October, 1882, and March, 1883, 
several specimens of grubs were received that were found in 
decaying wood of fruit trees and grape-vines. 

Fig. 15(1 — Decaying Wood Borers (Bi- 
toiiia opanihis. — Lee.) ; h, the pupa-color, 
yellowish ; a, the larva — color, white ; in 
the middle, the Iteetle — color l)rown. 
Lives in dead grape canes. 

I kept the specimens of larva? (Fig. 
156«) until they assumed the puj^a form 
(Fig. 1566), but did not succeed in rearing the perfect insect 
(Fig. 156), as the insects died when casting the pupa skins; 
however, they were sufficiently matured that they could be 
identified as to family and genus. The specimens belonged to 
the genus Lijrtii.'< of Latreille (in Crotch's Check List, the Bitmna 
of Hubner). Those insects whose grubs are found boring in 
decayed Avood arc not injurious to trees of a healthy growth. 
Remedy. — Cut out and burn all decayed wood on vines. 




INSECTS INFESTING THE GRAPE. 



179 



CHAPTER XCIX. 



The Achemon Sphinx. (Cal.) 

( Ph ila iiijifUs ncJtonnn . — Drury .) 

Order, Lepidoptera ; Family, Sphingid/E. 

[Fcedino; upon the loaves of the grapevine, a large green 
yellowish or l)rown worm, with six narrow eream-colored spots 
on eaeii side of the l)0(lv. I 



Fig. 157, 




Fig. 157- 
C a terpillar 
of A c h e - 
mon sphinx 
— ( ■ o 1 o r s , 
yellow and 
hrown. 
\\'hcn fully grown (Fig. lo7) it measures ahout three inches 
and six lines in length ; it then deserts the vine and enters the 

earth, whei-c it forms a 
^^^- ^^^ •-. _ _^ smooth eell in which to 

x undergo i t s transforma- 
\ ^;J^^ lion. (Fig. 158.) 

,_ ___ Fig. 158. — Pupa of Ache- 

mon s]>hinx — eolor, hrown. 
The young worm is green, with a long slender horn on the 
hind end of the hody ; after casting its skin several times the 
horn disappears, and in its i)lace is a polished hlaek tul)ercle ; 
the body is now a pale straw-color on the back, the sides hrown 
and marked with six narrow scalloped cream-colored spots. 

The fore-wings of the moth (Fig. 15*)) expand from three to 
four inches, are of a dark olive-gray color, marked with three 
dark olive spots; the basal part of the hind wings is roseate, 
followed by a dark stri})e, next to which is the olive border. 
The body is fawn color, with two triangular oliv(^ colored spots 
on the thorax. 



180 INSECTS INFESTING THE GRAPE. 

Fig. 159. — Achemon Sphinx — colors, gray, brown and pink. 

Fig. 159. 








'1 


Li 


J" 








!^ 


jy 


* 




iW 




^- 




""■ 


m 


m 


M»^ I 


^. 


/ 




^ae. 0^ 




Remedies. — Nos. 14, 100 and 101. (See letter of Mr. Blowers, 
No. 83.) 



CHAPTER C. 

The Satellite Sphinx. (Cal.) 

(Philampelis mteUitia. — Linn.) 

Synonyim. — P. pandoms. — Hubner. 

Order, Lepidopteka ; Family, Sphingid^. 

[Feeding upon the leaves of the grapevine ; a large brown 
worm, having five or six large creain-oolored spots on each 
side of the body.] 

The egg from which this worm hatches is deposited singly 
upon a leaf. When first hatched, and for some time after- 
wards, the worm is green, with a tinge of pink along the sides, 
and on the hind part of the body is a long curved horn. After 
the worm has cast its skin about three times, the horn 
disappears, and in its place is a polished, Idaclv tubercle ; the 
color of the body is now a rich velvety l)rown, with five or six 
cream-yellow spots upon each side, ^^'hon fully grown (Fig- 



INSECTS TNFESTTNO THE (/RAPE. 



181 



160) it measures three inehes or more in length; it then enters 
the earth, and forms a smooth eell in which to undergo its 
transformations. 

Fig. 160. 




Fig. 160. — CaterpilUirs oi' .Satellite Sphinx — colors, green 
or brownish and yellowish-white; c, the young catcrpilhir ; b, 
the same nearly grown, at rest; «, the full grown cater))illar. 

Fig. 161. 




Tlie moth (Fig. 161) into which this worm is finally trans- 
formed, expands from four to five inches ; the fore-wings are 



182 



INSECTS INFESTING THE GRAPE. 



pale olive-gray, marked with darker olive-green patches, one of 
which is at the tip, one near the outer hind angle, and a third 
on the hind margin near the bod5\ 

Fig. 161.— Satellite Sphinx — colors, gray and dark olive-green. 

Remedies.— Use Nos. 14, 100, and 101. (See R. B. Blow- 
ers' letter. No. 33). 



CHAPTER CI. 

The Abbott Sphinx. (Cal.) 

( Thi/reus Aohotii — Swainson.) 

Order, Lepidoptera ; Family, Sphingidje. 

[Feeding upon the leaves of the grapevine ; a checkered 
yellowish and brown worm, nearly three inches in length, hav- 
ing a polished black tubercle on the hind part of the lx»dy.] 

The ground color of this caterpillar (Fig. 1G2) is a dirty yel- 
lowish, marked with numerous transverse black lines and 
black-brown patches, forming a line along each side of the 
body. The head is slightly roughened and dark, and is marked 
with a light streak, and there is another streak in the middle, 
which sometimes forms the letter X. When about to pupate, it 
deserts the vine and spins a cocoon beneath the leaves, etc. 

Fig. 162.~ 
'P^S.'i-G'I. Abbot Sphinx; 

upper figure, 
the caterpillar 
— colors, yel- 
lowish an (1 
black ; lowci' 
fi g u r e, t h e 
moth — colors, 
grayish-brown 
and pale yel- 
low. 

The perfect 
moth(Fig. 162) 
has the outer 
edge of the wings deeply scalloped; the fore-wings are dull 





INSECTS INFESTING THE GRAPE. 



183 



grayish-ljrown, variegated with dark brown; the liind wings 
are pale yellow, with a dark brown hind ])order. 
Remedies.— Use Nos. 14, 100, and 101. 



CHAPTP]H CIl. 

The Hog- Caterpillar. 

{Ch(troc(imj)(i pmnpiiiatrix — Abbott and Sniitli.) 

tSvxoNYM — Darapsa niijron . — Cramer. 

Order, Lkpidoptera ; Family. Sphi.xgid.e. 



i I I I I I I M I I lilil 



Fiff. 163. 



The measurements of insects in this work are triveii in inches and lines. The aliove out rep- 
resents one inch diviiied into lines and fractions thrreof. 

[Feeding upon the leaves of the grape-vines; a l)rown or 
green worm, witli a light stripe on eaeh side of tlie body and a 
curved horn on the posterior end.] 

The eggs of this species are perfectly round, of a uniform 
yellowish-green color, and are glued, singly, to the underside 
of the leaves. 

Fig. 163.— Hog 
Caterpillar— color 
green and yellow- 
ish. 

The full grown 
worm (Fig. 1()8) 
measures a))out 
one inch and six 
lines in length ; is 
of a pale green or 
brown color, mark- 
ed with a yellow 
stripe on each side 
of the body, and 




'I'PTOil*-- 



with a row of dark spots on the back. It receives its name of 
" Hog Caterpillar '' from the forepart of the body being greatly 



184 



rNSECTS INFEST TNG THE (I RAPE. 



Fig. 164. 




swollen, thence tapering to the head, giving to this part a 
vague resemblance to the head of a fat hog. When about to 

pupate it deserts the vine and 
spins an imperfect cocoon be- 
neath the leaves, etc. (Pupa, 
Fig. 164.) 

Fig. 1()4. — Pupa of Hog Cater- 
pillar in its cocoon — color, 
brown. 

The perfect moth (Fig. 165) expands about two inches and 
three lines, and has the body and fore-wings of a lilac gray 

color, marked and 
Fig. 165. , ' ... ,. 

shaded with olive 

green, while the 
hind wings are of 
a deep rust color, 
with a shade of 
gray near tlieir in- 
ner angle. — Riley. 
Fig. 165.— Moth 
of Hog Caterpil- 
lar — colors, gray, olive-green and rust-red. 

Use the same remedies as recommended for the Achemon 
Sphinx— Chapter CXIX. 




CHAPTER CIII. 

The White-lined Sphinx. (Cal.) 

{Di'ilephihi line(tt(( — Fabricius.) 

Order, Lepii)Opter.\ ; Family, Sphixgid^. 

[Feeding upon the leaves of the grape, apple, melon and 
turnip ; a green or brownish-l)lack worm, having a horn u})()n 
the liind end of th(> body.] 



INSECTS INFESTING THE GRAPE. 
Fig. 166. 



185 




Fig. 166. — Caterpillar of White-lined Sphinx — colors, green 
and yellow. 

This worm appears in two entirely' different colorings ; 
in the more common form (Fig. 166) it is yellowish-green, 
with a row of oval spots along each side of the back, which 
are usually connected by a yellow line ; these spots consist of 
two curved black spots enclosing a yellow and a crimson spot. 



Fig. 167. 




Fig. 167. — Caterpillar of White-lined Sphinx — colors, black 
and yellow. 

In the other form (Fig. 167) the body is black, usually 
marked on the back with a yellow line, and Avith a number of 
yellow spots on each side of the body. When fully grown it 
measures from three to four inches in length ; it then creeps 
beneath some leaves or other rubbish, sometimes even enter- 
ing the earth, and forms a smooth cell in which to undergo 
its transformations. 

The fore-wings of the moth (Fig. 168) expand al)out three 
inches, are of a dark olive-green color, with a whitish line 
extending from the base to the tip of each wing ; the hind 
wings are black, with a rose-colored band extending length- 
wise through the middle. This moth is quite common in this 
State, and may frequently be seen in the evening twilight 
liovering over the flowers like a humming-bird. 



186 TNSECTS INFESTING THE GRAPE. 

Fig. 168. 




Fig. 168, — White-lined Sphinx — colors, olive-green, white, 
hlack and rose-colored. 

Remedies. — Nos. 14, 100 and 101. 



CHAPTER CIV. 

The Eight-spotted Forester. (Cal.) 

(Alypia octoviaculata. — Fabricius. ) 

Order, Lepidoptera ; Family, ZYG.ENiDiE. 

[Feeding upon the leaves of the grapevine ; a bluish-white 
worm, dotted with black, and having on the middle of each 
segme'nt a broad transverse orange band, on each side of 
which are four black rings.] 



Fig. 169.-- -Eight-spotted For- 
ester and Caterpillar ; c, the 
moth — colors, blue-black and 
yellow ; a, the caterpillar — col- 
ors, bluish-white, black and 
orange ; h, one segment of its 
body, enlarged. 

This worm wlien fully grown 
(Fig. l()9r^) measures one inch 
and four lines in length ; it 
pupates within a slight cocoon 



Fig. 196. 




INSECTS INFESTING THE GRAPE. 



187 



spun beneath some leaves, or just beneath the surface of the 
ground. The fore-wings of the moth (Fig. 169c) are of a deep 
blue-black color, and each are marked with two light yellow 
spots ; the hind wings are also blue-black, and are each marked 
with two white spots. The larvae are found in the latter part 
of May. One specimen was received about May •27th, and one 
on the 3d of June, 1882 ; both specimens were nearly full 
grown. 

Remedies. — Where vines are seriously infested, spray with 
No. 5 or 7, witK an equal number of gallons of No. 9 added ; 
also No. 101. The larva will creep under chips, etc., laid on 
the ground under the vine, to pupate, and can be gathered in 
the Autumn. 



CHAPTER CV. 

The Beautiful Wood Nymph. 

( Eiidryas grata . — Fabricius. ) 

Order, Lepidoptera ; Family, Zyg^nid^. 

[Feeding upon the leaves of the grapevine ; a bluish-white 
caterpillar dotted with black, and marked on the middle of 
each segment with a transverse orange band, on each side of 
which are three black rings.] 

Fig. 170.— Caterpillar and 
eggs of the Beautiful Wood 
Nymph ; a, the caterpillar- 
colors, bluish, black and 
orange ; b, a segment of its 
bod}' enlarged ; d, back view 
of hump on eleventh seg- 
ment enlarged : c, back view 

of the top of first segment enlarged ; /, side view of an egg 
enlarged (natural size indicated beneath) ; e, an egg as seen 
from above enlarged (natural size indicated at the right) — 
colors, yellowish and black. 

The full grown larva (Fig. 170) measures about one inch and 
six lines in length ; it tlien deserts tho vines and burrows a 




188 



IN,SECTS INFESTING THE GRAPE. 



Fig. 171. 



short distance into a piece of soft wood, or enters the earth 
and forms a cell in which to pass the pupa state. 

Fig. 171.— Beautiful Wood 
Nymph (female moth) — col- 
ors, white, yellow, brown and 
olive-green. 

The fore wings of the moth 
(Fig. 171) expand about one 
inch and six lines, and are of 
a white colof, broadly l)or- 
dered and marked with red- 
dish-brown and olive-green; the hind wings are pale yellow, 
broadly marked with pale brown on the hind border. — Riley. 
I have not found this species in this State, although moths 
of a similar description have been reported. 

Remedies. — Same as recommended for the Eight-spotted 
Forester, Chapter CIV. 




CHAPTER CVI. 

The Grapevine Epimenis. (Cal.) 

( Psychomorpha epimenis. — Drury . ) 

Order, Lepidopteea ; Family, Zyg.enid.e. 

[Feeding upon the leaves of the grapevine; a bluish-white 
caterpillar, dotted with black and marked on each segment 
with four black rings.] 

Fig. 172.— Caterpillar of Fig. 172. 

Grapevine Epimenis ; a, the 
caterpillar— colors, white and 
black ; h, segment of its body, 
enlarged ; c, back view of the 
top of the eleventh segment, 

enlarged. This caterpillar (Fig. 172) lives in a sort of nest 
formed by fastening several leaves together with silken threads. 
When fully grown, it measures about one inch in length ; it 
then deserts the vine and bores into wood or other sufficiently 
soft substance, and forms a cell in which to undergo its trans- 
fornuitions. 




INSECTS FN FES TING THE (Hi APE. 



1S9 




Fig. 17H. — (irapevine Epimenis (male Fif,'. 173. 

moth) — colors, black, white, and red. 

The fore-wings of the moth (Fig. 178) 
expand a little over an inch, are of a vel- 
vety blacdv color, marked with blue ; and a 
little beyond the middle of each is a large yellowish spot, 
which on the hind wings is of a- deep orange color. 1 have 
found the nest and caterpillar as described early in May, Ijut 
failed to rear the perfect insect. 

Rk.medies. — Use No. 24, and the same as recommended for 
the Eight-spotted Forester, Chap. CIV. 



CHAPTER evil. 

The American Proeris. 

( Proeris. A mericana. — Bois.) 

Order, Lepidoptera : Family, Zyg.exid.i:. 

[Feeding in companies upon the leaves of the grapevine : a 
small yellowish caterpillar, usually having small tufts of black 
hairs on the body.] 



Fig. 174. — Ameri- 
can Proeris Caterpil- 
lars on a leaf — colors, 
yellow and l>lack. 

These cater})illars 
(Fig. 174) arrange 
themselves side l)y 
side, their heads all 
pointing in one direc- 
tion. When young, 
they eat only the 
surface of the leaves, 
but when they get 
stronger, they devour 
all the leaf excepting 
the larger veins. 



Fig. 174. 




190 



INSECTS INFESTING THE GRAPE. 



The full grown caterpillar (Fig. 175a) measures about six 
lines in length, is of a pale yellow, with a row of black prickly 
tufts on each segment : the first segment is black, with a yel- 
low edge, and the head is brown. When about to pupate they 
desert the plants and spin in some sheltered place their tough, 
flattened, whitish cocoons (Fig. 175c). The perfect moth (Fig. 
175, d and g,) expands a little under an inch, and is wholly 
black except the deep orange collar. I have not found this 
species in this State, although its presence here has been 
reported. The above description is taken from Riley's Second 

Missouri Report. 

Fig. 175. — American Pro- 

cris ; e, the moth, with its 

w i n g s expanded ; d, the 

same, with its wings closed 

— colors, 'black and orange; 

a, the caterpillar — colors, 

yellow and black ; b, the 

pupa — color, brown ; c, the 

cocoon — color, whitish. 

Remedies. — Use No. 5 or 7. mixed with equal quantity of 

No. 9 ; on non-bearing or young vines, use No. 10 or No. 103. 




CHAPTER CVIII. 

The Grape Leaf-folder. 

(Desmia maculalis. — Westwood, ) 

Order, Lepidoptera ; Family, Pyralid^. 

[Living in a folded grape leaf; a pale-green larva or cater- 
pillar, with a reddish-brown head, marked with darker spots.] 

When fully grown this larva (Fig. 176, -?,) measures about 
ten lines in length. It assumes the pupa form (Fig. 176, 3,) 
within its nest. At least two broods are produced in one year ; 
the last brood spends the Winter in the pupa or chrysalis state, 
and the moths issue during the month of May of the following 
year. 



INSECTS INFEST TNO THE GRAPE. 



191 



The perfect insect or moth (Fig. 176, 4 and o,) is of a black 
color, the fore-wings marked with two white spots and the hind 
wings with only one white spot — but this is sometimes divided 
into two spots ; all of the wings are bordered with white. 

Fig. 176. 




Fig. 17(>. — Grape Leaf-folder ; 1, the caterpillar — color, green 
or yellowish ; 2, the head and fore part of its body, enlarged ; 
S, the pupa — color, brown : .^, the male moth — colors, l)lack 
and white ; 5, the female moth — colors, black and white. 

Remedy. — Use No. 24 ; where seriously infested use \o. 5 
or 7, with an equal quantity of No. 9. 



CHAPTER CIX. 

The Grapevine Plume. (Cal.) 

( Pterophorns perisrelidactt/Ius. — Fitch. ) 

Order, Lepidoptera ; Family, Pterophokid.e. 

[Living in a rolled grape leaf, upon which it feeds ; a small 
pale greenish caterpillar, about six lines long, with numerous 
spreading clusters of whitish hairs.] 

This caterpillar (Fig. 177a) usually fastens the oppijsite 
edges of a leaf together with silken threads, but it sometimes 
fastens several leaves together, forming a large cavity in which 
it resides. When about to pupate — which is about the tenth 
of May — it suspends itself by the hind feet. The pupa (Fig. 
1776) is angular, and the anterior end appears as if it had 
been obliquely cut off; on the middle of the back are two 
angular projections. 



192 



INSECTS INFESTING THE OR APE. 



Fig. 177. — Grapevine Plume ; 
rf, the moth — colors, pale yellow, 
white, and brown ; a, the cater- 
pillars in their nests — color, 
greenish-yellow,with white hairs ; 
6, the pupa — color, green or 
brown ; c, one of the horns on 
the back of the pupa, enlarged ; 
e, one of the leg-bearing segments 
of the larva, enlarged. 

The perfect moth (Fig. llld) 
expands a little over nine lines, 
is of a tawny yellow color, and 
each fore-wing is marked with 
about five white spots ; these 
M'ings are cleft or cut nearly to 
the middle ; the hind wings are 
cleft twice, the forward cleft 
reaching nearly to the middle, and the second cleft reaches 
nearly to the base of the wing ; they are rusty brown at the 
base, with the remaining part tawny yellow. I have found the 
perfect insect ; also, a rolled leaf on vines. 

Remedy. — Use No, 24. Spray in the latter part of April, or 
early in May, with No. 5 or 7. 




CHAPTER ex. 

The Grapevine, or Steel-blue Flea-beetle. (Cal.) 

( Haltica chalyhea. — Uliger. ) 

Order, Coleoptera ; Family, Chrysomelid^. 

[Feeding upon the buds or leaves of the grape and willow ; 
an elongate brownish six-legged larva, marked with black 
dots and with a black head ; finally changing to a small blue- 
black beetle, about two lines in length.] 



IN8E0TS INFESTINO THE GRAPE. 



193 



Fig-. 1 78. — Grape- 
vine Flea-beetle and 
Larvte; a, several lar- 
va? on a leaf ; 6, a lar- 
va enlarged — colors, 
brown and black ; c, 
the cocoon ; d, the 
beetle enlarged— col- 
or, steel-blue. 

These beetles have 
the hind thighs 
greatly enlarged, 
which enables them 
to leap to a consid- 
erable distance, like 
a flea ; it is from this 
peculiarity that they 
take the name of 
" flea-beetles." They spend the Winter in some sheltered situa- 
tion, and come forth early in the following Spring and feed upon 
the buds of grapevines, usually hollowing them out. As soon 
as the leaves are expanded the females deposit their eggs upon 
them ; in a few days the young are hatched, and immediately 
begin to feed upon the leaves. When fully grown (Fig. 1786) 
they descend to the ground, which they enter, and form small 
cells (Fig. 178c) in which to pass the pupa state. These 
insects are very destructive to grapevines, and every effort 
should be made to exterminate them. 

Remedies. — No. 19, 20, 21 or 102. On young non-bearing 
grapevines, etc., use Xo. lOo, or Xo. 10 may be used instead. 




194 TN SECTS INFESTING THE GRAPE. 

CHAPTER CXI. 
The Imported Grape Flea-beetle. (Cal.) 

{Adoxis vitis. — Linnaeus.) 

Order, Coleoptera ; Family, Chrysomelid.^:. 

[A small (lark-brown beetle, feeding upon the leaves of the 
grapevine.] 

This species was reported in 1882, from at least six of the 
vine-growing districts, as damaging the foliage of grapevines, 
and is reported this Spring (1883) to be destroying the vines 
infested. This is an enemy of the grapevine, which must be 
eradicated. Their mode of attack on the vines is similar to 
that of the steel-blue or grape flea-beetle {Haltica chalybea), 
and they frequently damage young vines to such an extent 
that they die. One vineyard in this vicinity (Sacramento) has 
been damaged seriously this Spring. The perfect insect (Fig. 
179, Plate 3,) is black, with a sub-metallic luster of a greenish 
hue, but after emerging from the pupa state is of a reddish- 
brown color. It is ovate and convex, and measures from two 
lines to two and one quarter lines in length ; antennae, eleven 
jointed. This insect, although known to be widely destructive 
on the Pacific Coast and in the mountainous I'egions of the 
Atlantic States, had not been reported as being very injurious 
in this State until 1882. In Europe it is well known as a dan- 
gerous enemy to the grapevines, especially in France, where it 
is called C. griboimer, and where much has been written in 
regard to its destructive habits. 

Remedies. — Nos. 19, 20, 21 and 102. On young non-bear 
ing grapevines Nos. 103 and 10 may be used. 



INSECTS INFESTING THE GRAPE. 195 

CHAPTER CXII. 

The Rose Chafer. (Cal.) 

[Macrodactylus subspinosus. — Fabr.) 

Order, Coleoptera ; Family, Scarab^eid^e. 

[Feeding upon the leaves of the grape, rose, apple, cherry, 

etc. ; a slender brownish-yellow beetle, about four lines long.] 

This insect is a very general feeder, and at times becomes 

very injurious. During its larva stage it lives in the ground, 

feeding upon the roots of various kinds of plants. 

The eggs laid by each female are about thirty in number, 
and arc deposited from one to four inches below the surface of 
the earth. 

The larvie lie upon their sides, their bodies being curved so 
that the head and tail nearly meet each other. They are of a 
yellowish-white color, with the head pale reddish. They pass 
the Winter in their earthen cells, and assume the pupa form 
the following Spring, there being but one annual brood. 

Fig. 180. — Rose Chafer — color, brownish-yellow. 
The beetles, or chafers (Fig. 180), as they are com- 
monly called, measure about four lines in length ; 
the thorax is produced into a small point on each 
side of the middle ; the head and thorax are black, 
and the wing-cases brown, but the entire insect is 
colored with yellowish scales which give it a brownish-yellow 
appearance. 

Re.medies.— Xos. 19,. 20, 21, 102; or No. 103 or Xo. 10 on 
non-bearing vines or plants. 




196 



TN8ECTS INFESTING THE GRAPE. 



CHAPTER CXIII. 

The Spotted Pelidnota. 

(Pelid'itota 'punctata. — Liiinseus.) 

Order, Coleoptera ; Family, Scarab^id^e. 



[The measurements of insects in this work aie gi\eii in inches and lines. The above cnt rep- 
resents one inch divided into lines and fractions thereof.] 



[Feeding upon the leaves of the grape vine ; a robust clay- 
yellow Ijeetle, about one inch long, marked with a black spot 
on each side of the thorax, and with three black spots on each 
wing-cover.] 

Fig. 181.— Spotted Fig. 181. 

P e 1 i d n t a. Larva 
and Pupa ; c, the bee- 
tle — colors, yellowish 
and black ; a, the grub 
— color, white ; d, the 
tip of its body ; e, one 
of its antenna?, en- 
larged ; /, one of its 
legs, enlarged ; /), the 
pupa in its earthen 
cell — color, brown. 

These beetles (Fig. 
181c) sometimes occur 
in destructive num- 
bers upon the leaves of the cultivated grapevine, but only in 
limited localities. 

The larvaj or grubs (Fig. 181a) closely resemble the white 
grubs, but differ in having a heart-shaped swelling at the hind 
end of the body. 

Remedies.— Use Nos. 19, 20, 21, 102 ; use Nos. 103 and 10 
on non-bearing trees and vines. 




INSECTS INFESTING THE GRAPE. 197 

CHAPTER CXIV. 

The California Grapeviner Hopper. (Cal.) 

(En/thronriim romes. — Say.) 

Order, Hemipteka ; } ^^ ., 

Q 1 1 XT bamily, C ekcopid.t:. 

Sub-order, Homoptkh.v ;) • ' 

[Infesting tlie leaves of the grapevine, which they piuietiire 
with their beaks and imbibe the saj), causing the leaves to tiu'n 
yellow prematurely; a yellowish-white vine hop])er marked 
with orange-red.] 

The perfect insects (Fig. 182, Plate o,) are yellowish-white, 
with obli(|Ue confluent orange-red l)ands on the wing-cases, 
and a short ol)li(|ue line on the middle of the outer margin of 
each ; on the thorax are usually three red stripes, the middle 
one forked anteriorly and confluent with two red stripes on 
the crown of the head ; Icnigth, ab(»ut one line and a half. The 
scutellum is lai'ge, triangular and marked with three orange 
spots which form a triangle : the two anterior spots are some- 
times black. At the outer fore-angle of the wing-cases is a 
black dot, and there is another black dot at the outer hind 
angle; the posterior tibia^ are densely spined. and there is a 
row of spines on the anterior tibia'. 

These insects hibernate in the perfect state around the vines, 
etc., and come forth in the following Spring and feed u])on the 
new growth of vegetation. The females deposit their eggs 
upon the leaves o\' the grapevine as soon as the latter are 
expanded. The young vine-hoppers closely resemble the 
adults in form, but are destitute of wings. They cast their 
skins several times before arri^dng at maturity, and these 
white cast off skins may frequently' be found adhering to the 
leaves or scattered upon the ground beneath them. I have 
first observed the perfect insect in the month of July. 

These insects puncture the leaves of the vine and extract 
the sap to such an extent as to cause the leaves to turn yellow 
prematurely, preventing the canes from ripening, and when the 
grapes, picked off of the inxcstcd vines, are used for shipping 
to the Eastern States they arc liable to mildew. 

Remedies.— Nos. 82 and :V.\. (See Xos. 19, 20, 21 and 108.) 



198 INSECTS INFESTING THE GRAPE. 

CHAPTER CXV. 

The Grapevine Aphis. 

( Siphonophora viticolse. — Thomas. ) 

Order, Hemiptera ; ) -c^ ^^ \ ^„^^^^ ^ 

o 1 ' 1 TT \ Family, APHiDiDiE. 

Sub-order, Homoptera \) -^ ' 

[Living upon the leaves and twigs of grapevines, which they 
puncture with their beaks and extract the sap ; small brown- 
ish plant lice.] 

The wingless females are dusky brown ; the legs and honey 
tubes are black ; the latter are about one fourth as long as the 
body. The winged lice are colored similar to the wingless 
ones, but are darker. — Professor Thomas. 

Remedies. — Use No. 5 or 7 ; No. 4 will also be effectual, or 
No. 64. 



CHAPTER CXVI. 

The False Chinch Bug. (Cal.) 

(Nysius destructor. — Say ) 

Order, Hemiptera ; } -^y .. j^,^^^^^ 
c, 1 ' J TT If amilv, Lyg^id^. 

Sub-order, Homoptera ;) - ' 

[A small grayish-brown bug, feeding on the foliage of the 
grapevine, etc.] 

In 1882 specimens of the larva and pupa (Fig. 1836) of this 
species were sent me, accompanied by a note stating that these 
insects were destroying the foliage of grapevines (Fig. 183a), 
and in two or three weeks later specimens of the perfect insect 
were received. The first letter received with these specimens 
stated that vines on about five rods square of ground were 
attacked ; ten days later nearly tAvo acres were infested before 
the insects were checked from spreading. 



— o' 




INSECTS INFESTING THE GEAPE. 199 

Fig. 183. ^^S- 183. — False 

Chinch Bug ; a, a 

'^° V' ^ '^T'^'M^jfT^ l^It?^! 'caf, showing its 

work ; 6, a pupa — 
colors, dingy yellow, 
red, and brown ; c, 
tlie adult — colors, 
^ iT ^ y J \^l^ ^ grayish-brown and 

black. 

The perfect insect (Fig. 183c) is of a grayish-brown color; 
the wing covers (hemelytra) are nearly transparent, and gen- 
erally colorless ; the legs are yellowish, inclining to brown ; 
length, one and one half lines — in some specimens a little 
over. The pupa is nearly of the same color as the perfect 
insect, excepting that the longitudinal lines ai'e brighter ; in 
color, red and brown: Aving-pads visible. The larva is of a 
brownish-yellow color. 

This plant bug is reported as feeding on the potato, cabbage, 
etc., but has only been reported on grapevines in this State. 
Rp:medies. — Use Nos. 36 and 51 ; or No. 65. (See No. 20.) 



CHAPTER CXVII 

The Yellow Mite. (Cal.) 

(Tetranychus Sp?) 

Class, Arachnida ; / r^ ■^ n^ 

c„K ..!„., \., .^r,T. tamilv, Trombidid^. 

hub-class, AcARiNA ; \ 

[A small yellow mite infesting tlie branches and foliage of 
deciduous fruit trees, grapevines and nursery stock.] 

As this species was only brought to notice last year (1882), 
1 cannot givt' any i)articulars as to its natural history. Tlie 
color is immaculate prinn-ose-yellow, excepting that the male 
(Fig. lS-4. Plate 3,) has two In'ight minute vermillion-red spots 
on the anterior portion of the body (or on the shoulders). 
The female (Fig. 1.S5, Plate 3.) is about one seventieth of an 
inch in length ; form, ovate ; the male is smaller. 



200 INSECTS INFESTING THE GRAPE. 

They are very destructive to the fohage of fruit trees, grape- 
vines and nursery stock, and appear to spin more than the red 
mite. Mr. W. B. West, of Stockton, has found them on forest 
trees. ^Ir. Williams, of Fresno, reports them on weeds 
growing on uncultivated land. 

Remedy. — Use No. 34. 



CHAPTER CXVIII. 

The Angular-winged Katydid. (Cal.) 

(Microcentrum retinervis — Burmeister.) 

Order, Orthoptera ; Family, Locustid^. 

[Feeding upon the leaves of the orange, apple, cherry 
and grapevine ; a large green grasshopper.] 

The following account of the manner in which this insect 
deposits her eggs is condensed from the excellent history of 
this species given by Professor Riley : 

" Selecting a twig about the size of a common goose-quill, 
this provident mother prepares it for the reception of her eggs 
by biting and roughening the bark with her jaws for a distance 
of two or three inches. When this operation is accomplished 
to her. satisfaction, she commences at one end of the roughened 
portion of the tAvig and, after fretting it anew witli her 
jaws, and feeling it over and over again with her paljji as if 
to assure herself that all is as it should be, she curls the 
abdomen under until the lower edge of the curved ovipositor 
is brought between the jaws and palpi, by which it is grasped 
and guided to the right position. It is then gently worked up 
and down for from four to six minutes, while a viscid fluid is 
given out apparently from the ovipositor. Finally the egg 
gradually rises and adheres to the roughened bark ; the insect 
now rests for a few minutes, soon to resume her efforts and 
repeat the like performance in every particular, except that the 
egg is placed to one side, and a little above the first." 



Fig-. 186. 




(Miani. M / 



202 INSECTS INFESTING THE GRAPE. 

Fig. 186. — Angular-winged Katydid ; i, the adult — color, 
green ; la, the eggs — color, brownish or slate color ; Ih, the 
young — colors, green and yellow ; 2, an egg parasite (the 
Eupelurus mirahilis of Walsh) female, enlarged — colors, black 
and yellowish ; 2a, the male, enlarged — color, metallic-green ; 
26, eggs, showing holes from which these parasites had emerged. 

The eggs overlap each other (Fig. 186, 2h,) at one end and 
are usually placed in two rows, side by side, but more rarely 
in a single row. The number of eggs laid at one time varies 
from two to thirty, and each female (Fig. 161, -?,) deposits 
about two hundred eggs. As soon as hatched, the young 
grasshoppers (Fig. 186, lb, lb,) begin to feed upon the pulpy 
part of the leaf. They do not pass through a quiet pupa state, 
as butterflies and many other insects are known to do, but 
continue active from the time they leave the egg until they 
die of old age or some other cause. Two broods are probably 
produced in one season, the eggs of the last brood not hatch- 
ing until the following Spring. Should this species ever 
become numerous, a great amount of damage would be done 
to the foliage of the trees or plants on which they feed. 

Pig. 187. 




Fig. 187. — Katydid — color, green. 

Note. — The above insect is frequently mistaken for the true 
katydid {Platyphyllum concavum — Harris) which inhabits the 
eastern part of this country, but has not, so far as I am aware, 
been found in this State. By comparing Fig. 187 with Fig. 186, 
1, the difference 'between these two species is readily observable. 

Remedies.— No. 18 ; and also by capturing and destroying 
the perfect insects. 



mSECrS INFESTING THE GRAPE. 



208 




Fig. 189. 



CHAPTER CXIX. 

The Snowy Tree-crieket. 

( G'Jcantliiis n/rcKs. — Harris.) 

Order, Outiioi'TKHA : Family, Okvi.i.id.i;. 

[Puncturing the tender twigs of tlie grapevine, a\)\)\v and 
peach trees, raspberry and bkiekberry bushes, and dei)()siting 
her eggs therein ; a greenish-white cricket.] 

Fig. 188.— Snowv Tree-erieket, 

Fig. 188. f ^ 1 ■•11- + 

iemale — color, greenish white. 

In depositing her eggs, the 

female cricket (Fig. 188) tirst 

uses her jaws for the [»iii-])()se 

of slightly tearing away the outer bark ; the ovipositor is next 

inserted into the twig, and an egg thrust- into the puncture 

thus niade. 

Fig. 189. — Eggs of Snowy Tree-cricket; 
a, the egg punctures in a twig ; h. the eggs 
exposed — color, pale yellow; c, an egg 
highly magnified ; d, upjjcr enil of the 
same, still more highly magnified. 

These eggs (Fig. 189) are usually jtlaeed 
diagonally across the central pith. In this 
way the female proceeds until her stock of ^s^ 
over two hundred eggs is exhausted. These ^' * 
punctures are freciuently made within four 
lines of each other, and extend in an irregu- 
lar row a distance of one foot and six lines 
or over. — Ililey. 

Fig. 190.— Snowy Tree- 
crieket, male — color, green- 
ish white. 

\\'lien first hatched, the 
young cricket feeds upon 
phmt-lice, eggs, etc., and 
has even been known to 
attack and devour one of 
its own kin(h'ed. After acquiring wings liiey 



Fig. 190. 





204 



INSEGTS INFESTING THE GRAPE. 



sometimes do considerable mischief by gnawing off the stalks 
of green grapes, permitting the latter to fall to the ground. 
The eggs are usually deposited in the latter part of Summer 
or early in the Autumn, and these do not hatch out until the 
following Spring. 

Remedy. — Use No. 28. 



CHAPTER CXX. 

The Grape Cureulio. 

(Crr.Iiodrs ina^quaJis. — Say.) 

Order. Coleoptek.a ; Family, Curculioxid^. 

[Living in grapes, a whitisli or bluish footless grub about 
two lines long, with a brownish head ; when fully grown 
deserting the fruit and entering the earth to pupate.] 

Fig. 191. — Grape 



Fig. 191. 
Fif/.l 




Cureulio enlarged- 
Fig.l b \^ '■^■' ^ color, grayish- 

black ; a, one of its 
FigJa f^^g jggg . 5^ jts lar- 
va — color, yellow- 
ish-white. 

The female cur- 
lio (Fig. 191,1,) ex- 
cavates a small cavity in the grape (Fig. 192a), and then 
deposits therein a single egg of a bright yellow color. The 
grub' (Fig. 1916) which hatches from this egg feeds upon the 
pulp or flesh of the grape, and rarely upon the seeds. When 
fully grown (Fig. 1926) it is about two 
lines long, and each segment of its 
body bears on each side a large fleshy 
tubercle. 

Fig. 192. — Grape Cureulio ; a, an 
infested grape : 6, the larva enlarged — 
color, white. 

When about to assume the pupa 
form the larva deserts the fruit, which sometimes drops from 




INSECTS INFESTING THE GRAPE. 205 

the vines previous to this, and enters the earth to the depth of 
a few inches, where it forms a small cavity in which it shortly 
afterwards assumes the pupa form. The beetle issues in the 
Fall, and passes the Winter in some sheltered place. The 
perfect beetle is nearly hemisi)herical in outline, and of a 
black color, but is covered with short a])pressed scale-like 
white hairs, which give it a grayish tinge ; the legs are red- 
dish, and on the upper and outer edge of each fore and mid- 
dle shank (tibia) is a rectangular tooth. The body measures 
about one line in length. I have not found this species in 
this State. 



CHAPTER CXXI. 

The Grape-seed Maggot. (Cal.) 

(Isosoma vitis. — Saunders. ) 

Order, Hymexopter.\ ; Family, Chalcidid^. 

[Living within the seeds of grapes; a minute footless 
maggot.] 

This maggot (Fig. 193) burrows into the grape while the 
covering of the seeds are still soft and tender ; it makes its way 
directly to the seed, which it enters and feeds upon the kernel- 
It undergoes its transformations within the seed, and the fly, 
when about to issue, gnaws its way out. 

Fig. 193. — Grape-seed Maggot — color, Fig. 193. 

whitish. 

The perfect fly is black, and the fore- 
wings expand about one line. Only one 
brood is usually produced in a year, and 
these pass the Winter in the larva state. 

Mr. Charles A. Wetmore, Chief Executive Viticultural Offi- 
cer, called my attention to the larva found in the seed of the 
California wild grape, from which I bred the fly, and found it 
to be the Isosoma vitis. I do not know of any cultivated grape 
being infested by this pest, but close attention sliould be given 
to examinations lest it gains a foothold. 

Remedies. — Should this pest spread to the cultivated varie- 




206 



INSECTS INFESTING THE GRAPE. 



ties, all grapes should be picked off the vines at the end of the 
season, and if not fit for any use, destroyed ; also, all seed 
from wine presses, etc., should be destroyed. 



CHAPTER CXXII. 

The Grape Leaf-roller. (Cal.) 

(Tortrix Sp?) 

Order, Lepidoptera ; Family, Tortricid/E. 

[Living in a rolled grape leaf; a small greenish caterpillar.] 

Last season (1882) specimens of grape leaves rolled up and 

fastened with silkcn^'threads, as in Figs. 194 and 195, were 




ri„ T)i. 



Fiy. 195. 



^ »^ H ''t ^ ^ ffrj fV .,y j -^ 'A "i^ 





sent me from Fresno County. As I did not succeed in breed- 
ing the perfect insect, I am unable to give the name of the 
species to which this leaf-roller belongs ; but, judging from the 
account given by Miss Ormerod and others of the oak leaf- 
roller (Tortrix riruhiiia — Stei^hens), it is evident that our spe- 
cies is closely related to it. 
Remedy. — Use No. 24. 



INSECTS INFESTING THE GRAFE. 



207 



CHAPTER CXXIU. 

The Red-shouldered Grapevine Borer. 

( Sinoxylon basillare. — Say.) 

Order. Coleoptera ; Family, Ptinid.e. 

[Living in the canes of grapevines ; a small yellowish six- 
legged larva or grub, finally changing into a black beetle which 
is usually marked with a red spot at the base of each wing- 
cover.] 

This grub (Fig. Ido-ka) lives in the canes of grapevines, boring 
the wood beneath the bark, and also the heart-wood, in various 
directions. It also lives in the trunks of apple, peach and 
hickory trees. 

The pupa form (Fig. Ido^h) is assumed in the burrow. 

The beetle (Fig. 195^) measures about two and a half lines 
in length, is of a black color, and there is usually a large red- 
dish spot at the base of each wing-cover ; the thorax is armed 
with short spines in front, and the mng-cases are armed with 
several small teeth at the apex or tip. 

Fig. 195^. — Red-shoul- 



Fig. 1951^. 




dered Grapevine Borer, en- 
larged ; a, the larva — color, 
yellowish ; b, the pupa — 
color, yellowish ; c, the 
beetle — color, black and 
reddish. 

Remedies. — Use Nos. 26 
and 27. 



INSECTS INFESTING THE RASPBERRY. 



CHAP. 

The Raspberry-root Borer (jEgeria ritfti). .123 
The Kaspberry-root Gall-fly (Rkodites radi- 

cum) 124 

The Raspberry Borer {Agrilus ruficollis). . . 125 
The Raspberry Span-worm (Aplodes rubi- 

vwa) 126 

The Raspberry Leaf-roller (Exarte.ina per- 

nmndana) 127 

The Raspberry- .\phis (,Siphonophm-a rubi). 128 



The Negro Bug (Corimclcena pulicaria). . .129 



The following insects also infest the Rasp- 
berry : 

The Rose Scale (Biaspis roste). 
The Blackberry Cane-borer (Oberea tripiinc- 

tata\ 
The Snowy Tree Cricket {(Ecanfhus niveua). 



CHAPTER CXXIII. 

The Raspberry-root Borer. (Cal.) 

(^geria ndn. — Rik'}\ ) 

Order, Lepidoptera ; Family, ^Egerid^e. 

[Living in the stems and roots of raspberry and blackberry 
bushes; a pale yellow sixteen-legged larva.] 



Fig. 196. 



Fig. 196. — Raspberry -root Borer — 
colors, brown, black, and yellow ; a, the 
male moth ; b, the female. 

The perfect insect (Fig.. 196) expands 
from one inch to one inch and three 
lines, and is of a black color, marked 
with gray, as folloAvs : A narrow ring 
around the neck, the hind third of the 
abdominal segments ; a row of tufts on 
the back, and another row along each 
side of the abdomen, besides a few 
streaks on the thorax. 
The eggs from wbich these borers hatch are deposited upon 




rNSECTS INFESTING THE RASPBERRY. 209 

the bushes at a distance of from four to six inches from the 
ground. As soon as hatched, the young borer enters the stem 
to the pith, and then directs its course downward to the roots, 
which it reaches at the approach of AV^inter. Here it remains 
until the following Spring, when it directs it course upward, 
burrowing out a different stem than the one by which it had 
entered the roots. After attaining its full growth it })repares 
a place of exit, and soon afterward assumes the pupa form. 

I have only found one specimen of the larva of this species 
and have had specimens of roots sent me from which the 
borer had matured. 

Remedy. — Use No. 37 in the latter part of June and early 
in July ; or No. 5 or 7. 



CHAPTER CXXIV. 

The Raspberry-root Gall-fly. 

(Rhoditei< radicivin. — Osten Sacken.) 
Order, Hymenoptera ; Family, Cyxipid.^. 

[Living in a large swelling on the roots of raspl)erry bushes ; 
small whitish footless grubs.] 

If one of these galls were to be cut open, it would be found 
to be composed of a yellowish pith^' substance, and scattered 
through it are a number of small cells, each containing a 
small white larva or grub. These soon change to pupse, 
which in turn produce the perfect flies ; and the latter gnaw 
their Avay out of the gall, leaving small holes to mark their 
places of exit.-s-C'ondensed from Saunders. 



CHAPTER CXXV. 

The Raspberry Borer. 

(Agrilus ritficolli><. — Fabricius. ) 

Order, Coeeoptera ; Family, Buprestid.e. 

[Living in the stems of raspberry and blackberry bushes, 
producing a gall-like swelling; a pale yellow footless grub. 



210 



INSECTS INFESTING THE RASPBERRY. 



which is finally transformed into a slender blackish beetle, 
with the head and thorax of a brilliant copper color.] 

The location of these borers in the canes may easily be detected 
by the gall-like swelling in the canes ; this swelling is about an 
inch long, and is very rough as compared with the rest of the 
cane. Occasionally several larvae will be found inhabiting the 
game gall, thus lengthening the latter and causing it to assume 
a very irregular shape. 

Fig.'197.— Raspberry Borer, en- 
larged ; b, the larva — color, yel- 
lowish ; a, the hind part of its 
body still more enlarged ; c, the 
beetle — colors, black and cop- 
pery-red. 

When fully grown, the larva 
(Fig. 1976) measures about seven 
lines in length, and is of a yel- 
lowish-white color ; the first segment behind the head is greatly 
dilated on each side, and the last segment is armed with two 
dark brown horns, each with three teeth on the inner edge. It 
assumes the pupa form within the gall in April or May, and 
the perfect beetle (Fig. 197c) issues in the course of a few weeks. 

This species has been reported to me as infesting the black- 
berry in this State, but I have not seen any specimens. 

Remedies. — Use No. 27, 28, 37, or 67. 




CHAPTER CXVI. 

The Raspberry Span worm. 
(Aplodes rubivora. — Riley.) 



Order, Lepidoptera ; Family, Phal.enid.e. 

[Feeding upon the leaves and fruit of the raspberry and 
blackberry ; a yellowish ten-legged span-worm, thinly covered 
with small spines, on which are usually affixed small pieces of 
leaves.] 



INSECTS INFESTING THE RASPBERRY. 



211 







Fig. 198. Fig. 198. — Rasp- 

benySpanworm and 
Moth ; a, the worm — 
color, yellowisli- 
gi'ay ; />, a segnient 
of its Ijody greatly 
e 11 1 n rged ; c, the 
moth — colors, green 
and white ; r/, two of 
its wings enlarged. 

Before pupating, 
thisAvorm(Fig.l98a) 
sjiins a loose cocoon 
in which to undergo 
its transforma- 
tions. 
The perfect moth (Fig. lOSc") expands about six lines, and 

is of a delicate green color, and all of the wings are crossed by 

two curved light colored lines. — Rile}'. 

Remedies. — When the cater])illars appear, spray Avith No. 

83 or No. 85. 





CHAPTER CXXVII. 

The Raspberry Leaf-roller. 

( Exartcina jicriii niidana. — Clemens. ) 

Synonym. — l\cr<qts/.s pcrmundana. — Clemens. 



Order, I.KriiiorTKHA ; Family, ToktkicidzE. 

[Living within a rolled leaf on raspberry, strawberry and 
various other plants ; a greenish worm with a black head.] 

Besides rolling up and devouring the leaves, this leaf-roller 
sometimes fastens several blossoms together with silken 
threads, afterwards feeding U})on them. It has nearly the 
same habits as the (rreater Leaf-roller (Chapter XL.) 



212 INSECTS INFESTING THE RASPBERRY. 

Fig. 199. — Raspberry Leaf-roller, nat- 
ural size and enlarged — colors, yellowish ,^5^^^,^^^^;,^-^ 
or brownish. 

The perfect moth (Fig. 199) has the. 
fore-wings yellowish, varied with brown 
streaks and patches. The caterpillar 
appears about the time the berry is in 
bloom. I have found the moth of this 
species, and also the nest of the larva, but have never found 
the larva. 

Remedies. — (See Remedies, Chapter XL.) 




CHAPTER CXXVIII. 

The Raspberry Aphis. 

( Siphono'phora rubi. — Kaltenbach. ) 

Order, Hemiptera ; ) -r, .-, . 

c, 1 1 TT ( F amily, Aphidid^e. 

Sub-order, Homoptera ; ) •" 

[Living on the stems and leaves of blackberry and rasp- 
berry bushes, which they puncture with their beaks and 
extract the sap; small, greenish plant-lice.] 

The wingless and winged lice of this species are almost 
entirely of a greenish color. — Prof. Thomas. 

Remedy. — Use No. 3, 4, 5, or 7. 



CHAPTER CXXIX. 

The Negro Bug. 
( Corimelsena pulicaria. — Germar.) 

Order, Hemiptera ; ) ^^^^.^ Scutellarid^. 

Sub-order, Homoptera \ ) -^ 

[Living upon the stems and fruit of the strawberry, rasp- 
berry, cherry, and quince ; a small black bug, with a white 
stripe on each side of the wing-covers.] 



INSECTS INFESTING THE RASPBERRY. 



213 



"These bugs puncture the young twig^; and fruit and imbibe 
the sap ; but the injury they occasion in this direction is as 
nothing compared to the effect which their presence has upon 
the fruit, as they exhale an offensive oder which renders the 
fruit upon which they congregate wholly unfit to be eaten ; 
besides this, their small size renders their detection very diffi- 
cult, so that a person is likely to get one or more of them into 
his mouth, along with the fruit, witliout being aware of it." — 
Riley. 

Fig. 200. — Negro Bug, natural size and 
magnified — colors, black and Avhite. 

The young bugs closely resemble the 
adults (Fig. 200), but are of a more brown- 
ish color and are entirely destitute of 
wings. 

I have a specimen found on the cherry 
that agrees with the above description, excepting stripes on 
the wing-case. It is probably a closely allied species, but I 
have found the genuine negro bug in Southern California, on 
purslane. 




INSECTS INFESTING THE BLACKBERRY. 



The Blackberry Cane-borer (pberea tri- 

punctata) 130 

The Blackberry Aphis (SipAa ruhifolii) 131 

The following- insects also infest the Black- 
be rr.y : 
The Kaspberry-root Borer (^Egeria ruhi). 



The Raspberry Borer (Agnhm ruficMis). ■ 
The Rose Scale (^Diaapis rosce). 
Tlie Snowy Tree Cricket ((Ecanthius nCveus). 
The Rcil-huniped Caterpillar (yutotlonta con- 

cinnn). 
The Raspberry Span-worm (Aplodes rubivora). 
The Raspbeny Apliis (Siphonophora rubi). 



CHAPTER CXXX. 



The Blackberry Cane-Borer. 



( Oberea trlpnurtata. — Fal)ricilis.) 
Order, Coleoptera ; Family, Cerambycid^. 

[Living within the stems of blackberry and raspberry bushes ; 
a yellow footless grub, transforming into a slender black long- 
horned beetle, having the tojj of the thorax yellowish, and usu- 
ally marked with two or three black dots.] 

Fig. 201. — Blackberry Cane-l;)orer — colors, black 
and yellowish. 

The perfect beetles (Fig. 201) appear in May or 
June. The female beetle, after gnawing two rings 
around the growing cane, punctures the latter be- 
tween the girdled rings, and deposits therein a single egg ; the 
grub which is produced from this egg burrows into the central 
pith, where it lives until reaching its full growth, when it 
forms a cell in its burroAV, and soon afterward assumes the 
pupa form ; in due time the pupa is transformed into the per- 
fect insect, or beetle, which gnaws its way out of the burrow. 

Remedies. — Use Nos. 60 and 66. 




INSECTS INFESTING THE BLACKBERRY. 215 

CHAPTER CXXXI. 

The Blackberry Aphis. (Cal.) 

( SipJui ruhifolii. — Thomas.) 

Order, Hemiptera ; } r^ -i a 

o , ' 1 TT [ Family, Aphidid.e. 

bub-order, Homoptera \S • ' 



hhl 



The measurements of insects in this \vorl< are given in inches and lines. The above cut rep- 
resents one inch divided into lines and fractions thereof. 

[Living on the underside of the leaves of blackberry bushes, 
which they puncture with their beaks and extract the sap ; 
small, black and green or pale green plant -lice. 
. The wingless lice are pale green, marked with a darker green, 
the head tinged with yellowish. The winged lice have the 
head and thorax black, and the abdomen colored as in the 
wingless lice. — Professor Thomas. 

PvEMEDiEs. — Use No. 4, 5, or 7 ; No. 3 will do if No. 4, 5, 
or 7 cannot be obtained. 



INSECTS INFESTING THE CURRANT. 



CHAP. 

The Currant Borer {^flgeria tipuliformis).132 
The American Currant-borer (Psenocerus 

supeniotattix) 133 

The Currant Mite (Tyroglyphus ribis) 134 

The Imported Currant-worm {Nematus 

ventrieoKUx) 135 

The Native Currant-worm (Pristophora 

grosgularice) 136 

The Currant Span-worm (Eufitchia nbe- 

aria) 137 



The Progne Butterfly (Graptaprogne) 138 

The Currant Ajjhis {Myzus nbis) 130 

The following insects also infest the Cur- 
rant : 

The Rose Scale (Diaspis rosce). 
The Lemon Peel Scale (Atipidiotus nerii). 
The Stalk Borer (Gw^yna nitela.) 
The Gooseberry Fruit-wonn (Pempelia gron- 

sularia.) 



CHAPTER CXXXII. 
The Currant Borer. (Cal.) 
(jEgeria tipuliforinis. — Linn. ) 
Order, Lepidoptera ; Family, iEoERiDiE. 

[Eating out the central pith of currant and gooseberry 
bushes ; a whitish sixteen-legged worm.] 

Among the numerous insect enemies of our small fruits, 
none are more widely distributed nor better known than the 
currant borers. 

The eggs from which these borers (Fig. 202) hatch are depos- 
ited near the buds, only one egg usually being consigned to a 
single plant. As soon as hatched, the young borer penetrates 
the stem to the pith, which it devours, forming a burrow seve- 
ral inches in length in the interior of the stem. As it increases 
in size it enlarges the hole communicating with its burrow, so 
as to admit of the more easy passage of its castings, which it 
pushes out of this opening. It reaches its full growth in the 
following Spring, and then measures a little over six lines in 
length. 



INSECTS INFESTING THE CURRANT. 



21' 




Fig. 202. — Currant Borer; upper ii{?. 2i)2. 

figure, the larva — color, white ; lower 
figure, the pupa — color, white. 

When about to assume pupa form 
(Fig. 202) this borer takes up a posi- 
tion near the opening of its burrow, 
and closes the burrow above and below 
it with its castings, and then spins 

around its bod}^ a silken cocoon. Soon after completing this 
task the borer is changed to a pupa, from which the perfect 
insect is evolved in the course of a week or so. The latter 
usually makes its appearance in April or May, and soon after- 
ward deposits its eggs. 

The fore-wings of the perfect moth (Fig. 203) expand about 
ten lines ; they are transparent, with the veins and margins 
black, and crossed near the middle with a black band ; at 
the tip of each wing is usually a black spot, which is more 
or less tinged with copper color ; the body is blue-black, with 
the edges of the collar and shoulder tuft, and three rings on 
the abdomen, golden yellow. 

Fig. 203. — Currant Borer (moth) — colors, 
blue-black and yellow. 

Remedies. — Use Nos. 60 and (36. In the 
latter part of April or early in May, spray 
with No. 5 or 7 ; use No. 3 or 4 if No. 5 or 7 
cannot be obtained. 



Fig. 203. 




CHAPTER CXXXIII. 

The American Currant-borer. 

(Psenocerus .supernotatus. — Say. ) 

Order, Coleoptera : Family, Cer.\mbvcid.e. 

[Living within the stems of currant bushes ; a whitish foot- 
less larva with a brown head.] 

" This larva feeds upon the pith until reaching its full 
growth, when it gnaws a hole to the bark ; it then retreats to 
15 



218 



INSECTS INFESTING THE CURRANT. 



Fig. 204. 



a short distance below it and forms a cell in which to undergo 
its transformations. It remains in its cell unchanged througli- 
out the Winter, and is changed to a pupa in the following 
Spring, the beetle issuing in April. 

Fig. 204. — American Currant-borer, en- 
larged — colors, brownish and white. 

This beetle (Fig. 204) is a little over two 
lines long, and is of a black color, with 
the margins of the thorax and wing-covers [ 
pale brown. Near the middle of each wing- " 
cover is a crescent-shaped white spot, and 
a short distance toward the base of the wing- 
cover from this are two yellowish or ash- 
gray spots. — Fitch. 

Remedies. — Use Nos. 60 and 66. 




CHAPTER CXXXIV. 

The Currant Mite. 
( Tyroglyphus rihis. — Fitch.) 



Class, Arachnida ; Family, Acarid^. 

[Living in the burrows of the currant-borers ; minute eight 
legged mites of a white color, and measuring scarcely one 
hundredth of an inch in length.] 

In specimens of currant stocks infested by borers sent me 
by Mr. W. H. Jessup, of Haywards, in September, 1880, he 
called my attention to nests of eggs in the debris left by the 
borer from which hatched mites. These are not true insects, 
but belong to the same class as the spiders, and are character- 
ized by having in the adult state four pair of legs, whereas no 
insect in the perfect state has more than three pairs. They 
belong to the same family as the itch-mites — minute creatures 
which live beneath the skin of man, producing that loathsome 
disease commonly known as the itch. 

The habits and economv of the currant mite have never 



INSECTS INFESTING THE CURRANT. 



219 



been studied up, and hence it is impossible to say whether it 
should be regarded as a beneficial or as an injurious insect. 

Another species belonging to the same genus — the phylloxera 
mite, tyroglyphus phylloxera; — Planchon and Riley — feeds in the 
early part of its existence upon partly decomposed vegetable 
and animal matter, Avhile later in life it preys upon the living 
phylloxerse or grape-root lice ; and so we may conclude that 
the currant mite is a friend and not a foe ; or at least that it is 
not destructive to living plants. 



CHAPTER CXXXV. 



The Imported Currant-worm. 

(Xe.iiia(ii-s centrlcosiis. — Klug.) 

Order, Hymexoptera; Family, Tenthredinidj:. 

[Feeding upon the leaves of currant and gooseberry bushes ; 
a naked green twenty-legged worm, marked witli black spots.] 

Fig. 205. ^^ig- 205.-Eggs of Im- 

ported Currant Saw-flies ; 
1, the eggs; 2 and 3, holes 
made in the leaf l»y tlie 
young worms. 

The eggs (Fig. 20.")) from 

^ _^ ^ which these worms hatch 

V~x^\]fi^ s j / f": 'I ^\/2^ ^^^ ^^^^ along the larger 

vx.', SX\L>'' Xm/-"^^ V / A veins on the underside of a 

leaf. In the course of eight 
or ten days these hatch into 
pale worms, having a large 
whitish head with a black 
spot on each side. After 
casting the skin the color 
becomes green, and the body is marked with numerous pol- 
ished black spots (Fig. 206) ; the head is also black. After 




220 



INSECTS INFESTING THE CURRANT. 



the last molt the black spots disappear, and the head becomes 
greenish, -vvith a dark spot on each side. 

Fig. 206. — Imported 
Currant Worms ; a, a 
and a, the worms of 
different sizes — colors, 
green and black ; fo, a 
segment of a worm's 
body enlarged. 

When fully grown 
they measure about 
nine lines in lengtli. 
They then desert the 
plants and hide them- 
selves beneath the 
leaves, or en te r the 
earth and spin their 
tough b r o w n i s h co- 
coons. At least two broods are produced in one season ; the 
last brood passing the Winter in their cocoons. 




Fig. 207. 



Fig. 207. — Imported Cur- 
rant Saw-flies — colors, yellow 
and black ; a, the male en- 
larged ; &, the female enlarged. 

The female fly (Fig. 2076) 
is of a bright honey-yellow — 
color, the top of the head and 
thorax marked with black ; the 
wings expand about six lines 
and are transparent with black 
veins. 

The male fly (Fig. 207a) dif- 
ers so much from the female 
as to be easily mistaken for 
a distinct species. It is black, 
with the top of the thorax 
marked with yellow, and the tip and the under side of the 
abdomen are marked with vellow. 




INSECTS INFESTING THE CURB ANT. 



221 



Fig. 208. 




Fig. 20S. — Ovipo.sitors of Saw- 
flies highly magnified ; a, ovipo.s- 
itor of willow saw-fly (N. salispo- 
muin) ; b, o\apositor of imported 
currant saw-fly. 

Remedies. — When the larva is 
noticed on the foliage, use No. 64 5 



No. 5 or No. 



Sec also No. SO. 



CHAPTER CXXXVl. 

The Native Currant Worm. 

(Prtstophora iiros.-fnlnrin . — Walsh.) 

Order. Hy.mkxopteka ; Family. Tenthredinid.e. 

[Feeding upon the leaves of currant and gooseberry bushes ; 
a naked green twenty-legged larva or worm.] 

Fig. 209.-Native Cur- 
rant Worm and Fly ; a, 
the worm — color, 
green ; h, the fly — col- 
ors, black and yellow- 
ish. 

When fully grown 
(Fig. 209a) this worm 
measures about six 
lines in lengtli ; it then spins a tough cocoon in some sheltered 
place, usually among the leaves of the plant it infests. 

Two broods are usually produced in one season, and the 
second brood are changed to flics (Fig. 209ft) in the Fall. The 
latter deposit their eggs upon the twigs, and these eggs do not 
hatch until the following Spring. 

The wings of the perfect fly expand from four to six lines ; 
the body is black, and the thorax is marked with pale yellow- 
ish. — Riley, ninth Missouri Report. 

Remedies. — When the larvae appear on the foliage, use No. 
64, No. o or No. 7. See also No. 80. 




222 



INJECTS INFESTING THE CURRANT. 



CHAPTER CXXXVII. 

The Currant Span-worm. 

(Eujitchia ribearia. — Fitch. ) 

Synonym. — Abraxas, or Ellopia ribearia. 

Order, Lepidoptera ; Family, Phal.enid^. 



1 1 1 1 11 1 iT 1 1 hill 

[The measurements of insects in this work are given in inches and lines. The above cut rep- 
resents one inch divided into lines and fractions thereof.] 

[Feeding upon the leaves of currant and gooseberry bushes ; 
a whitish ten-legged span-worm, marked with yellow stripes 
and numerous black spots.] 

Fig. 210. — Currant Fig- 210. 

Span-worms and Pupa; 
a and b, the Vorms in 
different positions — col- 
ors, yellow and black ; c, 
the pupa — color, brown. 

This span-worm (Fig. 
210, a and b), when fully 
grown, measures a little 
over an inch in length, 
is of a whitish color, spot- 
ted with black, a n d 
marked with a yellow 
stripe on the l:)ack and a 
similar one on each side 
of the body ; the under 
side of the l.)ody is also 
white, and has a yelloAV 
line in the middle. When 
al)out to pupate, it deserts the bushes and creeps beneath the 
fallen leaves, etc., or enters the earth and forms a small cell 
in Avhich to undergo its transformations. (Fig. 210c.) 




INSECTS INFESTING THE CURRANT. 223 

Fig. 211. Fig. 21 1 .—Currant Span-worm Moth 

(female) — colors, yellow and leaden. 

The wings of the perfect moth (Fig. 
211) expands about an inch, are of a 
pale yellowish color, marked with sev- 
eral dusky spots. 

This moth appears in June or July, 
and deposits her eggs u})on the stalks of the currant and 
gooseberry bushes ; these eggs do not hatch until the following 
Spring, there being but one brood of these insects produced 
in one year. 

Remedies. — AVhen the larvre appear on the foliage, use No. 
64 or No. 5, or No. 7. See, also, No. 80. 




CHAPTER CXXXVIII. 

The Progne Butterfly. (Cal.) 

( Grapta progne. — Fabricius. ) 

Order, Lepidoptera ; Family, Nymphalid^. 

[Feeding upon the leaves of the currant and gooseberry 
bushes ; a grayish sixteen-legged caterpillar, thinly covered 
with whitish spines tipped with black.] 

When fully grown, this caterpillar measures about one inch 
and three lines in length ; the body is marked with alternate 
black and white bands, and on each side are two rows of yel- 
low spots. When about to pupate, it suspends itself by the 
hind feet. 

The pui)a or chrysalis is pale l)ro\vn, faintly clouded on the 
sides with olive-brown, and the abdomen is broadly striped 
with the same color on the back and sides ; across the middle 
of the back is a deep depression, on each side of which are two 
silvery spots. 

The fore-wings of the butterfly expand about one inch and 
ten lines, are of a reddish-brown color, marked with black 
spots; the outer edges of the wings are scolloped ; the under 



224 INSECTS INFESTING THE CURRANT. 

side of the wings is blackish-gray, paler at the tips, and on 
each hind wing is a silvery character, resembling the letter L- 
Remedies. — When the caterpillars appear on the foliage, use 
No. 64, or No. 5, or No. 7. See No. 80. 



CHAPTER CXXXIX. 

The Currant Aphis. (Cal.) 

(Myzus ribis. — Linnseus.) 

Order, Hemiptera; ) ,-, .. .„„,^,^_ 
o 1 ' -I XT c i^ amily, Aphidid^. 

Sub-order, Homoptera ;) -^ ' 

[Living on the under side of the leaves of currant and goose- 
berry bushes, which they puncture with their beaks and extract 
the sap ; small green or yellowish plant-lice.] — Thomas. 

Remedies. — Use No. 64, or No. 5, or No. 7 ; Nos. 3 or 4 will 
give good results. 



INSECTS INFESTING THE GOOSEBERRY. 



CHAP. 

The Frosted Le&{-hopper(Pcecilopterapru- 
inosa) 140 

The Gooseberry Fruit Worm (Penipelia 
grossulariie j 141 

The Gooseberry Midge (Cccidomyia gros- 
sularice 142 

The following insects also infest the Goose- 
berrj- : 



The Currant Borer (^f'^gei-ia Hpub'formi^). 
The Imported Currant Worm (Xematus ven 

tricosus). 
The Native Currant Worm (Pristopliora grog- 

xularice.) 
The Currant Span Worm (Eufitchia ribearia). 
The Progne Butterfly (ijraptu progne). 
The Currant Aphis (Myzua rihiKi. 



CHAPTEE CXL. 

The Frosted Leaf-hopper. (Cal.) 

( PcecHoptera praiuoxd. — Say.) 

Order, Hemiptera ; ^ F '1 F • 

Sub-order, Homoptera ; \ ^^^^ ^' 

[Puncturing and sucking the juices of the leaves and tender 
shoots of gooseberry bushes and the rhubarlj plant ; a small 
four-winged moth-like insect of a dusky bluish color, covered 
with a white meah' powder.] 

This insect (Fig. 212) measures about four lines in length, 
and when at rest holds its wings slanting over the back like a 
steep roof. 

Fig. 212. Fig. 212. Fig. 213. 

— Frosted 
Leaf- hop- 
per enlarg- 
ed — color, dull leaden or 
pale green. 

Fig. 213. — Eggs of Frosted Leaf-hopper ; a, the eggs higlily 
magnified — color, yellow ; h, the same in the twig, highly mag- 
nified ; c, the same in a twig, natural size. 





226 



INSECTS INFESTING THE GOOSEBERRY. 



The female deposits her eggs (Fig. 213) in acontinuous sht 
in a twig of a tree or shrub, placing them upon one side, end 
to end. The young leaf-hopper is of the same general form 
as the adult, but is destitute of wings. It is covered with a 
cottony matter which envelopes the entire body, excepting the 
head. » 

I have found these insects on rhubarb in May. 

Remedies. — Use No. 28, No. 5 or No. 7. 



CHAPTER CXLI. 

The Gooseberry Fruit-worm. (Cal.) 

( Pempelia grossiiJa rue. — Packard. ) 

Order, Lepidoptera ; Family, Pyralid.^. 

[Eating out the interior of currants and gooseberries ; a 
pale green worm.] 

Fig. 214.-Gooseberry Fruit- Fig. 214. 

worms — color, green. 

The caterpillar (Fig. 214) 
after eating out the interior of 
one berry will fasten a neigh- 
boring one to it with silken 
threads, and in this way whole 
bunches of currants or goose- 
berries are sometimes Avebbed 
together, and will have nothing left of them except the empty 
hulls. After reaching its full growth this worm deserts the 
plants and enters the earth, where it forms a small cell in 
which to undergo its transformations. Only one brood is pro- 
duced in a season, and these pass the Winter in the pupa state. 

Fig. 215. — Gooseberry Fruit-worm 
Moth and Cocoon ; at the left the co- 
coon — color, grayish-brown ; at the right 
the moth — color, gray. 

The fore-wings of the perfect moth 
(Fig. 215) expand nearly an inch ; are 
of a pale gray color, and marked with transverse white and 




Fig. 215. 




INSECTS INFESTING THE GOOSEBERRY. 227 

dark lines. I have found the caterpillar and pupa of this 
insect, but failed to raise the perfect moth. 

Remedy. — Use No. 28. Pick off and destroy all infested fruit, 
in addition to gathering the larva^. 



CHAPTER CXLII. 
The Gooseberry Midge. (Cal.) 
(Cecidomyia grossularix — Fitch.) 
Order, Dipteha ; Family, Tipt'ijp.e. 

[Living in gooseberries, causing them to turn prematurely 
red and to decay; a bright yellow footless maggot. J 

The midge which produce these maggots quite closely 
resembles a mosquito ; it is only about one line to the end of 
the closed wings, and is of a pale yellow color, the eyes black, 
the legs yellow and dusky, and the wings are transparent and 
faintly tinged with dusky. 

This midge or fly punctures the young gooseberries and 
deposits therein one or more eggs. The maggots hatched 
from these eggs are entirely destitute of feet, and are of a 
bright yellow color. They assume the pupa form within the 
berries; the latter usually become prematurely red, and dro]) 
to the ground sometime previous to this. 

The only remedy which suggests itself is to gather up and 
destroy the fallen fruit shortly after it falls, or before the 
maggots have completed their transformations and escaped. 

Remedies as above, and when the fruit is fully formed use 
No. 5 or 7, and repeat in two weeks. 



INSECTS INFESTING THE STRAWBERRY. 



CHAP. 

The Strawberry Crown-borer (Analcis 

fragarice) 143 

The Brown Strawberry Weevil {Listronntus 

nevadicus) 144 

The Strawberry Worm (Emphytus niacu- 

latus) 145 

The Strawberry Leaf-roller (Anchylopera 

fragarice) 146 



The following insects also infest the Straw- 
berry: 

Crane Flies iTipula). 
The Peach Moth (Anarsia lineatella). 
The Negro Bug (Corimelcena pulicaria). 
The Raspberry Leaf-roller (Exartema per- 

nmndana). 



CHAPTER CXLIII. 



The Strawberry Crown-borer. 

(Analcis fragarife, — Riley. ) 

Order, Coleoptera; Family, Cukculionid^. 

[Living in the roots of strawberry plants ; a whitish curved 
grub or larva, about two lines long, with the head yellow ; 
finally changing into a chestnut-brown snout-beetle.] 

Fig. 216. — Strawberr}^ 
^^" ^ ■ Crown-borer ; a, the lar- 

V a, enlarge d — c o 1 o r, 
white ; 6, the beetle, side 
view, enlarged ; c, the 
same, back view, en- 
larged — color, chestnut- 
_ brown. 

r ^ \ The egg from which 
this grub (Fig. 216a) hatches is probably laid upon the crown 
of the plant, and as soon as hatched the grub burrows down- 
ward into the pith. Here it remains until it has acquired its 
full growth, working in the thick, bulbous root ; it undergoes 




INSECTS INFESTING THE STRAWBERRY. 229 

its transformations to the pupa and perfect beetle state within 
the roots, and the beetle (Fig. 216c) makes its appearance 
above ground in the month of August. — Riley. 

I have not found this species in this State, although I hesi- 
tate to say that it is not here. I have found grubs in straw- 
berry plants w^hich I supposed to belong to this species, but I 
did not succeed in rearing the perfect insect. 

Remedy. — Use No. 104. 



CHAPTER CXLIV. 

The Brown Strawberry Weevil. (Cal.) 
(Listroitotas nevadicuti. — LeConte.) 

Order, Coleoptera ; Family. Curculioxid^. 

[A small snout-beetle feeding on strawberry and cherry 
leaves, also eating into the crown of strawberry plants.] 

This species was found, last Summer, eating the leaves and 
also the crown of the strawberry plants ; it also eats cherry 
leaves. The fruit grower sending the specimens writes : 

" I found this weevil on a strawberry patch ; it eats the 
leaves, making them appear like lace work, and it also eats 
into the heart of the plant. I have also found it eating cherry 
leaves. In the daytime it hides in crevices in the bark of trees 
or in the ground under the strawberry plants ; it is a night 
feeder." 

This beetle (Fig. 127, Plate 3,) measures from two and a 
quarter to two and one half lines in length ; is of a reddish- 
brown color, mottled with yellow, whitish or light markings 
on each side of the thorax and the outer base of the wing- 
cases, also at the apex of the wing cases ; inner edges of the 
latter bordered with black. From the fact that the larva? of 
this group of insects usually live on the roots of plants, it is 
probable that the larvae of this species live in the roots of 
strawberry plants. 

Remedy. — Use Xo. 105. 



230 



INSECTS INFESTING THE STRAWBERRY. 



CHAPTER CXLV 



The Strawberry Worm. 

(Emphytus inaculatns — Norton.) 



Order, Hymenoptera ; Family, TeiXthredinid.e. 

[Feeding upan the leaves of strawberry plants; a naked 
dirty -yellowish worm, which is provided with twenty-two legs.] 
The eggs (Fig. 218, 9,) from Avhich these worms hatch are 
deposited in the stems of the plants ; this operation is per- 
formed by the female fly by means of a saw-like instrument 
with which all the flies belonging to this family are provided. 
When fully grown the worms (Fig. 218, 4,) measures about 
six lines in length ; they then enter the earth and form small 
cells in which to undergo their transformations. Two broods 
are usually produced in one season, and the last brood remain 
in their cells unchanged until the following Spring. 

Fig. 218.— Straw- 
berry Worm, Pupa, 
Fly, etc. ; 1, the 
pupa, enlarged, ven- 
tral view ; ^, the 
same, side view — 
color, greenish- 
white ; -i, the fly, 
enlarged (the wings 
on one side not rep- 
resented) — c o 1 o rSj 
black and dirty 
white ; S, her an. 
tenntTe, greatly en- 
larged ; 0, the fly with its wings closed ; 6", the worm at rest ; 
4, the same extended — color, dirty yellow ; 7, the cocoon ; 9, 
the egg, magnified — color, white. 

The perfect flies (Fig. 218, S and 5,) are deep black, with 
two rows of dirty white spots on the abdomen ; the wings are 




INSECTS INFESTING THE STRAWBERRY. 231 

transparent, and expand about six lines. — Rile3''s Ninth 
Missouri Report. 

Remedy. — If the plant is bearing fruit, use No. 19, or spray 
with No. 83 or 85. 



CHAPTER CXLVI. 

The Strawberry Leaf-roller. 

( Anchylopera fragarue — Riley.) 

Syxonym. — Pho.ropteri.s fragarin'. — W. and R. 

Order, Leptdoptera ; Family, Tortrioid.e. 

[Rolling up and feeding upon the leaves of the strawberry ; 
a yellowish or greenish brown caterpillar about four lines long, 
with a yellowish-brown head having a black spot on each side.] 

This caterpillar (Fig 219a) feeds npon the upper surface of 
the leaf, giving the latter the appearance of having been 
scorched. It pupates within its nest, and the moth (Fig. 219c) 
which issues a few weeks later has the head, thorax and fore- 
wings reddish-brown, the latter streaked and spotted with 
bla^k and white. It expands about six lines. 

Fig. 219.— Strawberry p. g^^ 

Leaf-roller ; a, the cater- 
pillar — color, dull olive- 
green ; h, head and first 
four segments of its 
body, enlarged ; f/, two 
last segments of its 
body, enlarged; c, the moth enlarged — colors, reddish-brown, 
black and white. 

There are two broods of these leaf-rollers each season, the 
last brood passing the Winter in the pupa state. 

I have found a small caterpillar on the strawberry leaves 
similar to that described here, but failed to rear the perfect 
insect, and therefore cannot say to what species it belonged. 

Remedy. — Use No. 24. 




INSECTS INFiiSTING THE WALNUT TREE. 



The Walnut Scale (AtipidioHis juglans- 
regice) 147 



The following insects also infest the Walnut 
tree : 



The Red Scale {Aspidiolus aurantii). 

The Yellow-necked Caterpillar (Da^ana min- 

intra). 
The Fall Web-worm {Hyphantria textor\. 
The Tussock Moth (Orygia leucostigma). 



CHAPTER CXLVII. 

The Walnut Scale. (Cal.) 

{Aspidiotus juglans-regise. — Comstock. ) 

Order, Hemiptera ; ^ tti -i ri 

oil TT . Family, Coccid^. 

Sub-order, Homoptera ; y *" 

[A grayish-brown scale, infesting the walnut tree.] 
Mr. Alexander Craw, of Los Angeles, sent me specimens of 
this scale in 1881. I have examined several trees infested by 
this species of scale, and find that they spread rapidly on the 
bark of the limbs and branches. 

NATURAL HISTORY. 

The female scale measures one line in diameter — color, gray- 
ish-brown : form — circular, or slightly elliptical ; exuviae or 
larval skin on one side of the center, giving the shell in some 
cases the appearance of a cockle shell. The scale of the 
male is similar in form to the male of the red scale, and is of 
the same color as the female scale, which is 'grayish-brown. 
The female is pale yellow, with golden colored spots ; when 
matured she is of a rich amber color. This species infests the 
limbs and branches. I have a specimen of a limb over two 
inches in diameter, the bark of which is entirely covered by 
this pest. 

Remedies. — Use No. 11, 12 or 13, when the tree is dormant • 
or No. 4 in Summer. 



INSECTS INFESTING THE CHESTNUT TREE. 



The Brown Chestnut Bud Beetle {Pitiiophlhonix pubipennix) Chap. 148 



CHAPTER CXLVTII. 

The Brown Chestnut Bud Beetle. (Cal.) 

(_PityopJtt}ionis jiif^ipciiivix. — Leconte.) 

Order, Coleoptera ; Family, Scolytid.^5. 

[A small dark-l)rown beetle eating into the base of the bnds 
of chestnut trees, especially the variety known as the Italian 
chestnut.] 

Last year (1882), specimens were received of branches (Fig. 
220, Plate 3,) of chestnut trees, the buds of which were infested 
by a small l)eetle. The beetle (Fig. 221, Plate 3,) measured 
from three fourths of a line to one line in length, and is not 
half as wide as long — color, dark-brown ; and as its specific 
name, puhiiJennis, indicates, the wing-cases are covered with a 
fine hairy-like rl own. 

The perfect insect infests the bud at the base of the outer 
side, and eats into the heart, entirely destroying it, as only the 
outer shell remains. This beetle is probably a native species, 
as Dr. Leconte found it twenty years ago in this State, living 
under the l»ark of oak trees. It is also found feeding on the 
oaks in the vicinity where it is found feeding in the buds of 
chestnut trees. This species hibernates in the perfect state, as 
I found the beetles in buds last March in a semi-dormant con- 
dition. I am not aware that tlie larv:c have l)een found upon 
the chestnut. 

Remedies. — Use No. 67. No. 11 or 12 ; or No. 13 — five pounds 
of the mixture to each six gallons of water used. These 
solutions should be used when the tree is dormant. 
16 



INSECTS INFESTING THE ALMOND TREE. 



The Red Spider (Tetranychus telarius) 149 

The Almond Ai)his (A2jhi!t amygdali) 150 



The following- insects also infest the Almond 
tree: 



The Greedy Scale {Aspidiotus rapax). 

The Branch and Twig-bnrrower {Polyeaon 

corafertus). 
The Buffalo Tree-hopper (Ceresa bubalas). 
The Yellow Mite. 



CHAPTER CXLIX. 

The Red Spider. (Cal.) 

( Tet ran cli us ielarius. — Linn . ) 

Class, Arachnida : } -n^ -i m 

Q, 1 1 . ' Family, TROMBiDiDiE. 

!Mib-class, AcARiNA ; ) ■" 

[A small red mite, infesting the trunk, limbs, and foliage of 
fruit trees and nursery stock, and also garden and hot-house 
plants.] 

The red mite (Fig. 222), connnonly called the "red spider," 
may be said to be a universal pest of the orchard, garden and 
hot-house, and has been allowed to spread to an alarming 
extent in orchards in this State. Although a fqeder on nearly 
all varieties of deciduous fruit trees, and also on citrus trees, 
the almond seem to be the worst infested by this species. 

Fig. 222. — lied Spider, adult — color, reddish. Fig. 222. 

The perfect mites have eight legs ; form, 
ovate ; length, one sixtieth of an inch ; color, \ \ 
various, sometimes brick-red, rust-red, or 
greenish, dotted with red ; head, yellowish. 

The egg when first exposed is colorless, but 
changes to a bright red ; in form it is round, 
and measures one one-hundred-and-fortieth of 
an inch in diameter. 

I have no reason to change my opinion ex- 
pressed in 1881, in my " Insects Injurious," etc., that the female 




INSECTS INFESTING THE ALMOND TREE. 



235 



does not deposit tlie egga, but at auiturity I'asten.s lu-rsell" to 
the bark or leaf and dies ; the covering is removed from the 
body by the males, exposing from fifteen to twenty whitish 
eggs. I have counted one hundred and twenty-seven female 
bodies fastened by the anterior part to the bark, and have also 
noticed the male insects removing the skin of the (lead females, 
and in this way exposing the eggs. 



Fig. 223. 




Fig. 223. — Larva of Red Spider, enlarged 
— color, bright red. 

The young mite, when first hatched from 
the egg, has only six legs (Fig. 228) ; in a 
few daj'S a film seems to cover the body, 
and from this emerges the perfect mite, 
having eight legs. (Fig. 222.) 
The injury done by this species is principally on the fruit 
buds, blossoms, and on the leaves ; they eat the epidermis or 
skin of the latter, and also cover them with a fine web, caus- 
ing them to wither and fall off. The trunk, liml)S and branches 
of trees seriously infested by this mite appear of a reddish 
color ; this is from being covered by a multitude of the eggs of 
these mites. (Fig. 224.) 

Fig. 224. — Portion of a twig infested l)y Red 
Spiders. 

In some cases wliere not seriously infested, it 
has the appearance of Ijeing covered with iron 
rust. 

When this species first attack a tree tlie mites 
are generally found around the bud and new 
foliage. 

The red spider is also occasionally found on 
trees infested by scale insects. 
Remedy. — Use No. 84. 



Fig. 224. 




236 



INSECTS INFESTING THE ALMOND TREE. 



CHAPTER CL. 

The Almond Aphis. (Cal.) 
(Aphis amygdaU. — Blanch. ) 



Order, Hemiptera ; 
Sub-order, Homoptera ; 



Family, Aphidid^. 



[Living upon the under side of the leaves of almond and 
peach trees, causing them to become crisp and wrinkled, by 
puncturing them with their beaks and extracting the sap ; 
small green plant-lice.] (Fig. 225.) 



Fig. 225. 




Fig. 225. — Plant Lice (Aphis) highly magnified — color, green. 
Remedies. — Use No. 5 or 7 ; No. 3 or 4 Avill give good results 
if No. 5 or 7 cannot be had. 



NSFXTS INFHSTIXG THE 



lbi^:r'i 



Til 



e Kilhert Scale ( Lecanmin heiniKpha'ricum't Chap 151 



CHAPTER CLI. 

The Filbert Scale. ^Cal.) 

(Lecanium henuHphiericum. — Targioni. ) 

Order, Hemipteea ; ) r^ ^^ ^, 

Sub-order, Homoptera; j family, Coccid.e. 

[A dark-brown hemispherical scale insect, or bark-louse, 



feeding upon the tilbert and 
orange trees, and on the 
oleander and other orna- 
mental trees.] ' 

I take the liberty of desig- 
nating this species as the 
"Filbert Scale" so as to 
distinguish it from the soft 
orange scale {L. hespcri- 
chim) on account of the 
similiarity of their techni- 
cal names. 

Fig. 226.— Filbert Scale ; 
•■?, leaves infested by this 
scale ; 3a, the adult female, 
enlarged — color, brown. 

The filbert scale (Fig. 
226, Ja,) when full grown is 
of a dark brown color, 
hemispherical in form, and 
measuring one and three- 
quarters lines in length ; 
width, one and a half lines ; 



Fig. 226. 




MoanxM 



238 INSECTS INFESTING THE FILBERT. 

height, varying, but about one line. The size of the branch 
on which the insect locates sometimes alters or changes its 
form ; if the branch is small, the flattened edge of the insect 
will spread doAvnward, clasping the branch or twig, thus giv- 
ing the insect an elongated and narrowed appearance, different 
from those located on a fiat surface or leaf. 

NATURAL HISTORY. 

Eggs — length, one eighty fifth of an inch ; width, one half 
of the length ; color, pinkish. From seventy to one hundred 
are laid by each female. Larva — color, reddish ; length, one 
seventy fifth of an inch; antennae, seven jointed; anal setae 
present. 

The females of this species (Fig. 226, 3a — enlarged), like 
other Lecaniums, have the power of locomotion until they 
become fixed to the plant. When young they are of a reddish 
color, changing to a light brown, and finally becoming 
a dark brown color when they reach maturity. They infest 
the filbert and orange, also the oleander and other ornamental 
trees. They can be readily distinguished from the black scale 
(L. olem) by the aljsence of the carina or ridge, forming the 
letter H on the back. 

Remedies. — Use the same as for the black scale on decidu- 
ous trees. (Chapter LXXXIV.) 



INSECTS INFESTING THE EliCALYPTUS TREE. 



The following insects infest the Eucalyptus Tree, and are 
treated of in another part of this work : 

The San Jose Scale (A^pidintitJf 'pernicioiiuii). \ The Greedy Scale (Aspidinlvs rapax). 



INSECTS INFESTING THH LOCUSl 



CHAP. 

The Legged Locust Borer (Xyleutic< rub- 
inice) 152 



The following insects also infest the Locust 
Tree: 
The Greedy Scale (Aspidiotus rapax). 



The Legless Locust Borer (CTi/tjfsroMmceJ. 153 | The Elm and Locust Scale. 



The measurements of insfects in this work are given in inches and lines. The above cut rep- 
resents one inch divided into lines and fractions thereof. 

CHAPTER CLII. 
The Locust Carpenter Moth, or the Legged Locust Borer. (Cal) 
{XylcAifuH robliiise. — Peck.) 
Order, Lepidoptera ; Family, Bombycid.e. 

[Living in the trunks and larger limbs of locust, willow and 
oak trees ; a greenish-white, sixteen legged worm. J 

The common names given to this borer, "Legged, etc.," are 
to distinguish it from the grub of Chjtus rohinhv, Avhich also 
infests locust trees and is destitute of legs. 

Fig. 227. 




Fig. 227. — Legged Locust Borer; the full grown caterpillar 
— color, greenish-white, with a tinge of pink or yellow. 

This borer (Fig 227) keeps its burrow open, and not packed 
full of woody fibres as many other borers are known to do. 



240 



INSECTS INFESTING THE LOCUST TREE. 



When about to pupate it spins a cocoon in the lower part of 
its burrow, and before the perfect moth emerges the pupa 
works itself up to and partially out of the opening of its bur- 
row, and while in this position the moth (Fig. 228) makes its 
escape. 

Fig. 228.— Lo- Fig. 228. 

cust Carpenter 
Moth (female) — 
colors, gray and 
black. 

The sexes differ 
widely from each 
other, both in 
size and color. 
The female is 
the largest, ex- 
panding from 

two inches to two inches and six lines ; the wings are gray, 
dotted with Ijlack and marked with a network of black lines. 

The male moth expands only about an inch and six lines ; 
the wings are darker than those of the female, and there is a 
large yellow spot on each hind wing. This species is very 
destructive to locust trees. 

Remedy. — Use No. 37. 




CHAPTER CLIII. 
The Legless Locust Borer. (Cal.) 
( Clytus rubinix. — Forster.) 
Order, Coleopteka ; Family, Cekambycid^e. 



[Boring into the trunks and branches of the locust tree; a 
nearly footless whitish grub, about one inch long and as thick 
as a goose-quill.] 

When young this borer lives in the sap-wood, but as it 
grows longer it burrows into the solid wood, perforating it in 
every direction. At first it casts its chips out of the opening 



INSECTS INFESTING THE LOCUST TREE. 241 

of its burrow, which finally becomes packed full of the coarse 
and fibrous parts of the wood. It assumes the pupa form in 
its burrow, and the beetle issues late in July or early in August. 
Fig. 229. — Legless Locust Borer (the beetle) — 
colors, yellow and black. 

This beetle (Fig. 229) is of a lihick color and is 
marked with several transverse and oblique yellow 
lines; it is sometimes very destructive to locust 
trees. 
Remedy. — Use No. 37. 




INSECTS INFESTING THE WILLOW 



CHAT. 

The Weeping Willow Borer (S'iapteron ro- 

hinke) 1 54 

Tlie Willow Scale (AxpidiMun convexus). . .155 
The San Bernardino Willow Scale (Ai<pidi- 
otus ortholobus) 156 



The followinj? insects also infest the Willow: 
The Legged Locust Borer (Xi/ltittiij> robinim). 
The Greedy Scale (Aspidiotiis rapax). 
The Steel-blue Flea-beetle {HaUica chalyhea). 



CHAPTER CLIV. 

Weeping Willow Borer. (Cal.) 

( Sciaptcron robin ise. — Edwards. ) 

Order, Lepidoptera ; Family, tEgeridjE. 

[A yellowish-white sixteen-legged larva, about one inch in 
length, boring into the wood of the weeping willow, locust and 
Cottonwood.] 

In September, 1882, I was requested to examine a number 
of weeping willows planted for ornamental purposes near a 
residence. I found them so infested by the larva (Fig. 230, 
Plate 3.) of a moth that I recommended tliev be cut down 
wdiich was immediately done. The wood of the stems was 
thoroughly burrowed. I found a number of larvfe, and one 
pupa. On the 30th of September the perfect insect emerged 
from the pupa. At the present time, June 9th, one of the 
larva? found is spinning a cocoon ; it is evidently about to 
undergo its changes. The perfect insect (Fig. 231, Plate 3,) is 
about nine lines long ; spread of wings, about one inch and 
two lines ; color, head dark-brown ; palpi, dark-orange ; anten- 
nae, yellowish-red ; thorax, dark brown, with a narrow yellow 
marginal line around the upper surface ; tirst segment of abdo- 
men, dark brown ; second segment, yellow ; third and fourth 
segments, dark brown ; all the segments posterior to the fourth 



INSECTS INFESTING THE WILLOW. 243 

are yellow ; anal segment slightly tufted ; fore-wings, brick 
red, with black veins ; hind-wings clear, transparent, the 
inner edge bordered with a narrow brown band, yellow at the 
base ; legs yellowish red. Pupa — color, dark amber. Larva — 
length, one inch; color, pale yellowish; second segment, yel- 
loAvish; head yellowish-red; mouth part dark brown; about 
six fine yellowish hairs on each segment, growing on as many 
wart-like spots ; spiracles small, round, and of a light-broAvn 
color ; true legs light-brown ; pro-legs re])resented by eight 
rings of hooks. This species is found in localities one hun- 
dred and fifty miles apart. This species also infest the locust 
tree. 

Note. — Since writing the above the perfect insect has emerged 
from the pupa of the above mentioned larva. It proved to be 
a specimen of the Sciapteron rohinix of Edwards. (July 13.) 

Remedy. — Use No. 37. 



CHAPTER CLV. 

The Willow Scale. (Cal.) 
{AspidiotiiA< co)ive.riif<. — Oomstock.) 



Order, Hemipteka ; / 

Sub-order, Homopteha ; \ 



Familv, Cocoid^. 



[A species of scale insect infesting willows.] 

This species resembles tlie gi-eedy scale < A. rapax) in 
appearance, and it is only by scientists that a distinction can 
be made. I think it bcN'ond question that tliis species will 
spread on cultivated trees, especially the apple and pear. 

Near the city of Los Angeles, the orchards of McKinlay 
Brothers and ^Ir. Kieser were protected by over two miles of 
wind breaks made l)y planting willows, which forn^ed an excel- 
lent protection from the winds and supplied a large quantit}' 
of firewood annually. Two years ago it was noticed that the 
fruit — apples and pears — Avas seriously infested by the A. con- 
vezus. It was found that the willows were also infested Ijy the 
same spe>^ies. I advised the digging out of the willows, which 



244 INSECTS INFESTING THE WILLOW. 

was done, and the wind breaks replaced by planting eucalyp- 
tus trees. Last year there was no scale on the fruit. 
Remedies. — Same as for San Jose scale, Chapter XX. 



CHAPTER CLVI. 

The San Bernardino Willow Scale. (Cal.) 

( Chionaspis orfhalohis. — Comstock.) 

Order, Hemiptera ; } -c^ ■-, n 

Q 1 ' 1 TT I' amilv, CocciD^. 

bub-order, Homoptera ; ) -^ ' 

[A scale insect found on the willows at San Bernardino, 
Cal.] 

Prof. Comstock found this species on willows, and described 
it as follows : " Color white, about one line in length. The 
body of the female is dark purple ; eggs dark purple. This 
species infests chiefly the bark of the small whip-like limbs 
which spring from the trunk of the trees." 

Remedies. — Same as for San Jose scale, Chapter XX. 



INSECTS INFESTING THE POPLAR AND COTTONWOOD 



The following insects infest the poplar and Cottonwood, and 
are treated of in another part of this work : 

The San Jose Scale (Asfidiotus pemiciosus). \ The Legged Locust-Borer {Xyleutus robinice). 



INSECTS INFESTING THE ELM. 



CHAP. 

The Elm and Locust Scale 157 



The Semicolon Butterfly (Grapta interroga 
tionis), also infests the elm. 



CHAPTER CLVII. 

The Elm and Locust Scale (Cal.l 



(Lecaniiiin Sp?) 



Order, Hemiptera ; 
Sub-order, Homoptera 



Family, Coccid^. 



Fig. 230. 



[A dark brown scale insect infesting the elm and locust trees.] 
Fig. 280. — Elm and Locust Scales — color, 
brownish-black. 

This species is found on the elm trees, espe- 
cially the cork elm, and also on the locust trees — 
varieties, honey locust and Chinese locust ; they 
infest the branches (Fig. 230) and leaves. 

The female scale is of a dark-brown color, 
ovate in form, and measures three lines in 
length, two and one quarter lines in width, and 
nearly two lines in height. This 
scale differs from the black scale 
(Chapter LXXXIV) and filbert 
scale, in the form being conical (Fig. 230). 

Fig. 231. — Larva of Elm and Locust Scale 
enlarged — color, reddish-yellow. 

Larva (Fig. 231) — length, one ninetieth of 
an inch ; form, elongate-ovoid. Eggs — color 
yellowish-white, from two hundred to three 
hundred being produced by each female. 

Remedies. — Same as for black scale. Chap- 
ter LXXXIV. 





INSECTS INFESTING THE OAK. 



The Acorn Moth (Holocera glandulclla) . . .158 

The following insects also infest the Oak: 
The Legged Locust Borer {Xyleutas robinice). 
The Forest Tent Caterpillar (ClUiocampa syl- 

vaticu). 



The Fall Web Worm {Hijphantna textor). 
The Yellow-necked Caterpillar (Datuna iiivti- 

Utra\. 
The Tussock Moth (Urygia leucostUjma). 



CHAPTER CLVIIl. 

The Acorn Moth. (Cal.) 

(Holocera (/landuleUa. — Riley. j 

Order, Lepidoptera ; Family, TiNEic^i. 

[Living ill acorns ; a yellowish or grayish-white sixteen- 
legged caterpillar, from three to six lines long.] 

This caterpillar (Fig. 232a) is supposed to infest onh' those 
acorns which have been infested by some other insect, such as 
the larva of a weevil. It assumes the pupa form in its burrow. 

Fig. 232. — Acorn Fig. 232. 

Moth ; /, the moth 
enlarged — color, ash- 
gray ; b, an acorn, 
showing hole where 
the caterpillar e n - 
tered ; a, the cater- 
pillar in an acorn — 
color, gra3ush-white ; 
e, back view' of a segment of its body, enlarged ; d, side view 
of same, enlarged ; c, top of the head and first three segments 
of the caterpillar's body, enlarged — color of head and first 
segment, light brown. 

The fore-wings of the moth (Fig. 232/) expand from six to 
nine lines, are of an ashen-gray color, marked near the middle 
with two dark spots, and wdth a pale transverse stripe across 
the basal third of the wing. The moths issue during the Sum 
mer season, or from April to September. 

Note. — The above account of this insect is given because 
several persons have insisted that it is the codlin moth. 




INSECTS INFESTING THE PINE. 



The Pine Weevil (Pii;sodes utrobi) 159 

The Pales Weevil {Hi/loOim palea) 160 



The Norfolk Island Pine Scale {Ulderia 
antucarice) 161 



CHAPTER CLIX. 

The Pine Weevil. (Cal. ) 

(Pissodei< .•<(rubi. — Peck.) 

Order, Colk()Pteu.\ ; Faniily, C'urculionid.i^:. 

[Living in the terminal shoots of pine trees ; a footless grub 

which is linally changed into a brownish beetle, marked with 

two large whitish spots behind the middle of the wing-cases.] 

^. ,^.,., Fig. 283. — Pine Weevil, en- 

rig. 2,66. 

larged ; at the left, the weevil 

— colors, brown and white ; b, 
the pupa, ventral view — color, 
white ; a, the larva — color, 
white, the head reddish. 

The larvn^ (Fig. 23oa) or 
grubs of this weevil are some- 
times very injurious to pine 
trees, by destroying the terminal shoots; as many as forty 
have been found in one shoot, which they had perforated in 
various directions. Tliey assume the pupa form (Fig. 2336) 
within their burrows, first gnawdng a passage to the outside 
for the egress of the perfect beetles (Fig. 233, left). In the 
vicinity of Sacramento these insects have peen found on pine 
trees that had been planted for ornamental purposes. 
Remedies. — Nos. 26 and 27. 




248 



INSECTS INFESTING THE FINE. 



CHAPTER CLX. 



The Pales Weevil. (Cal.) 

[HyJohixis pali'x. — Herbst.) 

Order, Coleoptera ; Family, Cueculionid^. 

[Living beneath the bark of the pine tree; a whitish footless 
grub, finally transforming into a dark brown or black snout- 
beetle, about fovn- lines long, and marked with numerous 
whitish spots.] 

Before pupating the larva gnaws a passage to the outside of 
the bark, but leaves a thin covering to its burrow in which it 
assumes the pupa form. 

Fig. 234. — Pales Weevil — colors, black, brown 
and white. 

In due time it is changed to a beetle (Fig. 234) 
which gnaws through the thin covering of its 
burrow and makes its escape. I have found the 
grub, pupa and perfect insect of this species in 
pine slabs shipped from the mountains, and 
have found a specimen having a similar appear- 
ance on pear trees. 

Remedies. — Use No. 26 or 27. 



Fig. 234. 




CHAPTER CLXI. 

The Norfolk Island Pine Scale. (Cal.) 

( I lileria a ran car he. — Comstock. ) 

Order, HEmPTERA; | F.^iilv, Coccid^. 

Sub-order, Homoptera ; ) - ' 

[Infesting the Norfolk Island pine tree ; a white, nearly 
circular scale insect.] 

This species is found only upon the Norfolk Island pine, and 
occurs in the Counties of Sacramento and Santa Barbara. 



250 



INSECTS INFESTING THE PINE. 



Fig. 236. 



Fig. 2.37. 



Fig. 235.— Norfolk Island Pine Scale (Figs. 1 to Ih) ; 1, an 
infested twig ; ia, the male — colors, white and brown ; -?fe, 
the hind end of the body of the male ; i<?, hind end of the body 
of the female ; Id, the adult female — color, yellow ; Ih, her 
antennae ; Ig, her spinnerets ; If, one of her legs ; Ic, por- 
tion of the leg of a male ; all highly magnified. Oak Scale 
(Rhizococcus quercus) (Figs. 2 to %) ; 2, an infested twig; 2a 
spinnerets of a female, highly magnified ; 2h, one of her legs, 
greatly enlarged. 

The scales (Fig. 235, 1,) are nearly circular, white, and measure 
about two sixteenths of an inch in diameter. The larva (Fig. 
236) is of a light amber color, and about one-hundredth of an 
inch long ; it is provided with two long anal setae, and appears 
to be covered with very fine armor-like plates or scales. 
Fig. 236. — Larva 
of Norfolk Island 
Pine Scale, enlarg- 
ed — color, light am- 
ber. 

Fig. 237. — Male 
Norfolk Island Pine 
Scale Insect ; enlarg- 
e d — color, d a r k - 
brown. 

The adult female (Fig. 235, ir/,) is of a yellowish color. 
The adult male (Figs. 237 and 235, la,) is of a whitish-yellow, 
marked with dark brown ; wings nearly transparent ; antennae 
ten jointed; two long filaments protrude from tlie anal seg- 
ment, in the place of the anal stylet, which is found in some 
species described in this work. 

" When the female is ready to lay her eggs she excretes a 
cocoon-like covering to the body, composed of white silken 
threads. The sac is dense like felt but easily torn ; it is open 
on the middle line of the ventral surface, or very much more 
delicate on that part. It adheres to the tree quite firmly, 
remaining where excreted after the death of the insect. As 
the eggs are laid, the body of the female shrinks away, mak- 
ing room for them, and finally it becomes a very small i)ellet 



r^ 





INSECTS INFESTING THE JUNIPER. 251 

in the anterior end of the sac, the remainder of the space being 
filled with eggs. These are light yellow in color. When the 
male larva is ready to undergo his metamorphosis he secretes 
a covering to his body resembling the sac excreted by the 
female, except that it is very much smaller, measuring only 
one five hundredth of an inch in length." — Comstock. 
Remedies. — Use Nos. 4, 5 and 7. 



INSECTS INFESTING THE JUNIPER 



The Juniper Scale (Dianpis carueli) Chap. 163 



CHAJ'TER CLXII. 

The Juniper Scale. 

(Diaspis carueli. — Comstock. ) 

Order, Hemipter.v ; ^ t-, ^ r^ 

Q 1 ' 1 XT \ Bamilv, CocciD.E. 

Sub-order, Homoptera ;) • ' 

[A white scale insect infesting various species of juniper, 
and some other shrubs of the pine family.] 

Professor Comstock describes this species as being very 
common in Washington, D. C. 

The scale of the female (Fig. 287i, 2a,) is circular, snowy- 
white, with the exuvia) central or nearly so ; diameter of scale, 
from one half to three fourths of a line. The females are of 
a yellow color, nearly circular in outline, but a little elonga- 
ted posteriorly. 



252 INSECTS INFESTING TEE JUNIPER. 

Fig. 237 14. Fig 237i^. 





Fig. 237^. — Juniper Scale ; 
f , an infested branch ; 3a, the 
female scale — color, phite ; 2b, 
the male scale — color, white. 

Fig. 23 7^. — Male Juniper 
Scale Insect, highly magni- 
fied — color, orange-yellow. 



Remedies. — Use same as for the Red Scale, Chap. LXXXVI. 



INSFXTS INFESTING THE RED BAY TREE. 



Tlie KfJ Bay Scale (AfpidioiiDi pcrsciv) L'liap. U3 



CIIAPTEli ('T.XTTT. 
The Red Bay Scale. 
{Af<jjt<li(itv!< pri-y-civ. — ( 'oni^tuck.) 
Oi-clex, Hemii'TEKa ; / 



Sub-order, Homoi'TEHa ; i 



Faniilv. Coccid.e 



[A circular scale infesting the foliage of the red bay tree, 
and also the olive tree.] 

The red bay scale insect infests the foliage of the red bay 
tree, and also the foliage of trees planted in the vicinity of 
trees infested by this species. I have also found this, oi- a 
closely allied species, on a privet hedge. 

The scale of the female is circular, and from three fourths of 
a line to one line in diameter ; the outer margin is dark red- 
dish-brown with a yellowish tinge ; the central i)art is a darker 
brown ; the exuviie is nearly in the center, and forms a nipple- 
like i)rominence. 

Fig. 238. — Male Red Bay Scale Insect, enlarged, 
ventral view — color, yellowish. 

The male scale (Fig. 238) is of a dirty whit*- 
color, elongated ; the exuvije or larval skin nearly 
central, and of a golden-yellow color. The eggs 
are yellowish, and of an elongate-oval shape : 
from twenty to thirty-five are deposited by each 
female. The larvte are yellow. 

The female is orange-yellow ; form, similar to 
the red scale of Florida {A. Jicua). 

Remedies. — Same as for the red scale, e'liapten- LXXX\'I. 



Fi^^ 23S. 




INSECTS INFESTING THE AZALEA. 



The Azalea Bark Louse {Eriococcus azaleoe) Chap. 164 



CHAPTER CLXIV. 

The Azalea Bark Louse. 

(Eriococcus azaleie. — Comstock.) 

Order, Hemiptera ; } j^ .-, ^ 

c 1 ' J XT ( Familv, CocciD^. 

bub-order, Homoptera ;) - ' 

[A bark-louse or scale insect, enclosed in a -white felt-like sac, 
feeding on the azalea.] 

This species can be readily distinguished from other species 
of scale insects or bark-lice described in this work, by being 
enclosed in a felt-like sac. In form the sac or covering is hemi- 
spherical, but more pointed at one end than at the other, and 
snow-white in color. 

The female insect is dark purplish in color and oval inform, 
the posterior end being the narrowest ; the eggs and young 
larva? are of a reddish-purple or carmine color. 

Remedies. — In conservatories use Xo. 8(S, or No. 5 or 7. 



IiNSECTS INFESTING THE OLEANDER. 



The Oleander Aphi< (Aphis neril) 105 

The following insects also infest the Olean- 
der : 



The niack Scale {Lexaniam olca;). 

The Filbert Scale (Lecauium heiiiiaphericxiiii). 

The Lemon Peel Scale (Aapiciiutus tierii) 



CHAPTER CLXV. 

The Oleander Aphis. 
{Aphis nerli. — Fonscol.) 



Order, Hemiptera ; 
Sub-order, Homoptera ; 



Family, Aphidid.i:. 



[The measurements of insects in this work are jfiven in inches and lines. The above cut rep- 
resents one inch divided into lines and fractions ttiereof .] 



[Living upon the leaves and tender twigs of the oleander, 
which they puncture with their beaks and extract the sap ; 
small yellowish plant-lice, sometimes marked with brown.] 

The wingless lice are yellow. The winged lice are also yel- 
low, having the thorax marked with brown. 

Re-\iei)[i:s. — No. 3 or No. 4; but No. 5 or No. 7 are prefera- 
ble. No. 04. 



INSECTS INFESTING THE ROSE BUSH. 



CIIAI". 

The Roee Scale {Diaspi>i rosce) 166 

The Rose Aphis ( Siphonophora roue) 167 

The Rose Sluy Woria (Setandria rob-ne) 168 

The Horned Flower-beetle (Notoxus inon- 
odon) 169 



The following' insects also infest the Rose 
bush: 

The Tassock Moth (On)ijia leiicostigma). 
The Greater Leai-vo\\er(Loxotcenia ru-iciceaiia). 
The Rose Chafer . Macrodacfjjlu< !iubfpLiiu<u-<). 



CHAPTER CLXVl. 

The Rose Scale, or White Scale. (Cal.) 
(Diasjjis rosR'. — Sandberg. ) 



Order, Hemiptera ; 
Sub-order, Homopteka 



Family, Coccid.^. 



Fig. 240. 



[A white scale-insect infesting the rose, raspberry, black- 
berry, currant, etc.] 

The rose or white scale insect (Fig. 239) infests several 
varieties of rose bushes, and also the raspberry, blackberry, 
currant, etc. 

Fig. 239. — Rose 
Scales — color, white ; 
at the top are two 
scales, magnified, the 
one to the right being 
a side view and the one 
to the left being a top 
view. Fig. 240. — Female Rose Scale-insect, enlarged. 

Female (Fig. 240) form, elongated; abdomen, distinctly 
segmented ; color, dark red. 

Male (Fig. 242), winged— color, light amber, with dark 
irregular markings ; wings white, the veins slightly colored ; 
anal stvlet half the length of the body ; legs, yellowish. 





INSECTS INFESTING THE HOSE BUSH. 
Fm. 241 



257 




Fig. 241. — Rose Scale ; 1, a portion of an infested bush ; la, 
the female scale, greatly enlarged — color, white ; lb, the male 
scale, enlarged — color, white. 

It is generally found on the stems and branches of the 
plants (Fig. 241) and its presence can be easily detected, as its 
color contrasts strongly with the color of the bark of the 
plant which it infests. I have recently received specimens of 
currant roots taken from below the surface of the ground 
which are covered by this species of scale-insect. Query — 
Does this species infest the roots of plants? Will fruit- 
growers please investigate? 

The scale of the male (Fig. 241, lb,) is elongated and meas- 
ures three fourths of a line in length ; color, white ; exuviae 
near the anterior end. 

Eggs — color, red ; form, oval ; length, one one-hundredth 
of an inch — from twenty to fifty under each scale. 

Larva — length, one eighty-fifth of an inch, and about two 



258 



INSECTS INFESTING THE ROSE BUSH. 



anteniue, six-jointed ; two 



Fig. 242. 



thirds as wide; color, reddish 
anal setse, but very fine. 

Fig. 242.— Rose 
Scale-insect (male, 
greatly enlarged) — 
color, yellow. 

The scale of the 
female insect (Fig. 
241, la,) is circu- 
lar, or nearly so ; 
color, snowy white ; 
length, from one 
line to one and one 
quarter lines ; exuviae or cast skin to one side of the center. 

Remedies. — No. 3 or 4; but No. 5, 6, or 7 are preferable. 




Fig. 243. 



CHAPTER CLXVII. 

The Rose Aphis. (Cal.) 

( Siphonophora rosie. — Reaumur. ) 

Order, Hemiptera ; ^ i7> -n a 

r, 1 ' 1 XT ( Family, Aphidid.e. 

bub-order, Homoptera ; ) -^ ' 

[Living on the stems and leaves of the rosebush, which they 
puncture with their beaks and extract the sap ; small green or 
reddish plant-lice, usually marked with black or brown.] 

Fig. 243.— Wing of Aphis, 
showing venation. 

The wingless lice are green 
in color, excepting one vari- 
ety, which is reddish. The 
winged lice (Fig. 243, wing,) 
are green, the head and tho- 
rax brown or black, the abdo- 
men marked with brown or 
black. 

Remedies. — Use No. 64 : 
No. 8 or 4 is very effective, but 5 or 7 is better. No. 83 or No. 
85 are excellent. 




INSECTS INFESTING THE ROSE BUSH 259 

CHAPTER CT.XVTTT. 

The Rose Slug-worm. (Cal.) 

( SeJaiidria r(jx;r'. — Harris.) 

Order, Hymkn(jptkra ; Family, Tenth hi-:i)I\id/E. 

[Feeding upon the leaves of the rosebush ; a naked green 
worm, provided with twenty-two legs.] 

Fig. 244. — Rose Slug-worm — color, green. Fig, 244. 

These slug-worms (Fig. 244) eat only the upper ^^^^ 
surface of the leaves, leaving the remainder un- 
touched, thus giving the leaves the appearance of having been 
scorched. These worms have the head yellowish, with a black 
spot on each side, and on the edge of the first segment are two 
triple-pointed warts. When fully grown they desert the plants 
and burrow a short distance into the earth, where each one 
forms a small cell in which it spins a tough elliptical cocoon. 
Two broods are usually produced in one year, the last brood 
passing the Winter in their cocoons. 

Fig. 245. — Rose Saw-fly — color, black. 
The perfect fly (Fig. 245) has four smoky 
wings, which expand about five lines ; the 
body is of a uniform black color. The 
female fly deposits her eggs singly in punc- 
tures made in a leaf by means of a saw-like 
instrunient with which her abdomen is armed. 

Remedies. — Use No. 64, 5, 7 or 6 ; the latter is excellent, but 
miulit mark the foliaye. 




CIIAl'TKK (LXiX. 

The Horned Flower-beetle. (Cal.) 

(A'o^7.i((N inuiinduii. — Fabi'icius.) 

Order, Coleopteka ; Family, Anthicid.^. 

[Feeding upon the petals of the garden rose; a grayish- 
brown beetle, having a brown band across the middle of the 



260 INSECTS INFESTING THE ROSE BUSH. 

wing-eases ; two or more brown spots at the base of the same, 
and an obscure band at the tip ; the thorax projects in the 
form of a long horn over the head.] 

This beetle (Fig. 246, Plate 3,) measures about a line and a 
half in length. Where it lives during its larval stage is not 
known, l^ut the perfect insect passes the Winter beneath pieces 
of wood, etc., that lie upon the ground. 

Remedies. — Spray with No. 5, 7 or 64 ; or dust after sunset 
with No. 19. 



INSECTS INFESTIiNG THE FLOWER GARDEN. 



CHAP. 

The Verbena Aphis (Siphonoiihnra verbenfT)170 
The Carnation Aphis (Bhopalogiphum dian- 
thi) 171 



The Tulip Aphis (Rhopalosiphinn tulipm). 172 
The Snowhall Aphis {Aphis viburni) 173 



CHAPTER CLXX. 

The Verbena Aphis. (Cal.) 

(Siphonophora Vcrhcan . — Thomas.) 

Order, Hemiptera ; / ,. ., . 
Sub-Order, Homoptera jj ^' ^^"^^^^'' ^^^H^^ir^^^- 

[Living upon the leaves of the garden'^verbena, Avhich they 
puncture with their beaks and imbibe the sap ; small green 
or yellowish plant-lice. — Thomas.] 

Remedies. — Use No. 3 or 4, one pound to each two gal- 
lons of Avater used ; or No. 83 or No. 85. 



CHAPTER CLXX I. 

The Carnation Aphis. (Cal.) 
{Rhopalo.^ijih iini did nth i. — Schrnnk.) 

Order, Hemiptera ; ^ t? i * 

c, V 1 xj , r amilv, Aphidid^. 

Sub-order, Homoptera ;) - ' 

[Living upon the stems and leaves of the carnation pink 
and Cerman ivy, wliich the.y punc-ture witli their beaks and 
iml>ibe the sap; small green phint-lice, sometimes marked 
with black. J 

The wingless lice are yellowish-green, striped with darker 



262 INSECTS INFESTING THE FLOWER GARDEN. 

green. The winged lice have the head and thorax black, the 
abdomen dark olive-green, with darker transverse lines. 

Remedies. — No. 3 or 4, one pound to each two gallons of 
water used ; or No. 83 or No. 85. 



CPIAPTER CLXXII. 

The Tulip Aphis. (Cal.) 
( Rhopalosiphum tulipse. — Fonscol. ) 

^^J^^'H™^^^^-^' i Family, APHIDID.E. 
Sub-order, Homoptera ;) -^ ' 

[Living upon the leaves and stems of the garden tulip, 
which they puncture with their beaks and imbibe the sap ; 
small green plant-lice, sometimes marked with black.] 

The wingless lice have the head and thorax blackish-green, 
the abdomen dark green, with darker transverse lines and 
a row of black dots along each side. 

Remedies. — No. 3 or 4, one pound to each two gallons of 
water used ; or No. 83 or No. 85. 



CHAPTER CLXXIII. 

The Snowball Aphis. (Cal.) 
(A^jhis viburni. — Scopoli.) 

Order, Hemiptera; j Family, Aphidid.e. 
Sub-order, Homoptera ;) -' ' 

[Living upon the leaves and stems of the garden snowball 
and the high-bush cranberry, which they puncture with their 
beaks and imbibe the sap ; small brown or blackish plant- 
lice. — Thomas.] 

Remedies. — No. 3 or 4, one. pound to each two gallons of 
water used ; or No. 83 or No. 85. 



« 



INSFXTS INFESTING THE CONSHRVATORY. 



CHAP. 

The Common Mealy-bug [Dactijlopius: ado- 
nidii III) 174 

The Destructive Mealy-bug [Dartylopiun 
destructor) ITfi 



CHAP. 

The Mealy-bug with long threads (Dartijln. 

pius lonnifilis) 176 

Slugs or Snails 177 



chaptp:r clxxiv 



The Commoii Mealy-bug. (Cal.) 

(Dactylopius adonicii(m . — Lin naeiis. ) 

Order, Hemiptera ; } -^ -, n 

bub-order, Hoaioptera ; ) • ' 



[Living upon various kinds of green-house plants and orange 
trees ; a small scale-like insect, more or less covered with a 
whitish, mealy powder.] 

Fig. 247. — Female Mealy-hug, enlarged — 
color, yellowish-white. 

This species is commonly termed the 
mealy hug, as if there was only one spe- 
cies. It is sometimes very troublesome in 
hot-houses, conservatories, and also to some 
kinds of garden plants. I have also received 
specimens of oranges which were infested 
by this, or a closely allied species. The 
female (Fig. 247) measures from one line and a quarter to a 
line and a half in length ; is of a whitish or yellowish color, 
with a brown Ijand on the middle of the back, and is covered 
with a mealy powder wliicti is excreted through pores situ 
ated on various parts of the body. In addition to this there 




264 



INSECTS INFESTING THE CONSERVATORY. 



is a woolly border around the edge of the body which is lon^ 
est at the hind end of the body. 

Fig. 248. 





Fig. 248. — Common Mealy-bug; 1, a lobe of hind end of 
the body of the female ; la, an antenna of the female ; 16, an 
antenna of the male ; Ic, a leg of the female ; Id, anal ring of 
the female — all highly magnified. 

The adult male is furnished with two wings, and is of a 
brownish color. 

Remedies. — In conservatories use No. 88 ; on citrus trees 
seriously infested use No. 50, and pick off all fruit ; when the 
foliage and fruit are off, spray thoroughly with No. 5 or 7 ; 
this should be done before the growing season, when the trees 
will send out a new foliage. 



CHAPTER CLXXV. 

The Destructive Mealy-bug'. 
(Daciylojnvs dcstrnrfor. — Comstock.) 



Order, Hemiptera ; I 

Sub-order, Homoptera ; ^ 



Family, Coccid.e. 



[Infesting green-house plants and orange trees ; a small yel- 
lowish bug, thinly covered with a mealy powder.] 



INSECTS INFESTING' TEE CONSERVATORY 



265 



Fig. 249. 




Fig. 249. — Destructive Mealy-bug, 
female, greatly enlarged— color, brown- 
ish-yellow. 

This species is sometimes very de- 
structive to orange trees, and also to 
green-house pi ;i n t s . The female 
(Fig. 249) is oj" a dull brownish-yel- 
low color, very slightly covered with 
a mealy powder; length, nearly two 
lines. 



Fig. 250. 




Fig. 250. — Destructive Mealy-bug, male, highly magnified — 
color, light olive-brown. 

The winged male (Fig. 250) is of a light olive-l)rown color, 
and is marked with olive bands. The female dei)Osits her eggs 
in a cottony mass which is excreted from the hind part of her 
body. The eggs and young bugs are of a light yellow color. 

Remedies. — Same as in Chapter CLXXIV. 
18 



266 



INSECTS INFESTING THE CONSERVATORT. 



CHAPTER CLXXVI. 
The Mealy-bug with Long Threads. 

( Da rtylopi m lonyijil /.s. — ( - omst ack. ) 

Order, Hemiptera ; ) j^^^^^.j^ C^ocriD:^. 

Sub-order, Homoptera ; ) " ' 



Fig. 251. 



The measurements of insects in this work are given in inches and lines. The above cut rep- 
resents one inch divided into lines and fractions thereof. 

[Infesting green-house plants ; a small yellowish bug thinly 
covered with a whitish mealy powder.] 

Fig. 251.— Mealy -bug with long 
threads, female, greatly enlarged — col- 
or, yellowdsh. 

Professor Comstock has described 
another kind of mealy-bug which I 
have not found in California ; the fol- 
lowing is condensed from his original 
description of this insect : " The female 
(Fig. 251) is from two to two and a 
half lines long, and is of a pale-yellow- 
ish color, sparsely covered '_ with a 
nieal}^ powder. The winged male (Fig. 
252) is of a light olive-brown color. 
The female deposits eggs, but these 
are so far developed that the young bug issues shortly after 
the egg is laid. These insects are sometimes quite destructive 
to green-house yjlants, especially to ferns." 




INSECTS INFESTING THE CONSERVATORY. 
Fig. 252. 



267 





Fig. 252. — Mealy-bug with long tlxreads ; male, highly mag- 
nified — eolor, olive-brown. 

Remedies. — Same as in Chapter CLXXVI. 



CHAPTER CLXXVII. 

Slugs or Snails. (Cal.) 

Class, Gasteropoda ; ; ,-, ., .j 
Ordei', Pulmonata; \ ^'^^^^^3', Helic: 

[A small gray or blaek slug, feeding at night on conserva- 
tory and garden plants.] 



CID.E. 




268 fNSECTS INFESTING THE CONSERVATORY. 

Although the slugs or snails do not belong to the same sub- 
kingdom as insects do, Articidata, but belong to the sub-king- 
dom Mollusca, which comprise the soft-bodied animals of the 
shell-bearing and non-shell-bearing species ; yet the damage 
which some of the species inflict on garden vegetables and 
other productions of the gardener, florist, etc., is sufficient to 
cause mention of these pests in this work. 

Fig. 253. — Slug — color, 
Fig. 253. __^ gray. 

The most destructive 
species that is found in 
the gardens, hot-houses 
and conservatories in this tState is the small gray slug, Lymax 
ac/restis (Fig. 253), and a darker colored species, probably the 
Lymax ater. These species may be designated as the gray 
slug and the black slug. They are generally found in damp 
places, hiding under stones, etc., in the daytime. In the eve- 
ning they come from their hiding places in search of food, and 
as they are gregarious in their habits, they often do great dam- 
age. In Europe various species of slugs injure field crops. 

The Gasteropoda — meaning heUy-footrd — bury their eggs in 
the ground-; each egg is enclosed in a shell, and hatches in 
August or September. They hibernate through the cold 
weather, and attain their full size the next Spring. 

Remedy. — Use No. 87. 



NSECTS INFESTING THH HOP PLANT. 



The Hopvine Plusia {l'lu4a baltnca) 17S 

Tlie Ho])vine Snout-moth (Ilypcna /iwniUi) 179 
The Semicolon Butterfly (Grapta interro- 

(jationU) ISO 

The Hop Aphis (I'horoiUin hvinvAi) 181 



The following insects also infest the Hop 
plant : 

The Broad-necked Prionus (I'rionua lalicoUis) 
Cut-worms (Ayrutia). 



CHAPTER (M.XXVIII. 

The Hopvine Plusia. 

(Plusia balhirn. — (leyer.) 

(Jrder. Lkpidoptera ; Family. Noctuid.e. 



II I M M I I I I lihl 

[The measurements of insects in tliis work are {^iv en in inches and lines. The above cut rep- 
resents one inch divided into lines and fractions thereof.] 

[Feeding upon the leaves of the hopvine ; a green, fourteen- 
legged caterpillar, marked with white streaks ; the head green, 
and destitute of black dots.] 

This caterpillar arches up its back slightly when crawling. 
When fully grown it measures about one inch and three lines 
in length. It then crawls into some sheltered place and spins 
a thin cocoon. The fore-wings of the perfect moth expand 
about one inch and nine lines ; they are almost entirely cov- 
ered with metallic green scales, and are crossed by two oblique 
dark lines. The hind svings are dusky gray. 

I have not found this species in this State. The above 
account is taken from the Canadian Entomological Report 
for 1873. 

Remedies. — Spray thoroughly with No. 5 or 7; or Xo. 64, 
which is preferable. Read No. 106 carefully. 




270 INiSECTS INFESTING THE HOP PLANT. 

CHAPTER CLXXIX. 

The Hopvine Snout Moth. 

{Hypoia Jiuinidi. — Harris.) 

Order, Lepidoptera; Family, Pyealid^. 

[Feeding upon the leaves of the hopvine ; a naked, green, 
fourteen-legged worm, dotted with black and marked Avith 
from two to four white stripes, and having the head dotted 
with black.] 

Fig. 254. — Hopvine Fig. 254. 

Snout-moth; at ihv ^^^^J\^y-l^^^^rg^ ^m^^^MX^^^^^^ 
left, the moth — coloi^, ^g.""^"^ " ' ^^ 

dusky-brown, gray and "^ 
black; a, the pupa — 
color, brown ; above the 
pupa, the caterj)illar — 
color, green, with white and dark lines and black dots. 

These caterpillars (Fig. 254) in walking arch up their backs 
like the span-worms, and when jarred from the leaves they 
usually hang suspended by a silken thread. They are very 
sprightly, frequently leaping sidewise to a distance of several 
inches when touched. When fully grown they are about an inch 
long. They then desert the plants and secrete themselves 
beneath the fallen leaves, etc., or enter the earth and form 
small cells in which to pass the pupa state (Fig. 254fl). 

The perfect moth (Fig. 254) exjjands al)out an inch and 
three lines. The fore-wings are of a dull brownish color, 
marked with darker spots and coal-black elevated points. 
The hind wings are pale dusky brown. 

There are at least two broods of these Avorms produced in 
one season, and these are to be found from May to September. 
The manner in Avhich these insects pass the Winter is not 
known ; but the last brood of moths, which appear in Septem- 
ber or October, probably hibernate, and deposit their eggs in 
the following Spring. This species is reported as occurring 
in this State, but T have never seen a specimen of either larva 
or perfect insect. 



INSECTS INFESTING THE HOP PLANT. 



271 



Remedies. — Spray thoroughly with No. 5 or 7; or No. 64, 
which is preferable. Read No. lOG carefully. 



CHAPTER CLXXX. 

The Semicolon Butterfly. (Cal.) 

( Grapta inter rogationis. — Fabricius.) 

Order, Lei'idoptkra ; Family, Nymph aliive. 

[Feeding upon the leaves of the hopvine ; a browish cater- 
pillar, mottled with yellow and covered with red or light col- 
ored spines tipped with black, or the spines wholly black.] 

The fully grown caterpillar is about one inch and six lines 
long ; the head is reddish-brown, thinly covered with small 
prickles, and on the top are two branching spines. When 
about to pupate, it suspends itself by the hind feet. 

The chrysalis is ashy-brown, and the head is surmounted 
with two projections resembling ears ; on the back of the tho- 
rax is a nose-like prominence, and on the l)ack are a number 
of silvery spots. 

Fig. 255. 




Fig. 255. — Semicolon lUittertiy — colors. reddis]i-l)rown and 
black. 

The butterflv (Fig. 255) which issues from this chrysalis has 
the outer margin of all the wings notched; they are of a red- 
dish-lirown color, marked with black and dark brown spots, 
and with an outer brown border ; in some the greater part of 



272 



INSECTS INFESTING THE HOP PLANT. 



the hind wings are black. On the under side of each hind 
wing is a silvery character resembling a semicolon ( ; ). The 
fore-wings expand from two inches and six lines to two inches 
and nine lines. 

Remedies. — Should the caterpillars appear on the vines, 
spray thoroughly wdth No. 5 or 7 ; or No. 64, which is prefer- 
able. Read No. 106 carefully. 



CHAPTER CLXXXL 

The Hop Aphis. (Cal.) 

( Phorodon humuli. — i^chrank. ) 

Order, Hemiptera; ) Familv, Aphidid.e. 

Sub-order, HoxMOPtera ;) 

[Living upon hopvines, usually near the terminal end, which 
they puncture with their beaks and imbibe the sap; small 
yellowish-white or green plant-lice, sometimes marked with 
black or brown.] 

The wingless lice (Fig. 256, 3 and 4,) are yellowish-white or 

green. 

Fig. 256. 




Fig. 256. — Hop Aphis ; 4, a wingless aphis, enlarged ; 3, the 
same, natural size — color, yellowish or green; 2, a winged 
aphis, enlarged ; 1, the same, natural size — colors, green, brown 
and black. 

The wdnged lice (Fig. 256, 1 and 2,) are green, and the 
females have the head brown or black, and the thorax and 
abdomen marked with dark brown or black. 

Remedies. — Use No. 5 or 7 ; or No. 64, Avhich is preferable. 
Read No. 10(> carefullv. 



INSECTS INFESTING WHEA' 



CHAP. 

Crane Flies (Tipula) 182 

The Hessian Fly (Cecidomyiu destructor).. 183 

The Joint Worm (Euri/toma trilici) 184 

The Cliinch Bug' iMkropua leucopteru^) . . .185 

The Grain Aphis {Aphix avena) 186 

The Army Worm {Leucania unipunc(a). . .187 



CHAP. 

The Cahfornia Locust ((Edipoda alrox). . . .188 
Tiie Wheat Midge (DiploM^-i tritici) 189 

Wire Worms ( Elateridce) also attacli the roots 
of tlie Wheat plants. 



CHAPTER CLXXXII. 

Crane Flies. (Cal.) 
Order. Diptei^a; Family, Tipulid.e. 

[Feeding upon the roots of barley, corn, turnips, strawber- 
ries, etc. ; a grayish footless grub, having the hind end of the 
body apparently cut squarely off and provided with tubercles.] 

Fig. 257. — Crane Fly ; i, the 
larva or maggot — color, gray ; 
^, the pupa — color, brown ; 5, 
the fly — color, brown ; 4, the 
eggs. 

In England the larvae (Fig. 
257, i,) of these flies are known 
by the name of " Leather Jack- 
ets," on account of their tough, 
leathery skins. In that coun- 
try they are sometimes very 
destructive to various crops 
by feeding upon the roots ; 
but I am not aware that they 
have ever been reported as 
being very injurious in this 
State, although quite a number of species are found here. 




274 



INSECTS INFESTING WHEAT. 



Fig. 258. Fig. 258.— Crane Fly- 

color, brown. 

These long-legged two- 
winged flies (Figs. 257, S, 
and 258), which some- 
what resemble gigantic 
mosquitoes, are familiar 
to almost everybody, and 
known as the "Dadd)^ 
Long-legs." The greater 
number of them live in 
decayed vegetable mat- 
ter, and are hence not 
injurious to the agricul- 
turist in this State, so 
far as at present known. The pupa (Fig. 257, ^,) is somewhat 
cylindrical, and at the anterior end are two horn-like pro- 
jections. 

Remp:dies. — In gardens, use No. 55, A. In fields, deep plow- 
ing, thorough drainage, and cleaning the grounds. See No. 
20, No. 32, A. B., and No. lOB, A. 




CHAPTER CLXXXIII. 

The Hessian Fly. 

( CecidoDu/ia (Icstructoi: — Say.) 

Order, Diptera ; Family, CEciDOMYiDyE. 

[Living between the leaves and the stalk on the lower part 
of the wlieat plant; an oval, cylindrical, white, fleshy maggot, 
finally transforming into a brownish two-winged fly.] 

Among the wheat pests dreaded in the Eastern States is the 
Hessian fly. I have not found this insect in California. 



INSECTS INFESTING WHEAT. 



275 



Fig. 259. 




Fig. 259. — Female Hessian Fly, en- 
larged — color, l)lack. 

The Hessian fly (Fig. 259), named 
Cecidomyia dedructor by Mr. Say, ap- 
peared in this eountry in 1776, and the 
general oi)inion was that it was imported 
in the stores by the Hessian soldiers in 
the employ of the British Government, 
from which it derived the name of 
"Hessian Fly.'' There is probably no 
other species of the insect kingdom that 
has occasioned so much discussion as to 

whether it is indigenous to this country. Sir John Banks, an 
English entomologist, reports to the British Government, in 
1789, that no such insect could be found to exist in Germany. 
Its lirst appearance^ in this country was in 1776, on Staten 
Island, and at Flatbush, on the western extremity of Long 
Island. Some writers state that it travels al)out seven miles 
each Summer. However, Dr. Chapnum discovered it in 1787 
on the west side of the Alleghany Mountains, which would be 
about thirty miles each year, dating from Staten Island in 
1776. ^\lleat, rye, barley, and even timothy grass, were 
attacked ])y them ; and so 'great was their ravages in the larva 
state that the cultivation of wheat was abandoned in many 
places where the}- had established themselves. It has been 
a subject of general discussion as to where the female 
deposits her eggs. Some claim on the yt)ung leaves of the 
wheat, others on the grain before sowing; but the following 
opinion is evidently correct, as expressed by Dr. Chapman : 
"The Hessian fly lays her eggs in the small creases of the 
young leaves of the wheat." Mr. Havens states that the fly 
lays her eggs on the leaves. Mr. Herrick writes : "1 have 
repeatedly, both in Autumn and in Spring, seen the Hessian 
fly in the act of depositing her eggs on wheat, and have also 
found that she selects for this purpose the leaves of the young 
plant. The eggs are laid in various numbers on the upper 
surface of the strip-shaped portion (or blade) of the leaf." Mr. 
Herrick also states that the number of eggs on a single leaf is 



276 



TNSECTiJ INFE8T1N0 WHEAT. 



often twenty or thirty. I'he egg is aljout one fiftieth of an 
inch in length, and it hatches in less than fifteen days. 
Fig. 260. — Larva of Hessian Fh', 



Fig. 260. 



Fig. 261. 




wTTrilTrrrt!' enlarged — color, yellowish-white. 

Fig. 261. — The sheath removed, 
showing three hibernating larvae or maggots of 
the Hessian Fly. They are now said to be in 
the flax-seed state, from the resemblance they 
bear to those seeds. 

Harris says: "The maggot (Fig. 260) which 
proceeds from the egg is of a pale-red color. The 
maggots crawl down the leaf and work their way 
between it and the main stalk (Fig. 261), passing downward 
till they come to a point a little beloAV the surface of the 
ground, with the head towards the root of the plant. Having 
thus fixed themselves upon the stalk they become stationary, 
and never move from the place till their transformations are 
completed. They do not eat the stalk, neither do they jjene- 
trate within it, as some persons have supposed ; but they lie 
lengthwise upon its surface, covered hy the lower part of the 
leaves, and are nourished wholly b)' the sap, which they appear 
to take by suction. As they increase in size they grow plump 
and firm ; they become embedded* in the side of the stem by 
pressure of their body upon the growing plant. (Fig. 262.) 
The maggot thus seldom destroys the 
plant ; but where two or three are fixed 
in this manner around the stem they 
Aveaken and impoverish the plant and 
cause it to fall down or to wither and 
die." (Fig. 268, right.) 

Fig. 262. — Lower part of an infested 
wheat plant, showing the swelling at the 
lower end of the sheath caused by the 
larvae of the Hessian fly. 

The maggot reaches maturity in about 
forty days, and measures about three tAventieths of an inch in 
length. 




INSECTS INFESTING WHEAT. 



277 



Fig. 263.— At the left, a Fig. 263. 

healthy wheat plant ; at the 
right, a plant infested by the 
maggots or larvae of the Hes- 
sian fly. 

The trdnsformation of this 
species is different from some 
others in the pupa or chrys- 
alis state, inasmuch as it first 
passes through what is termed 
by naturalists the "flax-seed " 
state. It assumes the pupa 
form only a few days before 
the perfect insect emerges. 

This pest produces two 
broods each year — one in the 
Spring and one in Autumn. 

The perfect insect (Fig. 259) 
is described as follows : "Col- 
or, black, except that the ab- 
domen is more or less tawny, 

each ring being marked more or less with black ; legs, pale-red 
or brownish, with black feet ; wings, three-veined, ciliate or 
fringed. The lengtli of tlu; insect is about one tenth of an 
inch, the expansion nearly one quarter of an inch." The 
insect belongs to the order diptera, or two-winged flies. 

Dr. Cyrus Thomas, State Entomologist of Illinois, writes as 
follows : 

"DOES THE HESSI.VN FLY KMKiRATE? 




" As regards the so-called emigration of this insect, we would 
express our disbelief in any such movement from place to 
place as is involved in the idea of the word emigration. The 
history of the insect simply shows that it has steadily spread 
from its original point of introduction to new sections of the 
country as rapidly as they Avere settled and wheat became a 
staple article of production. 

" It is periodically abundant ; most other noxious insects 
are more abundant some years than others, becoming abun- 



278 INSECTS INFESTING WHEAT. 

dant in some localities and scarce in others. It cannot, there- 
fore, truly be said to migrate from one part of a State to 
another, or from one region to another." 

Again, writing of the proliable limits of the Hessian fly, Dr. 
Thomas says : " The question naturally arises whether this 
pest will ever infest the wheat regions of western Dakota, 
Montana, Utah, Colorado, and the Pacific States and Territo- 
ries? We believe (though not aware, that such a statement 
may be hazarded) that it was originally an inhabitant of Cen- 
tral and Southern Europe. It has become acclimated in the 
Eastern, Atlantic, and Middle States, in the Valley of the 
Upper St. Lawrence, and in the Valley of the Mississippi 
River ; that it can thrive in the elevated dry Rocky Mountain 
plateau regions, and withstand the cool nights and dry hot' 
atmosphere of the far west seems doubtful. At least, so 
slowly has it spread westward, so slight an amount of wheat 
or straw is transported westward (all produce of this kind 
going eastward), that we doubt whether, during this century 
at least, it will extend west of Kansas and Minnesota, where 
it has already had a foothold for several years." 

From what has been said of the Hessian fly, it is obvious 
that the wheat-growers of California cannot be too careful in 
preventing the importation of this pest. 

Remedies. — Should this pest appear in this State, a good 
preventative of its spreading would be the use of No. 56 or 20. 



CHAPTER CLXXXIV. 

The Joint Worm. (Cal.) 

(Eurytoma tritici. — Fitch. ) 

Order, Hymenoptera ; Family, Chalcididje. 

[Living in galls or swellings on the lower part of wheat 
plants ; a footless pale yellow maggot.] 

The parent flies appear in the latter part of April or begin- 
ning of May, and pierce the stalk in numerous places 
immediately above one of the joints, inserting an egg into 



INSECTS INFESTING WHEAT. 



279 



each puncture. These eggs soon hatch into minute foot- 
less, yellowish grubs, whose presence in tlie plant near the 
joint soon causes the latter to swell, forming a sort of gall 
which is of a hard, woody texture. These grul)s remain in 
their cells in the center of the stalk all W'inter, and ai-e 
changed to Hies in the following Spring. The perfect insect 
(Fig. 2G4) is wholly black with the exception of the front 
shanks (tibiu'), which are pale yellow. 

Fig. 264.— Joint Worm 
Flies, enlarged — color, 
black ; a, the female ; e, 
her abdomen, still more 
enlarged ; c, her antenna, 
highly magnified ; b, the 
male fly ; /, his abdomen ; 
d, his antenna. 

An insect very closely 
related to the preceding 
infests rye in the same 
manner as the latter in- 
fests wheat. This is 
known as .the rye fly 
(Eunjtoma secalis— Fitch). ft is wholly black except the 
front and hind shanks (tibia'), which are pale yellow. 

Two other species infest barley in the same manner as the 
above insect infests rye. These ;nv the l)lack-legged l)arley 
fly {Eunjtoma hordci — Harris)— of a black color, witii only tlie 
knees and feet pale yelloAv ; and the yellow-legged barley fly 
{Eiirytoma ftampe><—Y\tQh)—oi -A black color, with all the" legs 
pale yellow. Some autliors contciid that the four species of 
flies described above are but varieties of one species, which 
was first described by Dr. Harris under the name of Eurytoma 
hordei. 

Remedies.— I^se Nos. 56 a)id 20. 




280 



INSECTS INFESTING WHEAT. 



CHAPTER CLXXXV. 
The Chinch Bug. 

( Micropvs levrn]>frnift. — Say. ) 



Order, Hemiptera ; ( 
Sul)-or(ler, Ho>roi'TER.\ ;\ 



Family, Lyg/Eid.e. 



Fin. 265. 



[Living upon the stalks of wheat, corn, oats, etc. ; a small 
black bug with white wings, which lie tlat upon the back and 
have a black spot on the outer edge of each ; or a yellow, red 
or gray bug entirely destitute of wings.] 

The female deposits her eggs (Fig. 265, a and b,) in the 
ground at the roots of the plants upon which her progeny are 
to feed. These eggs are of a pale amber-white color, elongate 
oval, and 6ne end appears^as if it_had been cut squarely off 
and is surmounted by four small rounded tubercles. 

Fig. 265.— Chinch 
Bug Larva, Pupa and 
Eggs; g, the pupa 
enlarged — colors' 
brownish-black and 
gray ; c, e and /, the 
larvfe in d i ff e r e n t 
stages of their 
growth — colors, yel- 
low or red ; d, one of 
their feet, enlarged; h and a, two eggs, highly magnified— 
color, whitish or pale brown ; h, a leg of the adult, enlarged ; 
j, the foot of the same, still more enlarged ; i, the beak of the 
adult, highly magnified. 

The young bugs (Fig. 265, c and e,) are variously marked; 
some are yellow, with an orange stain upon each of the three 
larger abdominal segments ; others are reddish, with- the two 
basal abdominal segments pale or with a pale band across the 
middle ; and still others are of a dingy gray. These insects 
obtain their nourishment by puncturing the plants with their 
beaks and imbibing the mp ; they hibernate in the perfect or 
winged stage (Fig. 266). 




INSECTS INFESTTNO WHEAT. 



281 



Fig. 266. — Chinch Bug, enlarged — cokirs, Fiff. 266. 

black and white. 

I have had many specimens of insects 
sent me, those forwarding them stating 
that they thought them to bo the chinch 
bug, but so far I have not found a specimen 
of this species in this State. 

Remedies. — Should this pest appear in 
this State, it can be prevented from spread- 
ing by trenching, as recommended in No. 
86 ; use in the trenches No. 81 or 85. If 
No. 85 is dusted on the perpendicular side of the trench, and 
renewed every three or four hours, few of the insects entering 
the trench will survive. See Nos. 20 and 56 ; also No. 106, A^ 
as recommended for cleaning hoj) fields. 




CHAPTER CLXXXVI. 

The Grain Aphis. (Cal.) 

{Aphis avensc. — Fabricius. ) 

Synonym . — Siphonopho ra a vcme. — Fab r . 



Order, Hemiptera ; 
Sul>order, Homopteka ; 



Family, Aphidid/E. 



[Living upon the stems, leaves, etc., of wheat, barley, etc. ; 
small brown, green or yellow plant-lice, which j)uncture the 
plant with their beaks and extract the sap.] 

Fig. 267. — Grain 
Aphis ; 1, the winged 
louse, enlarged (natu- 
ral size indicated at 2) 
— colors, green, yel-^ 
lowish and black; 3, 
a wingless louse, en- -^^^T^ 
larged ( natural size 
indicated at 4) — color, 
green, yellow or brown. 

The wingless lice (Fig. 267, 3 and 4.) nre either dark brown 
19 




282 



INSECTS INFESTING WHEAT. 



or dark green, with a reddish band across the abdomen at the 
base of the honey tubes ; the antennas, knees and feet are black. 

The winged female (Fig. 267, 1,) is either dark green or 
brown, with a ro'w of black dots on each side of the body ; 
the head and thorax are sometimes marked with black. 

The i^resent season, 1888, this species appeared in at least 
ten counties in this State, and in some instances did consider- 
able damage to wheat, etc., but were prevented from spreading 
by the late rain, which also gave such impetus to the growth 
of the infested grain that in many fields the damage is scarcely 
perceptible. On the 29th and 30th of April, and on the 1st, 
2d and 3d of May, un- 



usual flights of the 
winged insects (Fig. 
268) were noticed in 
this city (Sacramento) 
but they disappeared 
entirely with the ad- 
vent of the rain of 
May 4, 1883. 

Fig. 268.— Grain 
Aphis (winged female? 
enlarged) — colors, 
green, yellowish and black. 

Remedies. — Use Nos. 56 and 20 



Fig. 268. 




CHAPTER CLXXXVII. 

The Array Worm. 

(Leucania unipuncta. — Haworth. ) 

Order, Lepidopteea ; Family, Noctuid^. 

[Migrating in large armies and feeding upon the leaves of 
various kinds of grain and grass ; a naked caterpillar having 
sixteen legs, the body marked with lines of dusky, black, 
white and yellow. J 

This insect plays two roles — one as a cut worm, living con- 



INSECTS INFESTING WHEAT. 



283 




cealed during the daytime and coming forth at night to feed, and 
the other as an army worm (Fig. 269) migrating from one 
field to another and devouring everything before it. It is in 
this latter capacity that this insect has figured the most con- 
spicuously. 

Fig. 269.— Army Worm— Fig. 269. 

colors, dusky, black, white 
and yellow. 

\\^hen fully grown it meas- 
ures a little over one inch in, 
length, is of a dingy velvety' 
black color, with a white line 
on the back and four light lines on each side of the body, the 
two uppermost lines white, the two lower ones yellow ; the 
head is yellowish, and marked in front with two curved 
blackish lines. 

Fig. 270. — Pupa of Army Worm — color, brown. 
The caterpillars of this species which act as 
■^T; ' ■'"' ; cut worms, attain a larger size than those which 
~^' migrate from one place to another, and their 

colors are more obscure. Three broods or more are produced 
in one season, the last Ijrood hibernating as partially grown 
worms. Before pupating they enter the earth and form small 
cells. (Pupa, Fig. 270.) 

Fig. 271.— Army Worm Moth ; 
color of fore-wings, light reddish- 
brown. 

The fore-wings of the perfect 

moth (Fig. 271) expands about 

one inch and nine lines, are of a 

light reddish-l)rown color, dotted 

If!' with black, and marked near the 

center with a black dot, from 

which they derive the s])ecific vnipuncta or one-dotted. The 

hind wings are smoky or blackish. 

Remedy. — Use No. 86. 



Fig. 270. 



Fig. 271. 



^y 



r' 



2R4 INSECTS INFESTING WHEAT. 

CHAPTER CLXXXVIII. 

The California Locust, or Grasshopper. (Cal.) 

( (lildipoda atrox. — Scudcler.) 

Order, Othoptera ; Family, Acridid^, 

[Feeding upon nearly every kind of grain and grass, and 
also the leaves of trees and nearly every species of plant ; a 
six-legged locust, or grasshopper.] 

This insect is closely related to the destructive Rocky Moun- 
tain locust — Caloptenus spretns — which is found from the Sier- 
ras to the middle of the State of Iowa, but has never been 
reported as occurring west of the Sierras. The California 
locust has at times appeared in immense swarms in various 
parts of this State, but has been especially destructive in the 
Sierra Valley. They sometimes fly in immense swarms, hid- 
ing the sun from view for hours at a time. Their usual time 
of appearance is during the months of Julie and July. Their 
flight is usually from the northeast to the southwest. 

This insect measures from nine to fifteen lines to the tips of 
the wing-covers ; general color, a dull brown, varied with 
darker brown ; the cheeks and a spot on each side of the tho- 
rax are yellow ; along the inner or upper edge of each wing- 
case is a yellow line ; along the opposite edge of the wing are 
from one to three dark brown spots, the one nearest the base 
the largest, the others small, and sometimes obsolete ; there 
are several other spots of the same color on the disk of each 
wing-cover ; the hind wings are transparent ; the hind femorse 
(thighs) are brown or yellow usually, but not always, marked 
on the outside with two oblique dark brown spots ; the hind 
tibiae (shins) are yellowish. 

Fig. 272. — Eggs of a Locust, or Grass- Fig. 272. 

hopper — color, yellow. 

The female locust deposits her eggs in 
masses in holes excavated in the earth 
(Fig. 272) by the aid of four horny plates 
which are situated at the posterior end of the abdomen. Seve- 
ral other kinds of locusts, or grasshoppers, are found in this 
State, but they have about the same habits as the al;)ove spe- 
cies, with this exception : that they have never been known to 




/NSECTti INFECTING WHEAT. 



285 



occur in sucli destructive numbers, or to migrate from one 
place to another, as the California locusts are known to do. 

Remedy. — Mr. R. B. Blowers has been successful in destroy- 
ing locusts, or grasshoppers, in his clover and alfalfa fields 
that were seriously infested, by using an arrangement con- 
structed as follows : He had a pan constructed of sheet iron, 
ten feet long and three feet wide, turned up a few inches on 
the sides and ends ; this was strengthened by pieces of two by 
two inch Oregon pine. A board ten feet long, two feet wide 
and half an inch thick is used on the back of the pan, and 
fastened with braces. A light runner is placed under each end 
and in the middle, raising the pan about one inch from tlie 
ground. Ropes are attached to each of the front corners, and 
to these a horse is hitched. Coal tar to the depth of from 
half an inch to one inch is placed in tlie pan. A boy is then 
placed on the horse's back, and drives backward and forward 
over the infested grounds. If the tar is too thick, thin with 
petroleum. The dead bodies of the insects can be taken out 
of tlie liquid with a rake or some other implement. 



Fig. 273, 



CHAPTER CLXXXIX. 

The Wheat Midge. 

(Diplosis tritici. — Kirby.) 

Order, Diptkra; Family, Cecidomyid.e. 

[Living in the heads of wheat; an orange-yellow footless 
maggot.] 

Fig. 273. — Wheat Midge and Lar- 
va ; at the left the larva, or maggot, 
natural size ; in tlio middle the 
same, highly magnitied — c o 1 o r i 
orange ; at the right the fly, or 
midge, with its wings closed — color, a 
orange. 

As we have never met with this 
insect in this State, we take the fol- 
lowing condensed account from 
Packard's " Guide to the Studv of Insects." 





286 



INSECTS INFESTING WHEAT. 




" When the wheat is in blossom the females lay their eggs 

within the chaffy scales of the flowers, in clusters of from two 

to fifteen or more. In eight or ten days the eggs disclose the 

transparent maggot, which, with age, becomes orange-colored, 

Fig. 274. ^^cl when fully grown (Fig. 273) measures about 

one line and a half long. 

[Fig. 274. — A green kernel of wheat infested 
by the larvse, or maggots of the wheat midge — 
color of larva, orange.] 

" They crowd around the germ of the wheat 
(Fig. 274), which by pressure becomes shriveled 
and aborted. At the end of July, and in the 
beginning of August, the maggots become full fed, and in a 
few days cast their skins ; shortly after this — and sometimes 
before it — they descend to the ground, which they enter to the 
depth of about an inch ; here each one spins around its body 
a minute silken cocoon. They remain in their cocoons un- 
changed during the Winter, and 
are changed to jjupse the follow- 
ing June. 

[Fig. 275.-Wheat Midge,female, 
enlarged and natural size — color, 
bright orange.] 

" When^the perfect fly is about 
to issue, the pupa works its way 
to the surface ; this usually oc- 
curs in June or July. The fly 
(Fig. 273 and 275) is of an orange- 
yellow color, with long slender 
legs, and two transparent wings ; 
the antennfe of the female are 
twelve-jointed, while those of the male are twenty-four jointed.' 
Remedies. — Use Nos. 20 and 56. 



Fig. 275. 




INSECTS INFESTING BARLEY. 



The following insects infest barley, but are treated of else- 
where in this work : 



The Crane Flies (Tipula). 
The Blac-k-legged Barley Fly {Eurytoina hor- 
dei). 



The YelIoA-lei'i,''ed Karle\ Fly (Euiytoma 

Jiaripoi). 
The Grain Ai)his {Aphis avenrv). 



INSECTS INFESTING RYE 



The Rye Fly (Euryloina .fecaiin) (See article on The Joint-worm, Chapter CLXXXIV.) 



INSECTS INFESTING CLOVER AND ALFALFA. 



The Clover-root liorer (Hylaiiten trifoliij. . .190 
The Clover-stem Borer [Langurhi inozar- 

di) 191 

The (^lover-ha^;- Worm (Anvpia rvstalis). . . . 192 



Tliefollowiiitf insects also attack Clover and 
Alfalfa : 

The Crane Flies (Tipula). 
The California Locust {(Eilipoda atrux). 



CHAPTER CLC. 
The Clover-root Borer. 

{Hi/lasttf< trlfoUi. — Miiller.j 
Order, CoLEorTEKA ; Family, Scolvtid.e. 

[Living in the roots of clover ; a whitish six-legged grub, 
about one and a half lines long, with the head yellow, iinally 
changing into a reddish-brown slightly hairy beetle.] 

These insects usually reach maturity in October, and the 



288 INSECTS INFESTING CLOVER AND ALFALFA. 

beetles hibernate in their burrows. In the following Spring 
they come forth from their Winter quarters, and the female, 
when about to deposit her eggs, first gnaws a large cavity in 
the crown of the roots, and then deposits therein from four to 
six pale whitish elliptical eggs, which hatch in about a week. 
The young larva begins to bore dowtnward into the root, pass- 
ing between the outer skin and the heart. When fully grown, 
it assumes the pupa form in the bottom of its burrow, and the 
perfect beetle issues in the course of a week or so. 

I have found a grub in roots of alfalfa, but did not succeed 
in rearing the perfect insect. 



CHAPTER CXCI. 

The Clover-stem Borer. (Cal.) 

(Langnria mozardi. — Latreille.) 

Order, Coleoptera ; Family, Erotylid/e. 

[Living within the stems of clover (Fig. 276, Plate 3,) ; a 
yellow six legged larva about three lines long, with two curved 
spines at the hind end of the body ; finally changing into a 
blue-black beetle, having the thorax yellowish-red.] 

The female beetle first gnaws a hole into the stem and then 
deposits therein a single egg (Fig. 277, Plate 3,) of a yellowish 
color, rounded at each end and somewhat curved. The young 
larva (Fig. 278, Plate 3,) burrows downward, consuming the 
central substance of the stem to a distance of six or eight 
inches. It assumes the pupa form (Fig. 279, Plate 3,) in the 
lower end of its burrow, and the beetle (Fig. 280, Plate 3,) 
which issues in the Autumn, deserts its burrow and, at the 
approach of cold weather, seeks some sheltered place in 
which to pass the Winter. I have found this, or a closely 
allied species, in alfalfa. 

Remedies. — Clean cultivation : see Nos. 20 and 106, A. 



INSECTS INFESTING CLOVER AND ALFALFA. 



289 



CHAPTER CXCII. 

The Clover-hay Worm. 

(Asopid c().'^f((li>t. — Fabricius.) 

Order, Lepidoptera ; Family, Pyralid^. 

[Living in silken tubes in clover-hay; an olive-brown or 
dull white sixteen legged-caterpillar.] 

When fully grown these caterpillars (Fig. 281, I and 2,) 
measure about nine lines in length, and shortly afterward 
assume the pupa form (Fig. 281, 4,). There are probably two 
broods in one season, and the last brood passes the Winter in 
the larva state. In Europe the perfect moth (Fig. 281, 5 and 
6',) is knoAvn as the " golden fringe ; " it is of a liliaceous or 
purplish color with a silky gloss ; the front wings are tinged 
Avith gray and marked on the front edge with two large, bright, 
golden-yellow spots, which are narrowed behind into a slender 
line that extends across the wing ; the hind wings are lighter 
than the front ones and are crossed b}' two light straw-colored 
lines ; all of the wings are margined with deep orange ; 
expands about ten lines. 

Fig. 281. — Clover-hay Fig. 281. 

\\'orm ; i, Ijack view of 
one of the worms ; ^, side 
view of the same (both 
suspended by silken 
threads) — color, brown- 
ish ; 7, a worm in its 
silken tube ; 4, the pupa 
— color, honey-yellow ; S, 
the cocoon — color, whi- 
tish ; 6, the moth with its 
wings expanded ; 6, the 
same with its wings closed — colors, grayish purple and yellow. 

The larvie or caterpillars of this moth are sometimes very 
destructive to clover-hay, especially to that which has stood in 
the stack for several years. They are most abundant in the 
bottom of the stack, where the infested hay will frequently 
be found to be webbed together by the silken tubes which 
they spin for a habitation in which to dwell. 




INSECTS INFHSTING CORN. 



CHAP. 

The Wire Worm 193 

Cut Worms (Agrotis) 194 

The White Grub (Lachnofterna quercina).19o 

The Corn Worm {Heliotkis ariiiigera) 19(5 

The Corn Aphis {Aphis tnaidis) 197 



The following- insects also infest Corn: 
Crane Flies (Tipala). 
The StalU Borer (Gortyna nitela). 
The Chinch Bug (Micropua leucojjterus). 
Tlie Army Worm (Leucania unipunctaj. 
The Yellow Bear (Spiloaoina virginicu). 
The California Locust (Qidipoda atrox). 



CHAPTER CXCIII. 

The Wire Worm. 
Order, Coleoptera ; Family, Elaterid^. 

[Feeding upon the roots of wheat, oats, corn, potatoes, and 
many other plants ; a nearly cylindrical reddish or yellowish- 
brown six-legged larva or worm.] 

Fig. 282. — Wire- 
worms and Snap- 
ping-beetles ; 3, Ela- 
ter obscurus, enlarged 
(natural size indi- 
cated at 4) — color, 
black or brown ; 2, 
E. lineatus, enlarged 
(natural size indi- 
cated at 1 ) — color, 
grayish-brown, with 
darker lines ; 5, E. 
sputator, natural size; 

6, the same enlarged — color, blackish ; 10, the pupa of a wire- 
worm, enlarged — color, yellowish ; 8, the larva of E. lineatus, 
natural size ; 9, the same enlarged — color, yellowish ; 7, a wire- 




INSECTS INFESTING CORN. 



291 



worm, natural size. All of theso are natives of the Eastern 
continent. 

This is the larva of a beetle known as the " snapping beetle," 
"skipjack," etc. (Fig. 282, 2, 3, 5, and 6). They derive this 
name from the method they adopt to attain an upright posture 
when they happen to fall upon their backs. Being unable to 
turn over, they make a sudden jerk or spring, accompanied by 
a clicking noise ; hence the name. 

The larva (Fig. 282, 7, 8, and 9,) has six legs, two beneath 
each of the three first segments, and a tubercle under the last 
segment of the abdomen, which it uses as a pro-leg. 

It is an undecided question among naturalists as to the 
length of time these insects remain in the larva state ; some 
say two years ; others, as high as five ; however, it is generally 
conceded to be about three years, which, like many other 
beetles of long larval lives, have an opportunity of doing 
immense injury to crops, etc. 

Fig. 283. — Wire-worm— color. Fig. 283. 

yellowish-brown. ,..rf^SK'ICT'(QS^^^I>r-:-p^ 

Mr. Curtis writes : "Wherever ^ry^~^'"^^ 
grasses will grow, the wire-worm (Fig. 283) may be found." 
Dr. Fitch writes : " They abound alike on the roots of the 
coarsest sedges, and on other wild grasses, on the borders of 
marshes and on those of the most delicate pasture." Theyclo 
great damage to crops, especially corn, but can be found feed- 
ing upon the roots of barley, cabbage, wheat, rye, potatoes, 
asparagus, carrots, oats, etc., of the field, and dahlias, pinks, 
carnations, etc., of the garden. A great many remedies have 
been published for destroying those pests, but are generally 
inapplicable to field crops. 



Fig. 284. — Milli- 
pedes or Thousand- 
legged Worms — color, 
brownish or yellowish. 

Note. — The milli- 
pedes, centipedes, or 
t h o u s a n d-1 e g g e d 
worms (Fig. 284), are 
sometimes mistaken 



Fig. 284. 




292 



INSECTS INFESTING CORN. 



for wire-worni!^. They can easily be distinguished from the 
latter by having one or more pairs of legs to each segment of 
the body, whereas the true wire-worms have a pair of legs 
attached to the first three segments only, the remaining seg- 
ments being destitute of legs ; compare Figs. 283 and 284. On 
roots of trees, use Remedy No. 59 ; on roots of cereals, etc.. No. 
55, A. 

Remedy. — Use No. 55. 



CHAPTER CXCIV. 

Cut-worms. (Cal. ) 

Order, Lepidoptera ; Family, Noctuid.^. 

[Feeding upon the roots of corn, melons, cabbages, etc., 
usually severing the plants ; or ascending fruit trees, grape- 
vines, rosebushes, etc., and devouring the buds ; a naked, 
greasy looking sixteen-legged caterpillar or worm.] 



Fig. 285. 




Fig. 286. 




Fig. 285. — W-marked Cut-worm (Agrotis dandestina) — 
color, ash-gray and black or brown. 

Fig. 286. — Glassy Cut-worm (Hadena devastator) ; the lower 
figure represents one of the middle segments of its body 
enlarged — color, pale green. 

Fig. 287.— Cut-worm and ^^^- 287. 

Moth (Mamestra renigera) ; 
at the left the moth (known 
as the Figure 8 Minor 
Moth) — color, dark gray ; 
at the right the worm 
(called the White Bristly Cut-worm) — color, yellowish gray. 





INSECTS INFESTING CORN. 



293 



These worms (Figs. 285, 28H and 287) are very destructive 
to young plants of various kinds ; their usual mode of pro- 
cedure is to cut the young plants off and drag them into their 
burrows, there to devour them at their leisure. Others ascend 
various kinds of trees and sin-ubs and feed u})()n their leaves. 
Fi". 288. -^'^S- -^^- — l^upa of Cut-worm in its 

earthen cell — color, brown. 

They come forth to feed mostly in 
the night, remaining in their l)urrows 
during the daytime. When about to 
pupate they form smooth cells (Fig. 
288) in which to undergo their transformations. 




Fig. 289. 



Fig. 289.— Gothic Dart Moth 
(Agrotis subgothica, the parent of 
the Dingy Cut-worm) — c o 1 o r s , 
gray, yellow and white. 

The perfect moths (Figs. 289 
and 287) are usually of an ashen- 
gray color, variously marked with 
dusky or black ; their hind wings are mostly whitish or smoky. 

Remedy. — Use No. 73. 




CHAPTER CXCV. 

The White Grub. (Cal.) 

(Lachnosterna quercina. — Knoch.) 

Order, Coleoptera ; Famil}-, Scarab^id^. 

[Feeding upon the roots of corn, potatoes, strawberry plants, 
nursery stock and various kinds of grasses ; a white curved 
six-legged grub ; or feeding upon the leaves of the apple and 
other trees ; a robust reddish-brown lieetle.] 

The beetle (Fig. 290, o and 4,) which deposits the eggs from 
which these grubs (Fig. 290, 2,) hatch, is commonly known as 
the " May-beetle," or ".June-bug.'' It is from eight lines to 
nearly an inch long, of a nearly uniform chestnut-brown color, 
and the breast is covered with vellowish hairs. 



294 



INSECTS INFESTING CORN. 



Fig. 290.— White 
Grub ; 4, the beetle, 
back view ; 3, the 
same"^ side view — 
color, chestnut- 
brown; 1, the pupa 
in its cell— color, yel- 
lowish-white ; 2, the 
grub in its burrow 
in the earth — color, 
white, with the head 
brown. 

The eggs are laid in 
the earth, and these 
soon hatch into 
small, whitish six-legged grubs,' with brownish heads. When 
at rest they lie upon one side, the body being curved so as to 
bring the head and tail nearly in contact. They feed upon the 
roots of various kinds of plants, and are supposed to spend 
two or three years in this, their larval stage. 

When about to pupate they form smooth oval cells in the 
earth (Fig. 290, 1,) in which to undergo their transformations. 
The perfect insects feed upon the leaves of the apple, cherry, 
and various other fruit and ornamental trees. 
Remedy. — Use No. 107. 




CHAPTER CXCVI. 

The Corn-worm, or Boll-worm. (Cal.) 

(Hdiothis annigera . — Hubner. ) 

Order, Lkpidoptera : Family, Noctuid^. 

[Living in the ears of corn and feeding upon the kernels, 
or burrowing into the bolls of cotton; a green or broAvnish 
sixteen-legged worm, marked with darker stripes.] 

The body of this caterpillar (Fig. 291 c) is sparsely covered 
with polished black elevated dots, and the head is brown. 



INSECTS INFESTING CORN. 



295 



When fully grown it measures about one inch and six lines in 
length. It sometimes assumes the pupa form in its burrow, 
but usually descends to the ground, which it enters and forms a 
smooth cell (Fig. 291rZ) in which to undergo its transforma- 
tions. 

Fig. 291. Fig. 291.— Corn- 

w o r m ; c, the 
w o r m — colors, 
green and brown ; 
d, the pupa in its 
cell — color, 
1) r own; e, the 
moth with wings 
expanded ; _/', the 
same, Avith wings 
closed — color, 
pale yellow tinged 
with olive-green ; 
a, an egg, side 
view, highly mag- 
nified; h , the 
same, top view. 
The fore-wings of the perfect moth (Fig. 291, e and/,) 
expand about one inch and six lines, are of a pale yellowish 
color, sometimes tinged with olive-green and reddish mark- 
ings. Near the center of each wing is a blackish spot, and 
near the outer margin is a dusk}^ spot. The hind wings are 
paler, with a blackish outer border, and containing a light 
colored spot in the center. 

The caterpillar of this moth will bite human flesh. A case 
occurred in the city of Sacramento, where the arm of a baby 
was attacked by one of these worms until it bled freely ; and 
several other cases have been reported. 

Remedies. — Use No. 5 or 7 ; spray the ears of corn to pre- 
vent the moth from depositing eggs on them. 




296 INSECTS INFESTING CORN. 

CHAPTER CXCVII. 

The Corn Aphis. 

(Aphis maidis. — Fitch . ) 

Order, Hemiptera ; } ,^ ■-, . 

o 1 ' 1 TT Family, Aphidid^. 

bub-order, HoMOPTERA ; ) '^' 

[Living on the roots, stalks, or ears of corn, which they 
puncture with their beaks and imbibe the sap ; a small green- 
ish plant-louse, marked with dusky or black.] 

The wingless lice are apple green throughout, excepting the 
front of the head, which is dark. The antennae are brownish 
and the honey tubes are black. 

The winged lice have the head and thorax shining black, 
the abdomen greenish-yellow marked along the sides with 
black dots. 

Remedy. — Use No. 108. 



INSECTS INFESTING TOBACCO. 



The Tobacco Worm (Macrosila Carolina) infests Tobacco, 
and is treated of in another part of this work. 



INSECTS INFESTING COTTON. 



CHAP. I The Corn Worm (//(j/w^/as u/-;/ii_;f/a) also at 
The Cotton Worm (Aletia argiUacea) 198 tauks Cotton. 



CHAPTER CXCVIII. 

The Cotton Worm. 

[Aletia argiUacca. — Hubner. ) 

Order, Lepidoptera ; Familv, Xoctuid.e. 



M I M I M I I I l.hl 

[The measurements of insects in tliis work, are given in inches and lines. The above cut rep- 
resents one inch divided into lines and fractions thereof.] 

[Feeding upon the leaves of the cotton phiiit ; a pale green- 
ish caterpillar, dotted with black and marked witb yellow 

stripes.] 

Fig. 292. 




Fig. 292. — Cotton Worm ; a, the egg, magnilicd — color, 
green ; b, c\ and </, worms of different sizes — color, iiTeen, with 
20 



298 



INSECTS INFESTING COTTON. 



Fiff. 293. 



lighter lines ; /, the pupa — color, brown ; e, a rolled leaf, in 
which the worm assumes the pupa form. 

Although this caterpillar (Fig. 292, h, c, and d,) is provided 
with a full complement of sixteen legs, yet in walking it is 
obliged to arch up its bod}^, somewhat as the span-worms do. 
This is due to the fact that the front pair of legs beneath the 
middle of the body are so much shortened as to be of no use 
to the caterpillar. When about to pupate it rolls a leaf around 
its body (Fig. 292c), fastening the edges together with silken 
threads ; it then lines the interior with a layer of silk, and 
soon afterward assumes the pupa form. (Fig. 292/.) 

Fig. 293.— Cotton- 
worm Moths; a, 
witli wings expand- 
ed ; 6, with wings 
closed — color, yel- 
lowish, with lilac 
lines. 

The perfect moth 
(Fig. 293) has the 
fore-wings of a nearly uniform redclish-brown color, with a 
dark spot, centered with two pale ones, near the center of each 
wing. The head and thorax are also reddish-brown, while the 
hind wings are smoky brown. 

Remedy. — Use No. 103. (See note at end.) 




INSECTS INFESTING THE SQUASH. 



The Squash-vine Borer (.fi(/i'ria curcnbitce)W9 
The Squash Bug (Coreun trintis) "200 

The following insects also infest the Squash; 
The Striped Cucumber-beetle (Liabrotioa 
vitlata). 



The Cucumber Aphis (.'iipliuuhplwm raair 

bike). 
The Pickle Worm {Phwellum nitidalis). 
The Melon Worm ( Phacellura hyalinitalk). 



Fie. 294. 



iiS^^V^^^-^^i^^ 



CHAPTER CXCIX. 

The Squash Vine Borer, (Cal.) 

( JSgeria cucurbitse. — Harris. ) 

Order, Lepidoptera ; Family, .Egekid.^e. 

[Living in squasli and pumpkin vines near the roots ; a 
whitish sixteen-legged larva ahout one inch long.] 

Fig. 294. — Squash-vine Borer — K^olors, white 
and broM'n. 

The eggs from which these borers (Fig. 294) 
hatch are deposited on the vines near the roots, 
and as soon as hatched the young borers penetrate the stems 
and devour the pith, frequently occasioning the death of the 
vines. They reach their full growth in Autumn, and usually 
enter the earth and construct a sort of cocoon in wdiich to pass 
their transformations ; sometimes, however, they pass through 
their transformations within their burrow^s. They pass the 
Winter in the pupa state, and are changed to perfect moths in 
the following Spring. 

Fig. 295. — Squash-vine Borer (the moth) 
— colors, black, olive and orange. 

The perfect insect or moth (Fig. 295) has 
blue-black fore-wings, which expand from 
one inch to one inch and six lines ; the 
hind wings are wholly transparent ; the ab- 
domen is deep orange, marked with black. 

Remedies. — Spray with No. 5 or 7, or No, 68 or 104. 
note at end of No. 98.) 




(See 



300 INSECTS INFESTING THE SQUASH. 

CHAPTER CC. 

The Squash Bug. (Cal.) 

{ Core us tristis. — De Geer. ) 

Order, Hemiptera ; ) r7^ ^^ r^ 

Sub-order, Heteroptera; ( ^^"^^1>^' Corisid^. 

[Living upon the leaves and fruit of the squash and pumpkin 
vines ; a rusty-black elongated bug which punctures the plants 
with its beak and inil;)il)es the sap.] 

Fig. 296.— Squash Bug— colors blackish Fig. 296. 
brown and dirty yellow. 

The perfect or winged bugs (Fig. 290) pass 
the Winter in some sheltered situation ; they 
are about seven lines long, of a dirty yellow 
color beneath and black above, the projecting 
edges of the abdomen spotted with pale yel- 
low; the wing-covers are rusty black, with the 
thin overlapping ends black. 

The females lay their eggs on the underside of the leaves, to 
which they fasten them with a gummy substance. 

The young are of a gray color, and as they increase in size 
and by molting their skins, they change to a dull yellow 
color. The leaves on which the young feed soon wither and 
become dry and wrinkled; the bugs then change to fresh 
leaves, and in this manner the vine is eventually destroyed. 

The squash bug can be found in all stages of its growth 
throughout the Summer season. It hibernates around fences, 
crevices of walls, among weeds, and in other sheltered places. 
In January, 1882, I found on pine trees, which were covered 
Avitli ivy, immense numbers of squash bugs in all stages of 
their existence — larva, pupa and imago. 

Remedies. — Use Nos.«20 and 19, or No. 64 ; thorough spray- 
ing with the latter (No. 64), one pound of the soap to each 
gallon of water, then adding the buhach, as described, will be 
effectual. See also No. 114. 




NSECTS INPHSTIXCx THH PliMPKIX. 



The following insec^ls inl'est the piunpkiu, and are treated of 
in another part of this work : 

The Siiiiash-viiie Borer (.■K'jeriacucurbitce). The Squash-hug (Coreits trUtis). 

The Striperl Cucumber Beetle (Diabrotica ' The Cucumber Aphis (Siphoiiopliom cucur- 
vitta/a). I bitce). 



INSRTS IXFHSTIXG THli MELON. 



CHAP. The Stripel Cucumber Beetle {Diabrotica 

The Melon Worm (I'hacdlum lnjuUnitalis).20l nttafa). 

The Cucuuiber Flea Beetle (Ilalfica rucum- 
ens). 
The following insects also infest the Melon: The Green Fruit Beetle (lyi/mneti.i nitida). 
Cut Worms. . The Pickle Worm (fharelliira nilidalU . 



CHAPTER CCI. 

The Melon Worm. (Cal.) 

(Phacellura hyalinitalis. — Linnjieus.) 

Order, Lepiuoptera ; Family, Pyralid.e. 

[Eating large holes in cucumbers, melons and pumpkins, 
and also feeding upon the leaves of these plants; a yellowish 
green sixteen-legged worm.] 

The worms which occur upon the leaves (Fig. 207, Plate 4,) 
usually web up the latter with silken threads. When fully 



302 



INSECTS INFESTING THE CUCUMBER. 



grown they measure about an inch and three lines in length ; 
they then spin their cocoons among the leaves, and soon after- 
wards assume the pupa form. The last brood pass the Win- 
ter in the pupa state. 

The perfect moth (Fig. 297, Plate 4,) expands about an inch, 
is of a pearly white color with a black stripe along the front 
edge of the fore-wings, and a similar stripe along the outer 
edge of all the wings. 

Remedies. — Use Nos. 20 and 14 ; spray thoroughly with No. 
51 or 65. 



INSHCrS INFESTING THE CUCUMBER. 



The Striped Cucumber-beetle (Diabrotica 
vittata) 202 

The Cucumber Flea-beetle (Haltica citcu- 
meris) 203 



The Cucumber Aphia^SiphonopIioramair- 

hitae) 204 

The Pickle Worm (Phacellura nitidalis). .205 

The Melon Worm (Phacellura hyalinitalis), 
also infests the Cucumber. 



CHAPTER ecu. 



The Striped Cucumber-beetle. (Cal.) 

{Diabrotica vittata. — Olivier.) 

Synonym — Galeruca vittata. 

Order, Coleoptera ; Family, Chrysomelidye. 

[Living in the stems of cucumber, melon and squash vines ; 
a slender whitish six-legged grub, about four lines long, with 
a brownish-black head, and a spot of the same color on the 
last segment ; finally changing into a yellowish leaf-eating 
beetle (Fig. 298) about three lines long, and having two black 
dots on the thorax and three black stripes on the wing-cases.] 



INSECTS INFESTING THE CUCUMBER. 



'60-6 




m 

if 



Fig. 298. Fig. 296. — Striped Cu- 
cumber-beetle — colors, 
3'ellow and black. 

Fig. 299.— Larva of the 
Striped Cucumber-beetle, 
enlarged; 1, back view; 2, side view 
— color, yellowish-white. ' I 

In early Summer the grul)s (Fig. 1 
299) of this species are sometimes 
found in the stems of young cucum- 
ber vines, near the roots. They bore 
the stems in various directions, and 
after attaining their full size they de- 
sert the plants and form small cells 
in, the earth, in which to pass the pupa state. 
Remedy. — Use No. 111. 



299. 



CHAPTER CCIII. 

The Cucumber Flea-beetle. (Cal.) 

{Haltica cucumeris. — Harris. ) 

Synonym. — Epitriz cucumeris. — Harris. 

Order, Coleoptera ; Family, Chrysomelid.*;. 

[Feeding upon the leaves of the cucumber, melon, potato, 
etc. ; a small l)hick beetle.] 

Fig. 800. — Cucumber Flea-heetle, enlarged — color, Fig. 300. 
black. 

This beetle (Fig. 300) is less than a line long, and 
the antenna? and legs are yellowish, except the hind 
thighs, which are black and greatly swollen, enabling 
the insect to leap to a considerable distance. The larvae, or 
young, are supposed to live in the leaves of various kinds of 
plants, and to enter the earth to pupate. 




304 INJECTS INFESTING THE CUCUMBER. 

The perfect beetles jdess the Winter in some sheltered place. 
These beetles attack the seed-leaves of cucumber plants as soon 
as the}^ appear above the ground, thereby destroying them. 
They also attack tomatoes, potatoes, etc., and injure the 
plants by eating holes in the leaves — the injury to the plant 
being in proportion to the extent of surface of the leaves 
destroyed. 

Remedy. — Use No. 111. 



CHAPTER CCIV. 

The Cucumber Aphis. (Cal. ) 

( Siphonoph ora cucurhitse. — Middleton. ) 

Order, Hemiptera ; } t? ■^ k 

oil TT I 1* amilv, Aphidid^. 

Sub-order, Homoptera \ ) • ' 

[Living on the under sides of the leaves of cucumber, squash 
and pumpkin ^dnes, which they puncture with their beaks and 
imbibe the sap ; small green plant-lice, sometimes marked 
with brown.] 

The wingless lice are green, with a few darker markings. 
The winged lice are green, the head yellowish, the eyes brown 
and the thorax usually brownish. 

Remedy. — Use No. 111. 



CHAPTER CCV. 

The Pickle Worm. (Cal.) 

( PJiacellura nitidalis. — Cramer. ) 

Order, Lepidoptera; Family, Pyralid^. 

[Boring cylindrical holes into cucumbers, melons, and 
squashes; a pale greenish-yellow worm, with a reddish head.] 



INSECTS INFESTING THE CUCUMBER. 



305 



Fifj. ?,01.— Pickle Worm 
worm — color, vellowiBh 

Fig. 301. 







j. an infested cucumber; r/, the 
or green ; r,one of the middle 
segments of its 
body, enlarged ; d, 
the horny plate on 
the top of the first 
segment, called the 
cervical shield; e, ar- 
rangement of black 
spots on one side of 
the first segment ; 
f, shoAvs arrange- 
ment of black spots 
on top of the sec- 
ond and third seg- 
ments ; g, arrange- 
ment of black spots 
on top of the last segment ; b, the head and fore part of the 
caterpillar's body, enlarged, back view; h, the cocoon — color, 
white; /, the male moth — color, yellowisli-brown and dull 
golden yellow. 

When fully grown this Avorm (Fig. 301a) is about an inch 
long; it then crawls beneath the leaves, etc., Avhich lie upon 
the ground, and spins a slight Avhitish cocoon (Fig. 301 A). 
The last brood passes the Winter in the pupa state. 

The perfect moth (Fig. 301/) expands about one inch find 
three lines. The fore-wings are of a A'ellowish-brown color 
with a [)urplish reflection, and near the middle of the hind 
edge is an irregular semi-transparent du\l golden-yellow spot. 
The hind wings are of the same l)roAvnish color, with their 
inner two thirds semi-transparent and dull golden-yell oav. 

Remedies. — No. 20 ; spray fruit and foliage with No. 5 or 7, 
to preA'cnt moth from depositing its eggs. 



INSFXTS INFESTING THE POTATO. 



CHAP. 

The Potato-stalk Weevil (Baridius triao- 

tatus) 206 

The Stalk Borer (Gortijna nitda) 207 

The Colorado Potato Beetle (Doryphm-a 

10-lineata) 208 

The Three-Iiiicd Potato Beetle (Lem-a tril- 

Ineata) 209 

The Ash-colored Blister Beetle (CantharU 

cinerea) 210 

The Striped Blister Beetle (Cantharis mt- 

tataj 211 

The Small Potato Beetle, No. 1, (EpUrix 

subcrinita) 212 



The Small Potato Beetle, No. 2, {EpilHx 

hirlipennis) 213 

The Potato Moth 214 



The following insects also infest the Potato: 

The White Grub {Lachnosterna quercina) 
Wire Worms. 

The Tomato Worm (Marerosila Carolina). 
The Cucumber Flea Beetle (Haltica cucum- 
eri:<). 



CHAPTER CCVL 



The Potato-stalk Weevil. (Cal.) 

( Baridius trinotatus. — Say. ) 

Order, Coleoptera ; Family, Curculioxid^. 

[Living within the stalks of potatoes ; a whitish footless 
larva, about three lines long ; finally transforming into a 
bluish-gray snout-beetle, which is marked at the base of the 
thorax with three black dots.] 

Fig. 302.— Potato-stalk Weevil ; a, the Fig. 302. 

larva enlarged—color, white ; b, the pupa 
in its burrow, enlarged — color, yellow- 
ish white. 

The female weevil makes a slit in the 
stalk by means of her snout, and then 
deposits a single egg therein. The larva 
hatching from this egg (Fig. 302a) bur- 
rows downward into the stalk, sometimes extending its bur- 





INSECTS INFESTING THE POTATO, 



307 



row even into the roots. It assumes the pupa form (Fig. 
3026) in its burrow, and the perfect beetle issues in the latter 
part of the Summer or late in the Fall, and passes the Winter 
in some sheltered situation. 

Fig. 808. — Potato-stalk Weevil— color, bluish- 
black. 

This weevil (Fig. 808) is about two lines long, of 
an elongate-oval form, and is of a bluish-black 
color, with three black dots at the base of the tho- 
rax, the middle dot being situated upon the small 
wedge-shaped piece technically called the scutel. 

In the southern part of this State these insects are quite 
frequently met with upon • the Jamestown weed {Datura stra- 
monium'), in the stems of which they breed. ' 

Remedy. — Use No. 25. 




CHAPTER CCVII. 

The Stalk Borer. (Cal.) 

{Gortyna nitela. — Guenee.) 

Order, Lepidoptera ; Family, Noctuid.e. 

[Burrowing into the stalks of corn, potatoes, tomatoes, cur- 
rant-bushes, etc. ; a l)rownish sixteen-legged worm nuirked 
with white stripes.] 

Fig. 304.— Stalk Fig. 304. 

Borer ; 1, the moth — 
color, gray; 2, the 
c a t e rp i 1 lar — colors, 
white and brown. 

This l)orer (Fig. 
304, ^,) when fulh- 
grown measures about 

one inch and three lines in length, is of a reddish-brown color, 
marked on the back with three white lines, the two lowest ones 
interrupted on the segments from the fourth to the seventh, 
inclusive ; the underpart of these segments is reddish-brown, 




308 INSECTS INFESTING THE POTATO. 

while this part of the remaining segments is greenish-white ; the 
head is yellowish-brown, usually with a dark dash ujDon each 
side. It sometimes assumes the pupa form within its burrow, 
but it usually enters the earth, where it forms a cell in which to 
undergo its transformations. The fore-wings of the moth 
(Fig. 304, 1,) expand from an inch and one line to an inch and 
six lines ; they are of a mouse gray color, tinged with lilac, 
and finally sprinkled over with bright yellow scales ; toward 
the outer edge they are crossed by a yellow line. These borers 
appear from April to August, there being but one annual 
brood ; the moths are supposed either to hibernate, or to 
deposit their eggs in the Fall, these not hatching until the fol- 
lowing Spring ; the first supposition is probably the correct one. 
Remedy. — Use* No. 25. 



CHAPTER CCVIII. 

The Colorado Potato Beetle. 

{Doryphnra lO-lineata. — Say.) 

Order, Coleopetra ; Family, Chrysomelid^. 

[Feeding upon the leaves of the po.tato and tomato ; a six- 
legged yellowish grub about six lines long, and marked with 
two rows of Ijlack dots along each side of the body, with the 
head and legs also black ; finally transforming into a robust 
yellowish beetle, having a black spot on the head, the thorax 
covered with dots and short streaks of black, and the wing- 
cases marked with ten black lines.] 

■ The egg of this species {Fig. 305a) are deposited in small 
clusters upon the leaves, and hatch out in the course of 
about one week. After attaining' their full growth the larvse 
(Fig. 3056) enter the earth and form small cells in which to 
undergo their transformations. Several l^roods are produced 
in one year, the last brood passing the Winter in the pupa 
state (Fig. 305c). 

Fig. 305. — Colorado Potato Beetle ; a, a, the eggs — color, 
yellow ; 6, b, 6, the larva in different stages of its growth — 
colors, yellow and black ; c, the pupa — color, yellow ; d, d, the 
beetle — colors, yellow and black; e, one of the wing-cases, 
enlarged ; /, one of the hind legs, enlarged. 



INSECTS INFESTING THE POTATO. 309 

Fig. 305. 




Re.aiedies. — Xo. 103; spray thoroughly witli liquid solution 
(see note at end of No. 108) ; good results have been obtained by 
hand picking, etc. (See Xo. 112). For further description of 
remedies, see Professor Riley's Seventh Missouri Report, pages 
1 to 19. 



CHAPTER CCIX. 

The Three-lined Potato Beetle. (Cal.) 

{Lema •trilineata . — Olivier.) 

Order, Coleoptera ; Family, Chrysomelid^. 

[Feeding upon the leaves of the potato; a. six-legged slug- 
like larva, which is finally changed into a yellowish beetle, 
having two black dots on the thorax and three black stripes 
on the wing-cases.] 




Fig. 307.- 
V a, Pupa 



Fig. 306. 



•Lar- 

a n d 
Eggs of Three- 
lined Potato Beetle 
— ; a, a, the lar- 
va — color, yellow ; 
b, the tip of its body, en- 
larged ; c, the pupa, enlarged 
— color, 3^ellow ; c/, the eggs 
— color, vellow. 




310 



INSECTS INFESTING THE POTATO. 



Fig. 306. — Three-lined Potato Beetle, enlarged — colors yel- 
low and black. 

The parent beetle (Fig. 306) deposits her eggs (Fig. 307fl) 
in patches of from half a dozen to a dozen, usually placing 
them on the underside of tlie leaves ; tliey are somewhat oval 
in shape and of a golden-yellow color. They hatch in about 
two weeks, and the larvae (Fig. 307a) reach their full growth 
in a few weeks and then enter the earth and form small cells 
in which to pass the pupa state (Fig. 307c). Several broods 
are produced in one season, and the perfect beetles pass the 
Winter in some secluded place. The larva is of a dull yellow- 
ish color, with a black head ; it has the habit of covering its 
back with its own excrements. This insect is very common 
in the southern part of the State. 

Remedies. — Use same as in Chapter CCVIII. 



CHAPTER CCX. 

The Ash-eolored Blister-beetle. (Cal.) 

(Cantharis cinerea. — Fabricius.) 

Synonyms. — Lytta cinerea — Fab ; Macrobasis unicolor — Kirby. 

Order, Coleoptera ; Family, Meloid.e. 

[An elongate ash-colored beetle, about six lines long, feeding 
upon the leaves of potatoes, etc.] 

Fig. 308. — Ash- Fig. 308. 

colored Blister-bee- 
tle ; a, the beetle, 
enlarged — color, 
ash-gray ; d, its an- 
tenna, enlarged — 
on the left, that of ■■^d Iq / 
the male ; on the 
right, that of the 
female ; &, the black 

variety (murina), enlarged — color, black ; c, its antenna, 
enlarged — on the left, that of the female ; on the right, that 
of the male. 




INSECTS INFESTINO THE POTATO. 311 

Tliis species has done serious injury to the potato crop in 
one county in this State. It appears in the perfect state (Fig. 
308) and attacks the potato by feeding upon the leaves. Par- 
ties sending specimens to me could not give any particulars 
concerning the natural hi storey of this insect. As the speci- 
mens sent me were from portions of the State infested hy 
grasshoppers and crickets, it may be that this species in the 
larva state feeds upon the eggs of these pests. 

Professor Riley gives the natural history of this species, in 
substance as follows : The female lays her eggs in the nests 
of such locusts or grasshoppers as deposit their eggs in the 
ground. The larva' produced from these eggs are of an 
elongate form and provided with six legs. They at once 
begin to feed upon the locust eggs, and at the approach of 
Winter they cast theii- skins and appeal' in an entirely different 
form, known as the semi-pupa. In the true pupa form the 
next change results in the exclusion of the perfect insect ; but 
in the present case, as soon as the skin is cast, the insect 
appears again in the larval form. The semi-pupa differs from 
the true pupa in lacking the wing and leg-sheaths, but, like 
it, is incapable of moving about. It is of a pale yellow color, 
slightly curved, and beneath the fore part of the body are six 
short tubercles, which seem to represent the legs. In the fol- 
lowing Spring it casts its skin and again appears in the larval 
form. Its body is now much curved, the head nearly coming 
in contact with the tail. After attaining its full size it 
assumes the pupa form, from which the perfect beetle issues 
in the course of a few weeks. 

I have not found it in am' locality not infested by grass- 
hoppers, so it may be a friend as well as a foe. 

Remedy. — Use No. 103 — liquid solution preferable — and Xo. 
112. 



312 



INSECT^S INFESTING THE POTATO. 



CHAPTER CCXI. 

The Striped Blister-beetle. (Cal.) 

( CantJiaris ritiatti. — Fal)ricus.) 

Synony.m. — Lytta, or Epicaata vlttata. 

Order, Coleoptera ; Family, Meloid.e. 

Fig. 309. [Feeding upon the leaves of the potato ; an 

elongate yellowish beetle (Fig. 309), about six 
lines long, marked with two black spots on the 
head, two black stripes on the thorax, and two 
black stripes on each wing-case — the outer stripe 
the widest, and sometimes divided into two 
stripes by a yellow line.] 

Fig. 309.— Striped Blister Beetle— colors, dull 
yellow and black. 

The habits and natural history of this species are the same 
as those of the ash-colored blister-beetle — Chajater CCX. 

Remedies. — Use No. 103 — liquid solution preferable — and 
No. 112. 




CHAPTER CCXII. 



Small Potato Beetle.— No. 1. (Cal.) 

{Epitrix subcrinita. — Leconte.) 

Order, Coleoptera ; Family, Chrysomelid.e. 

[A small metallic colored beetle, feeding on the leaves of 
the potato.] 

This species appeared early in August, 1882, on one side of 
a field of potatoes which contained three acres, and by the 20th 
had infested the whole field, entirely destroying the foliage. 

The perfect insect (Fig. 310, Plate 4,) is oval in form, of a 
greenish-black color with a slight sub-metallic luster ; antennte, 
ten-jointed; legs, pale brown ; posterior thighs, stout : length, 



INSECTS INFESTING THE POTATO. 313 

about one and one half lines. The leaves attacked by these 
pests were filled with holes similar in appearance to grapevine 
leaves attacked by the grapevine tlea-bectle (Ilaltica chalybea.) 
Should tlu'V appear this season, I will endeavor to learn some- 
thing of their natural history. 

Remedy. — Use No. lOo — liquid solution })rcieral)le. 



CHAPTEll CCXIII. 

Small Potato Beetle.— No. 2. (Cal.) 

{Epilrix hirtipcnnia. — Mels.) 

Order, Coleopteua ; Family, CnKYSOMKLiuiE. 

[A small reddish-colored beetle feeding on the leaves of 
])otatoes.] 

This species was found in company with the preceding — 
Epitri.c subcriaita — feeding on the leaves of potatoes, but was 
not so luunerous as the latter. Tlic perfect insect is reddish 
in color, with indistinct Idack markings ; antenna% ten-jointed ; 
legs, pale l)rown ; lenglh of insect, about one and a half lines. 

Remedy. — Use No. 103 — litpiid solution preferable. 



CHAPTER CCXIV. 

The Potato Moth. (Cal.) 

(Gekchia Spf) 

Order, LKiTDOi'TifiiJA : Family, Tineid.e. 

[A small whitish caterpillar a little over six lines in length, 
the head and true legs black; feeding upon potatoes.] 

In 1<S81 and '82 specimens of potatoes were received infested 
by the larva> of a snuill motli. Length of larva, about six 
lines; color, ycllowish-whitc : head and cervical shield black, 
with a whitish space between them; true legs, black. (Simi- 
lar to larva, Fig. Ill, Plate 1.) 
21 



314 



INSECTS INFESTING THE POTATO. 



Fio-. 311. 




ciliated. 



Fig. 311. — Potato Moth — color, ash-gray. 

The moth (Fig. 311) is of an ash-gray color; 
length of body, about four lines ; spread of wings, 
-^ seven to eight lines ; fore-wings dark ash-gray, 
ciliated ; hind wings lighter in color, and also 
The moths appear about the first of July, and 
deposit their eggs in potatoes after the latter are gathered 
from the ground and placed in heaps or in sacks. The fol- 
lowing letter was received from a gentleman Avho has suffered 
from this pest : 

'' Yours at hand, and in reply I will say that the larva does 
not attack the potatoes in the ground, l)ut it is after they are 
taken from the ground (dug) and placed in l)ulk that the moth 
deposits her eggs on the potatoes, especially on those on the 
top of the heaps. Some are infested to such an extent as to 
appear like a honeycomb. Last year (1882) the moths ap- 
peared about the tirst of July, and were present in all stages 
of their existence until the first of February, 1883. When I 
noticed them first in 1881, the potatoes on top of tlic heaps 
were seriously infested. I covered the entire hea])S with old 
sacks ; as soon as the larvae were full grown they left the i)ota- 
toes and made their cocoons on the under side of the sacks, 
in which to pass their transformation. When the sacks were 
taken off there was not a space the size of a silver dollar but 
had one or more cocoons attached. In order to prevent its 
further spread I have burned the sacks, straw coverings and 
sheds, and removed the storing place to a distant part of my 
place." 

This pest is reported from 
three counties. There are evi- 
dently two or three broods each 
vear. To prevent this pest from 
injuring the crop of potatoes 
after they are gathered, the po- 
tatoes should l:)e covered with 
earth, or placed in what is called 
a pit, in p]ngland, which is made 

by piling the potatoes in a heap and putting a covering of 
from four to six inches of earth on tliem (See Fig. 31U), or 



FiK. ^m. 




INSECTS INFESTING THE SWEET POTATO. 



315 



by covering the heap with old sacks, etc., and phieing on the 
top a light covering of earth. In all cases the storing place 
should be as far as possible from localities alread}' infested. 
Sprinkling slacked lime on the heaps will ^jrevent the moths 
from depositing their eggs on the part covered by the lime. 



INSECTS INFESTING THE SWEET POTATO. 



CHAP. 

Toifoise Beetles 215 

The Golden Toi-toise Beetle (Ca^xida au- 

riehalcea) 215 

The Mottled Tortoise Beetle (Candida gut- 

lata) 215 



The Two-striiied Tortoise Beetle {Camda 
hivlUala) 215 

The Black-legged Tortoise Beetle (Casgida 
niij ripen) 215 



CHAPTER CCXV. 



Tortoise Beetles. 

Order. Coleoptera ; Family, Chrysomelid.e. 

[Feeding upon the leaves of flie sweet potato; a fattened 

larva, having a row of spines along each side of the body ; 

finally transforming into flattened tortoise-shaped beetles.] 

Fig. 313. 
Fig. 312. 





Fig. 812. — Two-striped Tortoise Beetle, larva and pupa ; 2, 
the larva, enlarged — color, dirty white ; 3, the pupa, enlarged 
— color, brownish ; 4, the beetle, enlarged — colors, yellow and 
black. 



316 



INSECl'S INFESTING THE SWEET POTATO. 



In this country there are no less than four different kinds of 
tortoise beetles which are known to infest the sweet potato ; 
they are more or less hemispherical in form, and the head is 
concealed beneath a thin, transparent extension of the front 
edge of the thorax. 

Fig. 313. — Mottled Tortoise Beetle, enlarged — color, black. 

The two-striped tortoise beetle (Cassida bivittata — Say; Fig. 
312, 4,) is marked with two black stripes on each wing-case. 
In the three following species, the wing-cases are unmarked. 

The mottled tortoise heetle (_Casmla guttata — Olivier; Fig. 
313,) has the shoulders blackish to the extreme outer edge of 
the wing-case. In the remaining two species the thin, transpa- 
rent outer edge of the wing-cases and. thorax is unmarked. 




Fig. 315. 




Fig. 314. — Golden 
Tortoise Beetle and 
Pupa ; d, the beetle — 
color, yellow ; c, the 
pupa — color, brown. 
Fig. 315.— Egg of 
(Tolclen Tortoise Bee- 
tle, enlarged — color, dirty white. 

The golden tortoise beetle (Cassida auri- 
chalcea — Fabricius ; Fig. 314(/,) is of a deep 
yellowish color, usually dotted with black, or 
it is of a transparent golden color, shining like a drop of 
liquid gold. It measures about two lines in length. 

This is the only tortoise beetle that is known to occur in 
this State, and is frequently met with on wild morning glories- 
Fig. 316.— Black-legged Tortoise Beetle- 
color, yellowish. 

The black-legged tortoise beetle (Cassida 
iiigripcs — Olivier; Fig. 316) closely resembles 

Ii»i|p]i^'7 L the last, but is larger, measuring nearly four 
llBii iiL;:.J ■ lines in length. It also differs in having the 
legs black, and each wing-case is marked with 
three black dots. The larva^ of these tortoise 
beetles are elongate-oval in outline, greatly flattened, and have 
a row of spines on each side of the body and two larger spines, 
which are situated at the hind end of the body; these are usu- 



Fig. 316. 




tNSECTS FNFESTING THE SWEET POTATO. 



317 



ally held over the liaek, and the excreiiients of the lai-va are 

sometimes eullected upon them. 

The larva of the two-striped tortoise beetle (Fig. ol2, ^,) is iA' 

a dirty, or yellowish white color. It differs from the other three 

mentioned below by not collecting its excrements u])()n its 

anal spines. 

Fig. 817. Fig. 318. 





Fig. ol7. — Larva of (Jolden Tortoise Beetle; (i^ several lai-- 
vii? on a leaf; h, a larva, enlarged — color, dark brown. 

Fig. 818. — Larva and pupa of Mottled Tortoise Beetle; n. 
the larva, enlarged — color, green ; h, the pupa, enlarged — coloi-, 
green. 

The larva of the golden tortoise beetle (Fig. olT) is of a dark 
brown color, with a |)ale shade upon the back. 

That of the mottled tortoise beetle (Fig. ol8r/) is of a green- 
ish color, while the larva of the ])lack-legged toi'toise beetle 
(Fig. 819, a and b,) is of a pale straw color, marked with dusky 
spots, the spines tipped with black. 

Fig. 319. 





■-•^^i.^' 



th( 



Fig. 319. — Larva of Black-legged Tortoise Beetle: b. 
larva, enlarged — color, yellow ; «, two larva' on a leaf. 

Fig. 320. — Pupa of Black-legged Tortoise Beetle, enlarged — 
color, brown. 



318 



INSECTS INFESTING THE TOMATO. 



When fully grown these larviv attach themselves to some 
object by the hmd part of the body and soon cast off their 
skins, which are worked backward and allowed to remain, en- 
veloping the hind part of the pupa. (Figs. 320, 3186, 314c 
and 312, S,). The pupae somewhat resemble the perfect bee- 
tles, but differ by being destitute of the hard wing-cases, and 
also in having a row of spines along each side of the body. 

Remedy. — Use No 113; if seriously infested, use No. 103. 



INSECTS INFESTING THE TOMATO. 



CHAP. 

Tlie Tomato Worm (Macroxi.la Carolina). 21C 
The Tomato Aphis (Megmira solani) 217 



The following; insects also infest the Tomato: 
The Stalk Borer {Gortyna nitela). 
The Colorado Potato-beetle (DorypJiora 10- 

lineata). 



CHAPTER CCXVI. 

The Tomato and Tobacco Worm. (Cal.) 

(Macrosila Carolina. — Linn ; and J/. 6-macuIata. — Haw.) 

Order, Lepidoptera; Family, Sphingid.e. 

[Feeding upon the leaves of tomato, potato, and tobacco 
plants ; a large green worm, having seven oblique white stripes 
on each side of the bod}', and a horn on the hind end.] 

Fig. 321. -Potato 
or Tomato Worm — 
colors, green a n d 
white. 

Fig. 322. — Pupa 
of Potato or To- 
mato Worm — col- 
or, brown. 

The above two 
species very closely 
resemble each oth- 



Fiff. 321. 




INSECTS INFESTING THE TOMATO. 



319 



er in all of their stages. The full grown worm ( Fig. :V1\) meas- 
ures from three to five inches in lengh. When alxnil to ])Upate, 
it enters the earth and forms a smooth cell in which to undergo 
its trail sl'ormations. 




Fig. 32;!. — Potato AVorni Moth or Five-spotted Sphin.\ — ih 
ors. grav. hlaclc. and vellow. 



320 INSECTS INFESTING THE TOMATO. 

The pupa (Fig. 322) is dark brown, and is furnished with a 
long tongue-case, which curves around from the forward end, 
its outer extremity resting upon the breast of the pupa, some- 
what resembling the handle of a pitcher. 

The perfect insects (Fig. 323) are commonly called "hawk- 
moths," from a habit they have of hovering over flowers in 
the evening while partaking of the nectar by means of their 
long proboscis. Their fore-Avings expand from four to five 
inches, and are of a grayish color ; the abdomen has a row of 
orange spots, surrounded by black, on each side. 

Remedies. — Use Nos. 14, 100, and 101. All chrysalids 
(pupa) dug up or plowed up should be destroyed. 



CHAPTER CCXVII. 

The Tomato Aphis. (Cal.) 

( Megoura solani. — Thomas. ) 

Order, Hemiptera ; ? tti -i a 

o 1 1 XT [ Family, Aphidid^. 

Sub-order, Homoptera ; ) *" 



I [ 1 1 I. L 1 I I I Ihhl 

The measurements of insects in this work are given in inches and lines. The above cut rep- 
resents one inch divided into lines and fractions thereof. 

[Living uj)on tlie leaves and stems of tomato plants, which 
they puncture wdth their beaks and iml)ibe the sap ; small 
greenish plant-lice, sometimes marked witli yellow or brown.] 

The wingless lice are pale green, with a dark green stripe 
along the back ; head whitish, the eyes l)rown. 

The winged lice are greenish, the thorax black or marked 
witli l)lack or l)r()wn. 

Remedies. — Use No. 74. 



INSECTS INFESTING THE CABBAGE. 



CHAr. 

The Cabbafje Mag-got iAntlmntyia br(iK>:i- 

(•(V) 218 

The Southern Cabbage Butterfly {PierU 

prolo(lice) 219 

The Imported Cabbage Wonii (Pien's 

rapce) 220 

The Cabbage Plusia (Pluxi'a Umxsiere) 221 

The Yellow Bear Catei-pillar {Sijilomina 

Vinjinica) 222 



CHAP. 

The Harlequin Calibage Bug '^Strachia his- 

iriuniva) 223 

The Cabbage Aphis (Aphis brcissica;) 224 

The following insects also infest the Cab- 
bage : 

Cut Worms (A'jrotis). 
The Striped Flea Beetle (IlalUca oittata). 



CHAPTER CCXVIIT. 

The Cabbage Maggot. 

{Anthoinyia b runs leu . — l>oiiche.) 

Order, Dtptera ; Family, Muscid.e. 

[Boring into the roots of the cal)hage, turni[) and rutabaga; 
a white maggot having a flattened liind end margined around 
with minute teeth.] 

These maggots and the flies into which they are flnally 
transformed so closely resemble the onion maggot and fly, 
and their habits are so similar, that the account given of the 
latter will apply equally well to the present species. 

Remedy. — Use No. 113. 



CHAPTER CCXTX. 

The Southern Cabbage Worm. (Cal.) 

{Picris protodice. Bois Lee.) 

Order, TiEPiDOPTERA ; Family, Pierid^e. 

[Feeding upon the cabbage and mustard ; a sixteen-legged 
greenish or bluish worm, dotted with black and marked with 
from four to six 3'ellow stripes.]. 



322 



INSECTS rNFESTING THE CABBAGE. 




Fig. 324.— Southern 
Cabbage W o r m and 
Pupa — a, the worm — 
colors, greenish-blue 
and j-ellow : h, the pu- 
pa — color, gray. 

The full grown worm 
(Fig. 324a) measure:^ 
about one inch and 
three lines long. When 
about to pupate it sus- 
pends itself by the hind legs and a transverse loop of silken 
thread passed around the fore part of the body. The pupa 

(Fig. 324/>) is grayish-brown, 
Fis- 325. dotted with V)kck ; the head 

terminates in a conical prom- 
inence, and there is quite a 
large prominence on the back 
of the thorax : it is about 
eight lines in length. 

Fig. 325. — Southern Cab- 
bage Butterfly, male — colors, 
white and black. 
Fig<326 — Southern Cabbage Butterfly, female — colors, white 
and black. 

The wings of the butterfly Fig. 326. 

(Figs. 325 and 326) expand 
about two inches, and are 
white, the fore ones marked 
with about eight l)lackish 
spots, and the hind wings 
sometimes have a border of 
t r i a n g u 1 a r slate-colored 
spots with a zig-zag slate- 
colored line inside of them. 

Remedies. — Spray once each Aveek early in the season with 
No. 5 or 7 ; and should the caterpillars appear, use No. 83 or 
85, or 04 ; the latter is preferable. (See also No. 114.) 





INSECTS INFEST TNG THE CABBAGE. 



323 



Fig. 827. 



CHAPTER CCXX. 

The Imported Cabbage Worm. 

(Pif'ris rajni'. — Linna'Us.) 

Order, Lkimdoi'tioka ; f'ainily, Pierid.'e. 

[Feeding upon the cabbage, etc. ; a green sixteen-legged 
worm dotted with black, and marked on the back with a yel- 
low line, and with a row of vellow spots on each side of the 
body.] 

Fig. 827. — Im])orted Cabbage Worm and 
Pu])a; (I. the worm — color, green with 3'elloAv 
lines ; h, the pupa — color, greenish or gray. 

When fully grown, this Avorm (Fig. o27rf) is 
al)Out one incli and three lines long ; it then 
suspends itself by the hind feet and a trans- 
verse loop of silken threads passed around the 
fore part of the body. It soon sheds its skin 
and ajipears in the pupa state (Fig. '.Vllh). 
Several broods are joroduced in one year, the 
last brood hil)ernating in the pupa state. 




Fig. 328.— Imported Cab- 
bage Butterfly, male — col- 
ors, white and black. 

The perfect insect, or bul- 
terfiy (Figs. 328 and 32i)) 
expands about one inch and 
nine lines, and is white or, 
yellowish-white, w i t h the 
fore-wings tip[)ed w itli Ijlack 

Fig. 329. 



Fig. 328. 





and marked with from one to 
three black spots: the hind 
wings have a blackish spot on 
the front margin. 

Fig. 329. — Imported Cab- 
bage Butterfly, female — colors, 
white and black. 

Remedies. — S a m e as i n 
Chapter CCXIX. 



324 



IN8EGT8 INFESTING THE CABBAGE. 



CHAPTER CCXXI. 

The Cabbage Plusia. (Cal.) 

( riii-^id hras.'<ir!i . — Riley.) 

Order, Lepidoptera ; Family, Noctuid.e. 

[Feeding upon cabbages and lettuce ; a naked green twelve- 
legged worm, dotted with white and marked with white lines.] 

This caterpillar (Fig. 330a) arches up its back slightly when 
walking ; it is of a yellowish-green color, sparsely dotted with 
white, and marked on the back with a dark line, on each side 
of which are three whitish lines ; the head is green, and is 
marked on each side with five black eyelets, which are scarcely 
noticeable with the naked eye. 

Fig. 3 30.— Cab- ^ Fig. 330. 

bage Plusia ; «, the 
caterpillar — c o lor, 
green with white 
lines ; 6, the pupa in 
its c o c o () n — color, 
brown ; c, the moth 
— color, grayish- 
brown. 

When al)out to 
pupate it spins a 
thin wliitish cocoon 
(Fig. 3306) in some 
sheltered place, fre- 
quently among the 
leaves of the plant it infests. The perfect moth (Fig. 330c') 
expands from an inch and three lines to an inch and six lines ; 
the fore-wings are dusky gray, inclining to brown, variegated 
with light gra3dsh-brown, and near the middle of each is a 
small oval spot and a somewhat U shaj^ed silvery mark. 
These insects may be found during the greater part of the 
year, there being at least three broods produced in one season ; 
the last brood hibernating as half grown worms. 

Remedies. — Use same as in Chapter CCXIX. 




INSECTS INFESTING THE CABBAGE. 



325 



CHAPTER CCXXII. 

The Yellow Bear Caterpillar. 

(Spilosoma Virf/inica. — Fabricius.) 

Order, Lepidopteka ; Family, Bombycid.^.; 

[Feeding upon the leaves of the pea, bean, beet, cabbage, 
grape, etc. ; a hairy caterpillar of a yellowish-gray or green- 
ish-white color, marked with from two to four lines, usually 
of a (hirk color, and covered with white, yellow or reddish 
hairs.] 

Fig. 331. 

" / i \ \ _____ 



Fig. 331. -Yellow 
Bear ; a, the cater- 
pillar—colors, white 
or gray, the hairs 
white or vellow ; h 
the pupa — c o 1 o r , 
brown ; c, the moth 
— ct)l()r, white with 
black dots. 

This caterpillar 
(Fig. 331a) varies 
greatly in its colors 
and markings ; the 

3'oung caterpillar is of a greenish-white color, with three white 
lines on the back ; the more mature ones are pale yellow or 
dark gray, with two dark colored lines on the back, and some- 
times there is a yellowish line low down on each side of the 
body. The hair is in spreading clusters, and is either white, 
yellow, reddish-brown, or tli(> base is brown with the tips 
black. When fully grown it measures about one inch and six 
lines in length ; it then creeps into some sheltered place and 
spins a thin cocoon, internuxed with the hairs with which the 
body was covered. 

The perfect moth (Fig. 331 r) is commonly known as the 
" white miller,'' and is of a pure white color, usually marked 
with a few black dots. The fore-wings expand from an inch 
and six lines to nearly two inches. The caterpillar of this 
moth can he found frojii the 2Uth of April to the 1st of October. 




326 



INSECTS INFESTING THE CABBAGE. 



Remedy. — Should these caterpiUars appear in Large num- 
bere, see No. 14. 



CHAPTER CCXXIII. 



The Harlequin Cabbage-bug. (Cal.) 
( Strachia hisfrioni.ca. — Hahii.) 



Order, Hemiptera ; 
Sub-order, Homoptera ; 



Famil}^ Scutellerid.e. 



[Living upon cabbages, radishes, turnips, etc. ; a wingless 
greenish bug, marked with black, or a winged bug, marked 
with l)lue-black and orange.] 

The eggs (Fig. 332 c, d, and e, ) from which these bugs hatch, 
are usually deposited on the under side of a leaf, in two or 
three rows of half a dozen each. The_y are of an elongate-oval 
form, light green or white, and marked with two black circles 
and a })lack dot, the latter placed above the lower circle (Fig. 
332fL) They are placed upon one end, and on the upper end 
is a crescent-shaped black spot. (Fig. 332e.) 

The perfect insects (Fig. 333) are about five lines long 1)V 
three lines Ijroad, and prettily marked with blue-black and 
polished orange. They pass the Winter in some sheltered 
place. Unlike most other plant-bugs, they do not give forth a 
disagreeable odor when crushed. 

Fig. 332. 




t 




d 



Fig. 332. — Jvarva, Pupa and Eggs of Harlequin Cabbage- 
bug ; a, the larva, enlarged — colors, pale green and black ; h^ 
the pupa, enlarged — colors, greenish or yellow and black; (/, 
side view of eggs, enlarged — colors, white and black ; c, the 
same, natural size : c, the eggs as seen from above, enlarged. 

Fig. 333.— Harlequin Cabbage-bug — colors, orange and black ; 



INSECTS INFESTING THE CABBAGE. 



327 



at the left, the bug, with its wings closed ; at tho right, the 
same, with its wings expanded.* 

This species spread to such an extent in Sacvamento County 
as to prevent the growing of cabbages. 

Remedies. — Nos. 20, IO60 and 36. If the cabbages, etc., are 
seriously infested by this cabbage-bug, use No. 64, or 83, or 
Sf), of (l()ul)l(' the strength reconuiiended. 



CHAPTER CCXXIV. 

The Cabbage Aphis. (CaJ.) 
{AphU brassicfe. — Linnanis. ) 



Order, Hemiptera; } 
Sub-order, lIoMorTERA ;'i 



Family, Aphidid.e. 



[Living u[i(m the leaves of tlie (•al)bage, which they })uncture 
witli tlieir l)eaks and extract the sap; small greenish-yellow 
plant lice, sometimes markinl with lilack and covered with a 
bluish-white powder. J 

Fig. 334.— Cal)bage Fig. 334. 

Aphis ; J, the winged 
louse, natural size ; 2, 
tlie same, enlarged — 
colors, greenish-yellow 
and black ; 6', the wing- 
less female, natural 
size: .^ tlie same, en- 1 
hirged — color, green or 
yellowisli. 

Tlie wingless lice (Fig. 334, 4,) are of a pale pea green or 
greenish-yellow color. The winged lice (Fig. 334, ^,) are 
green or greenish-yellow, with the head black and a row of 
dots along each side of the abdomen of the same color. — Pro- 
fessor Thomas. 

This species of plant-louse is the most injurious that the 
market gardener, has to contend with. 

Remedy. — Fse No. 74. 




NSECTS INFHSTING THH RADISH. 



CHAP. I 

The Radish Usiggotf Antlioiiiyiaraphani).'2'25 ! The Harlequin Cabbage Bug (S^me/^ia histri 
The Scriped Flea-beetle {Haltica vittala). . 226 I onicaj also attacks the Radish. 



CHAPTER CCXXV. 

The Radish Maggot. 
(Anthomyia raphani. — Harris.) 

Order, Diptera; Family, Muscid^e. 

[Boring into the roots of the radish ; a white footless mag- 
got, its blunt posterior end margined with minute teeth, of 
which the lower two are the largest and are notched at the tips.] 

These maggots so closely resemble the onion maggots in all 
their stages, that the account given of the latter will apply 
equally well to the present species. 

Remedy. — Same as recommended in Chapter CCXVIII. 



CHAPTER CCXXVI. 

The Striped Flea-beetle. (Cal.) 

« 

{Haltica vitta ta. — Fabricius.) 
Synonym. — Ha If ica sfriola ta. 

Order, Coleoptera ; Family, Chrysomelid^. 

[Feeding upon the leaves of turnips, radishes, cabbages, etc. ; 
a small black beetle, having a yellowish wav}' stripe on each 
wing case.] 



INSECTS INFESTING THE RADISU. 



329 




Fig. 835.— Striped Flea-bcetk-', enlar.iied— colors^ Fij,'. 335. 
black and yellow. 

These beetles (Fig. 885) have the hind thighs greatly jU^I 
enlarged, Avhich enables them to leap to some distance 
like a flea, hence the name " flea-beetle.'' The larvio 
or yonng live in the ground and feed upon the roots of various 
plants. When fully grown tln^v form small cells in the earth, 
wherein to undergo their transformations. They are minute 
slender whitish grubs, provided with six legs and having the 
head light brown. 

Remedies. — Should the beetles appear in large numbers, 
use No. 64, double strength ; spray thoroughly, as often as the 
beetles appear ; or Nos. 5 and 7 are effective. See also Nos. 
20 and 106, A. 



INSECTS INFESTING THE TURNIP. 



The following insects infest the Turnip, and are treated of 
in another part of this work : 



The Wire Worm. 

Crane Flies (J'ipula). 

The Striped Flea-beetle (Haltica litlataj. 



The VVhite-lineii Sphinx (Deilephila lineata). 
The Harleiiuin Cabbage Bug' {Strachiii hiatri 
on tea). 



22 



INSECTS INbESTlNCx THH (JNION. 



The Onion Magg:ot {Antlinmyia ceparum^ Chap. 227 



Fig. 336. 



Fig. 337. 



CHAPTER CC'XXVII. 

The Onion Maggot. (Cal.) 

(A It th omijuA rcjxi rii in . — Liniueus.) 

Order, Diptera ; Family, Miscid.e. 

[Boring into the bnlb of the onion, causing it to wilt and 
decay ; a white footless maggot, which tapers at one end, the 
opposite end appearing as if obliquely cut off, and marked 
near the middle with two elevated eye-like brown dots.] 
Fig. 336.— An Onion 
infested by Onion Mag- 
gots — color of maggots, 
white. 

Fig. 337.— Onion Fly, 
enlarged — colors, ashy- 
gray and black. 

When fully grown these 
maggots sometimes as. 
sume the pupa form in a cavity 
which they have gnawed in the 

onion (Fig. 336), but they usually burrow a short distance into 
the earth and form a small cell ; liere the change to tie pupa 
state takes place, and the perfect fly issues in the course of a 
week or so. This fly (Fig. 337) closely resembles the 
common house-fly, but is more slender ; it is of an ashen-gray 
color : the face is silvery, with a rusty black stripe between 
the eyes, and there is usually a black stripe or row of black 
spots along the back. 

Remeoy. — Use same as recommended in Chap. CCXVIII. 





INSECTS INFESTING LinTECE. 



CHAP. 1 

The Lettuce A]<his ( SiphviKriJiora htutti- | The Cahha,ge Vhma, {J'hina bnissicce.) Also, 
cce) 228 ; attacks Lettuce. 

CHAPTER CCXXVITI. ' 

The Lettuce Aphis, 

[SiphoNopltorK hictiiric ?) 

Order, Hemiptera : / ., ., . 
^ub-Order, Ho.moptkra ;\ 



[The measurements of insects in tliis woik are g-ivcn in inches and lines. The above outiej)- 
resents one inch divirled into lines and fracticms tliereof.] 

[Li\'ing upon the leaves of the garden lettuce, which they 
puncture with their Ijeaks and imbibe the sap ; small green 
plant-lice, usually marked with black or brown. | 

The wingless lice are gi'een or brown, usually marked with 
black dots. 

The winged lice arc green, the head and thorax sometimes 
black or brown. 

Remedies. — Spray with Xo. •") or No. 4, or use Xo. 83 or Xo. 
85. 



INSECTS INFESTING THE PEA. 



CHAP. I The Yellow Bear ('^i'to.vo/iia Vinjinica), also 

The Pea Aphis (Siphonophora pid) 229 | attacks the Pea. 

The Pea Weevil (Bntclniapisi.) 230 I 



CHAPTER CCXXIX. 

The Pea Aphis. (Cal.) 

{SiphonopJiora jtisi — Kultenl)ac'h. ) 

Order, Hemiptera : ) t^ ^^ \ ^^^ , 
o 1 T TT Family, Aphidid/E. 

bub-order, Homoptera ;) -■ ' 

[Living- upon the stems, pods and leaves of the pea, which 
they puncture with their beaks and iml)ibe the sap ; small 
green plant-lice, sometimes marked with yellow.] 

The wingless lice are green, with the eyes black. 

The winged lice are green, the thorax brown or yellow, the 
eyes black or brown ; the antennae are longer than the body. 

Remedies. — Use No. 3 or No. 4, or No. 88 or No. 85. 



CHAPTER CCXXX. 

The Pea Weevil. (Cal.) 

(Brack as pisi. — Linnseus.) 

Order, Coleoptera; Family, Bruchid.e. 

[Living in peas ; a small footless, deep yellow grub, with a 
black head, finally transforming into a small gray snout-beetle, 
which is striped with black and white.] 

The female weevil deposits her eggs upon the young pods ; 



INSECTS INFESTING THE PEA. 



383 



Fig. 338. 



the larva (Fig. o38c), as soon as hatched, burrows through the 
pod and into a pea. Here it remains until it becomes full}'- 
grown, feeding upon the interior of the pea. When about to 
pupate, it gnaws a round hole under the shell of the pea, leav- 
ing the latter untouched. It assumes the pupa form (Fig. 
338(Z) in the Autumn, and is changed to a beetle (Fig. 338ft) 
during the Winter or early in the following Spring. The beetle 
gnaws a hole in the shell of the pea, through which it makes 
its escape, although it not infrequently remains in the pea 
until the latter is planted. During all this time it seldom 
injures the germ of the pea. so that peas infested by it will 
grow with almost as much certainty as those not infested. 

Fi.ir. ;!;5S.— Pea 
Weevil : c, the larva, 
side view, enlarged 
(natural size indi- 
cated above) — color, 
yellowish ; rf, the pu- 
pa, back view, en- 
larged (natural size 
indicated below and 
to the right — color, 
yellowish ; 5, the wee^^l, enlarged (natural size indicated below) 
— color, rusty-black and white ; (/, an infested pea. 

The beetle, or weevil, is about two lines long, and is of a 
grayish color, the wing-cases being marked with alternate 
stripes of gray and black, and behind the midcUe of each is an 
oblique white stripe. The exposed tip of the abdomen is 
covered with a whitish down, and is marked with two blaqk 
spots placed near the center. 

Since writing the above, I have met a gentleman from a sec- 
tion of this State where the pea weevil is doing considerable 
damage. He expressed his belief that the pea weevil was pro- 
duded by '"spontaneous generation," as he had never seen the 
beetle in his field when the crop was growing. The existence 
of the Aveevil in the perfect state is of short duration, and as it 
prol)ably works only at night, this would account for its not 
being seen. 

Remedy. — Use No. 115. 




INSliCTS INFESTING THE BEAN. 



The Bean Weevil {BrurhuB fahce ^ 

The Bean Ajihis {Aphis rumicu) 



CHAP. 

...231 
...232 



The fcllowing: insects also attack the Bean: 
The Ash-coloi-ed Blister-beetle {Caiitharis 

cinerea.) 
The Yellow Beai' {SpUosoma Virgi7iica.) 



CHAPTER CCXXXI. 

The Bean Weevil. (Cal.) 
{Brucli IIS t<tf>!r. — Riloy.) 

SY^"ONYM — BrurJiLis ohsoletus.—f^a.y. 

Order, CoLEorxEKA ; Family, Bkuchid.i^. 

[Living in beans; small footless gruljs, finally transform- 
ing into grayish-brown beetles.] 

The female weeyil deposits her eggs upon the young pods, 
and the Larva, as soon as hatched, burrows through the pod 
and enters the bean (Fig. 3396) ; sometimes as many as four- 
teen larvae have been counted in one bean (Riley). When 
full}^ grown they gnaw- a passage to the hull or shell, and are 
soon changed to pujja' ; the transformation to the perfect 
state sometimes takes place in the Fall, but usually not until 
th^ following Spring. 

Fig. 339.— Bean Weevil; a, the 
weevil enlarged, the small figure at 
the left being the natural size — 
color, l)ruwnish-gray ; 6, a bean in- 
fested by the Lirva of this weevil. 

The perfect weevil (Fig. 339rt) is 
of a brownish-gray color, and 
measures about one line in length- 



Remedy. — I^se No. 1L5. 



Fig. 339. 




II^SECTS INFESTING THE BEAN. 



335 



CHAPTER CCXXXII. 

The Bean Aphis. (Cal.) 
{Aphis nnniris. — Linniuus.) 



Order, Hemiptera : 
Sub-order, Homoptera ; 



Family, Aphioid.e. 



Fig. 340. 




[Living upon the leaves and stalks of the bean, whieli they 
puncture with their beaks and imbibe the sap ; small blackish 
plant lice.] 

Fig. 3 40.— Bean 
Aphis ; 1, a stalk in- 
fested by the aphides ; 
4, a wingless aphis, 
enlarged — color, 
blackish ; 2, a winged 
aphis, enlarged — col- 
or, black ; 3, natural 
size of No. £. 

The wingless lice 

-f/\^ (Fig. 340, 4,) are black, 

^^_g0^-^ i / the head and thorax 

sometimes greenish. 

The winged females (Fig. 340, 2,) are Avholly black. In 

England this species is called the " Collier," " Black. Dolphin," 

" Black Fly," etc. 

" The bean aphis sometimes appears in such vast numbers as 
to smother the beans, making them look as if they were coated 
with soot. The attacks are begun Ijy a few wingless females 
esta})lishing themselves near the top of the bean-shoots, where 
they produce living young. These in their turn are soon able 
to produce another hving generation and so on and on, till 
the increase is numerous and from the numbers of the 'black 
tiy ' and the sticky juices llowiiig fr(jm the punctures which 
they have made witli their suckers, the plant becomes a mere 
dirt}' infested mass, with a few infested leaves sticking out 
from amongst the plant-lice." — INIiss Ormerod. 
Remedy. — Use No. IK;. 



INSFXTS INFESTING ASPARAGUS. 



The Asparagus Beetle (Crioceris asparagi) Chap. 2S8 



CHAPTER CCXXXIII. 

The Asparagus Beetle. 

( Crioceris asparafii. — Linnaeus.) 

(Order, Coleoptera; Famil}-, Chrysomelid.e.) 

[Feeding upon the leaves of asparagus ; a robust, ash-gray 
six-legged larva, about three lines long, with a row of black 
dots along each side of the body, the head and two spots on 
the first segment also black.] 

This beetle (Fig. 341, Plate 4,) ineasures about three lines in 
length ; its thorax is reddish and usualh^ marked with black ; 
the wing-cases are pale-yellowish, marked with blue-black as 
ill the figure. 

The perfect beetles pass the W^inter in some sheltered situa- 
tion and come forth early in the following Summer to deposit 
their eggs. These are placed upon the stalks of the asparagus 
(Fig. 342, Plate 4,) and somewhat resemble in form a grain of 
wheat, Vjut are much smaller and are of a blackish-brown color. 
After the larva? (Fig. 343, Plate 4,) attain their full size, they 
desert the plants and enter the earth, where each one forms a 
small cell in which to undergo its transformations. 

Remedies. — Use No. 19, or No. 83, or No. 85, or No. 3, or 
No. 4. 

INSECTS INFESTING RHLBARB, OR PIE PLANT. 



The following insects infest the Rhubarb plant, and are 
treated of in another part of this work : 

(^ lit W< inns (^i/ro*'''')- I The Frosted Leat-hopper (Pa'cUopiera pruinosa). 



INSECTS INFESTING PARSLEY 
PARSNIPS. 



CARROTS ANT) 



The Parsley Worm (Papilin oKteriax Chap. 234 



CHAPTER CCXXXIV. 

The Parsley Worm. 

(Papilio asterias. — Fabriciii?;. ) 

Order, Lepidoptera ; Family, Papilionid.^. 

[Feeding upon the leaves and blossoms of parsle}^, carrots, 
parsnips, etc. ; a whitish or greenish-yellow sixteen-legged 
worm, banded with black and marked with black and yellow 
spots.] 

Fig. 344.— Parsley Worm— col- Fig. 344. 

ors, greenish-yellow and black. ii:ffl^J^fH^'^fflE^fSl'§7j^'/^h>. 

When fully grown, this worm P*«2J^JWgJi,,i:;l^ 
(Fig. 344) is about one inch and ^ x^sr^ 

six lines long. Before assuming the pupa form it suspends 
itself by the hind feet and a transverse loop of silken threads 
passed around the fore part of the body. 

Fig. 345. 




Fig. 345. — Asterias Butterfly — colors, black, blue and yel- 
low. 



338 



HOUSEHOLD AND STOREHOUSE PESTS. 



The pupa varies in color from pale green to yellowish, or 
ash-gray ; at the anterior end are two ear-like projections, and 
there is a smaller projection on the hack of the thorax. 

The butterfly (Fig. 345) expands from three inches and six 
lines to four inches, is of a black color, with two rows of yel- 
low spots near the outer edge of the wings ; the hind wings 
are tailed, and are marked with several blue spots, while above 
the angle near each tail is an orange spot centered with black. 

Remedies. — Same as recommended in Chapter CCXIX. 



HOUSEHOLD AND STORHHOUSE PESTS. 



CHAP. I 

The Clothes Moth ( Tinea flavifrontclla) . . . 235 I 
The Carpet Beetle {Anthremm acrophti- 

larice) 236 

The Cockroach (Blatta gernuinca) 237 

The Mosquito {Cule.x) 238 

The Dried Fruit Moth 239 



The Grain Weevil (Calandra granaria). . .240 
The Angounious Grain Moth (Gelechia 

cerealella) 241 

The Bran and Flour Bugs (SUvanuit ./uarf- 

ricoilis and S. surinaiiiensis) 242 

The Raw-hide Beetle (Dermegtes lardariiD<).24S 



CHAPTER CCXXXV 



The Clothes Moth. (Cal.) 

( Tinea flarifrontdla. — Linnanis.) 

Order, Lepidoptera ; Family, Tineid.e. 

[Living in silken tubes on carpets, woolen- goods, etc. ; 
small, pale, sixteen-legged worm.] 

Fig. 346.— Clothes Moth— color, light butf. '?' , ' 

The perfect insect (Fig. 846) is a small moth or "'^^^ 
miller, of a uniform light buff color ; the wings are 
long and narrow, with the most delicate fringe of silken hairs. 




HOUSEHOLD AND STOREHOUSE PESTS. 
Fig. 347. 



339 




Fig. 347. — Caterpillar, Pupa, 
and Case of the Clothes Moth ; 
«, the caterpillar — color, whit- 
ish ; h, its case : c. the pupa — 
r-olor, l)rown ; all enlarg0'cL 
^ This moth deposits her ^ggs 

in ear})ets, woolen goods, furs, 
etc. As soon as hatched the 
young larva (Fig ?Ala) immediateh' hegins to construct for 
itself a nearly cylindrical tube (Fig. 8476), formed by fastening 
the gnawed pieces of the cloth together with silken threads. 
In this tube the larva lives, and instead of dragging its habita- 
tion over the hairs, etc., it first cuts these ott", thus doing more 
injury than if it merely fed upon the cloth, fur, etc. When 
fully grown, the caterpillar closes both ends of the tube and 
soon assumes the pupa form (Fig. o47r),from which the per- 
fect moth issues in the course of a few weeks. 

Fig. o48. — Larva and Cases Fi^- •'''■^• 

of the Carpet Moth. 

Closely related to the above 
species is the carpet moth, or 
woolen moth {Titicd fapct- 
zella — Ijinu), whose larva also 
lives in a silken tube (Fig. 
.■)4S) and is sometimes very 
destructive to carpets, etc. 

Fig. 349.— Carpet Moth- 
colors, black, yellowish-white 
and gray. 

Fig. 849. l^^K-' perfect mf>tli (l''ig. olt») is blackish at the 

l)asc of the fore-wings, the remainder ])eing 
■;■ /' yellowish-white; the hind wings are dark-gray, 
and the liead is white. 
Rio.MKDifJs. — No. S2.<)(.» and 117. 




'"f^jv'^'if'^Vi 




340 



HOUSEHOLD AND STOREHOUSE PESTS. 



CHAPTER CCXXXVI. 

The Carpet Beetle. (Cal.) 

(AnthreJius scrophularise. — Linn. ) 

Order. Coleoptera ; Family, Dekmestid.e. 

[Living beneath, and eating large holes in the carpet ; a 
small hairy brownish larva or worm. J 

This larva (Fig. 350o), when full}" grown, measures a little 
over three lines in length, and is of a brownish color, the 
sutures of the segments whitish. On various parts of the body 
are tufts of hair — that at the hind end the longest, and fre- 
quentl)^ as long as the body itself. When about to pupate, it 
crawls into some sheltered place ; here it remains perfectly 
quiet, and is changed to a pupa (Fig. 3o0c) within the old 
larval-skin. A short time before the perfect beetle emerges the 
larval-skin is rent on the back, disclosing the included pupa ; 
soon after this takes. place, the skin of the pupa is also rent on 
the back, giving us a glimpse of the partially inclosed beetle- 
Fig. 350. 




Fig. 350. — Carpet Beetle, enlarged ; d, the beetle — colors, 
black, white, and scarlet ; c, the pupa — color, yellowish ; b. the 
same, in the old larva skin; a, the larva — colors, dark and 
light brown. 

The beetle (Fig. 350f?) crawls out of its environment in the 
course of a day or so. It]is^only about one and a half lines 
long by one line broad. Its colors are black, white and scar- 
let, the latter forming a line along the middle of the back. 

Remedies. — Use Nos. 82, 90. and 117. 

Note. — This beetle frequents flowers, and can then be de- 
stroyed by using No. 81. 



HOUSEHOLD ANB STOREHOUSE PESTS. 341 

CHAPTER CCXXXVII. 

The Cockroach. (Cal.) 

(Blatta gerinanirn. — Linnteus. ) 

Order, Orthoptera ; Family, Blattarid^e. 

[Infesting houses, and feeding upon cloth, etc. ; a flattened 
reddish-brown six-legged insect.] 

The female cockroach lays her eggs in a reddish-brown elon- 
gated capsule or pod, each capsule containing about thirty 
eggs. The young cockroach closely resembles the adult, but 
is entirely destitute of wings, although in the adult female the 
wings are greatly aborted, and are sometimes reduced to short 
wing-pads. 

These insects are nocturnal in their habits, remaining hidden 
during the da^'time and coming forth at night to feed. 
Although they are sometimes very troublesome, yet they par- 
tially atone for their ill-doings by ridding the house of bed- 
bugs and similar vermin, which they devour. 

Remedy. — Use No. 121. 



CHAPTER CCXXXVIII. 

The Mosquito. (Cal.) 

(Culex Spf) 

Order, Diptera ; Family, Cuijcid^. 

[A small two- winged blood-thirsty insect, sometimes very 
troublesome to both man and beast.] 

It is only the females of this species which manifest the 
blood-thirsty i3ropensity ; the males are perfectly harmless. 
The eggs are laid in masses upon the water — usually in some 
stagnant pool. The young larva (Fig. 351), as soon as 
hatched, makes its way to the bottom of the pool, where it 
acts as a scavenger, by feeding upon the dead and puti-efying 
vegetation. It rises occasionally to the surface for air, which 
it inhales through a tube situated near the tail. In the course 



342 



HOUSEHOLD AND STOREHOUSE PESTS. 



of a fortnight it attains its full lirowth. and soon afterwards 
assumes the ]»upa form. 

Fig.351— Lar- Fig. 352. 

va of ]Mos([uit(), 
greatly enLarged 
— color, whitish. 
Fig. 852.— 
Male Mosquito, 
highly magnified 
— color, hrown. 

The pupa re- 
mains near the 
surface of the 

water, and has the power of wiggling about. 
In a few days it is changed into the perfect 
insect, or mosquito (Fig. 352). The latter 
is too well known in California to require 
-further description. 

Remedies. — UseNos. 82, 117 and IIS. 

Note. — Care should he taken to prevent stagnant water 
being kept or allowed to remain near the family residence, as 
it is in such places the mosquitoes deposit their eggs, and the 
young pass their lives as larvte and pupic. 





CHAPTER CCXXXIX. 



The Dried Fruit Moth. (Cal.) 

Order, Lepidoptera ; Family, Tineid^. 

[A small larva, feeding upon dried fruit, etc.] 
The small larvse commonly known as "dried fruit worms," 
are a great annoyance to those who dry fruits, and to raisin- 
makers ; and also to the merchants and dealers handling dried 
fruits and raisins which are not pro}Jerly protected against 
these insect pests. 

The natural history of these insects is not known to me 
further than as follows : 



HOUSEHOLD AND STOREHOUSE PESTS. 843 

They hibernate in the larva state, the larva spinning a light 
cocoon in the cavity of the fruit, etc., upon which it has fed. 
Early in Spring they change to pupse, and in about fifteen 
days the perfect insect emerges. The eggs are laid on the 
fruit while in the course of drying, especially such as is dried 
by sun heat ; but often in fruit while it is getting ready to be 
packed, or after packing, if the package is not moth-proof. 

Fruit in sacks has not any protection, as the moth can 
deposit the egg through the cloth. If the fruit is packed in 
boxes, and the boxes have not close joints, the moth deposits 
the eggs in the seams, and the larva as soon as hatched makes 
its way to the fruit in the package. 

In January last (1883), I received a small box filled with pits 
and decayed parings of apricots and peaches, which were infested 
by the larvje of these moths — the person sending them mak- 
ing the inquiry: "Are they the larvie of the codlin moth?" 

In September, 1881, a choice lot of dried plums, pears and 
peaches were exhibited at the State Fair, neatly packed in 
thirty pound boxes with glass covers (the fruit was dried by 
artificial heat). It was placed on exhibition in a fruit store 
until the following Spring. In one of these packages of plums 
under the glass I found seventy-three moths which had emerged 
from chysalids in the fruit. 

At present I have specimens of what appear to be two 
different species, but they may be merely varieties of one spe- 
cies. The larva measures from five to eight lines in length, is 
of a bright yellow color, and tapers slightl}- toward each end ; 
stomata, faintly bordered with brown ; head deeply notched 
above, yellowish-brown ; cervical shield yellowish-brown. The 
larva is slender, and from its tapering form can be readily dis- 
tinguished from the larva of the codlin moth. 

Perfect insect, No. 1 (Fig. 353, Plate 4) ; length of body, 
nearly four lines ; spread of wings, nine lines ; color, head 
and thorax dark reddish-brown ; fore-wings, inner third yel- 
lowish-white (forming a bar across base of wings when at 
rest), balance of wing to apex dark brown, with two oblique 
blackish stripes and blackish dots, the darker parts sprinkled 
with whitish scales ; cilia, ash-brown ; hind wings, silvery 
white ; cilia, darker than the wings. 



344 HOUSEHOLD AND STOREHOUSE PESTS. 

No. 2 (Fig. 354, Plate 4) ; length, four lines ; .spread of wings, 
ten lines ; color, head and thorax dark ash ; fore-wings, mot- 
tled dark ash with a wavy blackish line across about one third 
the length of the wi)ig from the base ; a second blackish line 
reaching half way across, nearly eqidistant between the first 
blackish line and the apex ; hind wings, silvery-white ; cilia, 
a purer white than the wing. 

Remedies. — Use Nos. 15, 16, 17 and 18. 



CHAPTER CCXL. 

The Grain Weevil. (Cal.) 

( Calandra graiia ria . — Linn. ) 

(Order, Coleoptera ; Family. Curculioxid.e.) 

[Living in the kernels of wheat; a reddish-brown weevil.] 
This species of weevil is very destructive to grain, especially 
in store-houses and mills in California, and although small, is 
a very formidable pest. The female makes a hole in the ker- 
nel, or grain of wheat, with her beak and deposits therein a 
single egg. The larva which is produced from this egg lives 
upon the farinaceous part of the grain, leaving only the hull. 
When full groAvn it is nearly one line in length, and changes 
into a pupa within the hull in which it has lived. It remains 
in the pupa state about nine days, when the perfect beetle 
(Fig. 355, Plate 4,) appears and gnaws its way out of the grain. 
This pest devours the inside parts of the grain, not only in the 
larva but also in the perfect state. It is said that a single 
pair will produce six thousand in five months ; also, that from 
the time the egg is deposited until the perfect insect appears is 
about forty-five days. It is claimed that at a temperature of 
less than forty-five degrees (Fahr.) these insects are incapable 
of multiplying their species, and in order to escape the cold 
they hide themselves in the cracks of fioors, walls, roofs, etc., 
and remain there until warmer weather. It is probable that 
as the temperature is over sixty-five degrees for at least eight 
months of the vear in central California, that this mav account 



HOUSEHOLD AND STOREHOUSE PESTS. 345 

in part for their rapid increase in this locality. 1 have liei'ore 
nie now (January 2(1, 1888,) a sample of Tuscany wheat (crop 
of 1SS2) received in this city about the 15th of November last, 
in a close-fitting i)aper box and apparently in perfect order. 
It was kept in an office wliere tlie temperature is generally 
above sixty-five degrees, for al)out three weeks, or until about 
the lOtb of December. On examination, it api)ears as if every 
kernel j)roduced a weevil. T have kept tbem since that time 
and tbey still appear healthy. It is not l)y examining the sur- 
face of the grain hea])S that the presence of this pest can be 
detected, but by examining at a deptli of say four or more 
inches beloAV the surface. By putting some of the grain in a 
vessel and then covering it with water, those kernels infested, 
or which the larva or perfect insect have eaten out, will float. 

8ince writing the above, I have made some investigations, 
which are not yet complete, (August 27th, 1883), but I have 
reason to think that the grain weevil (C. granaria) infests the 
wheat when growing in the field, and that the germ or egg is 
laid in the wheat (or, at least, in some of it) ])efore it reaches 
the granary. 

On the 14th of August, 1883, I found the male insects of the 
rice weevil ( CalamJra [ Sitoj/h ilus] oryzx) in consideral)le num- 
bers among the wheat weevils ; and also found them pairing 
with the females of the latter. 

Description of Rice Weevil : Male not so large as wheat 
weevil, and has two red or yellowish-red spots on each wing- 
cover. 

Remedies. — No. 72, No. 75 and No. 76, and careful selection 
of seed; general remedy for weevil. No. 119. 

23 



346 



EOrSEHOLD AND STOREHOUSE PESTS. 



CHAPTER CCXLI. 

The Ang-oumois Grain Moth. 

(Gelechia cercalella. — Liniia-u?. ) 

Order. Lepidoptera : Family. Tixeid.e. 

[Living in grains of wheat and corn : a minute white 
iarva.] 

This pest is very destructive to stored wheat and corn, 
esi^ecially to the former. It eats out the interior of the grain, 
leaving nothing but the empty hull. It is said that a single 
grain furnishes sufficient food for a larva from the time it 
issues from the egg until it becomes fully groAvn. It assumes 
the pupa form within the grain, or hull. The perfect moth' 
(Fig. 356) has the head of a dull ochre color, the fore-wings 
pale shining ochre, with a grayish or brownish streak at the 
base of each wing ; the hind wings are also grayish-ochre. 

Fig. 356. Fig. 357. 





Fig. 356. — Angoumois Grain ]\Ioth. enlarged — color, yellow. 
ish-brown. 

Fig. 357. — The Angoumois Grain Moth just from the pupa. 

Closely related to the above is the common grain moth 
{Tinea yrandJa — Linn), sometimes called the "grain wolf." 
Its larva^ differs from that of the Angoumois moth by fasten- 
ing several grains together with silken threads and afterwards 
eating out the interior of each grain. The perfect moth is of 
a creamy-white color, with six brown spots on each fore-wing. 

Remedies.— Xo. 82, Xo. 90, Xo. 117, Xo. 119. As these 
remedies apply to destroying moths and beetles, and their 
larva? or grul)S. any of them may be applied in this case that 
is practicable. 



HOUSEHOLD AND STOREHOUSE PESTS. 347 

CHAPTER (CXLII. 

Bran and Flour Bugs. (Cal.) 

{Silccuiii-< (juad riojUi-i and >'. !<urinaiiun-<i<.) 

Order. (.'oLKoFTKKA ; Fauiily, Ci'( rjiiJ.t. 

[Living in stored grain, bran, tiour. sugar, etc.; small rod - 
dish slender beetle.] 

These beetles are very small, none of them measuring over 
two lines in length. They are of a chestnut-brown color ; 
quadricoUis (Fig. 358, Plate 4.) as its name implies, has a 
nearlv square thorax, while in surinamensis the thorax is 
rounded, and has several teeth on the outer edge. 

In their larval state these insects usually Uve in the grains 
of wheat or corn, which they freiiuently hollow out until 
nothing but the liull i-emains. They assume the pupa state 
within the grains. Besides wheat and corn they are also 
found in bran, or middlings, in fiour, sugar, and in various 
other situations. 

Remedy — Use No. 120. When in grains, same remedy as 
recommended in Chapter CCXL. 



CHAPTER CCXLIII. 
The Rawhide Beetle. (Cal.) 
. {Dermestes lardariu-'^. — Linn, j 
Order, Colbopter.a. ; Family, Dekmestiu.e. 

[A brown hairy larva, feeding upon rawhides, finally chang- 
ing into a blackish-brown beetle, with a whitish bar across the 
base of the wing-cases.] 

The larva (Fig. 359a) of this species is found to be very 
troublesome at certain seasons of the year, in stores Avhere 
hides are stored. It measures about nine lines in length, and 
is covered with stifl' hairs. When full gi'own it assumes the 



348 



HOUSEHOLD AND STOREHOUSE PESTS. 



Fig. 359. 



pupa form, and the perfect insect (Fig. 359c) emerges in about 
three weeks. 

Fig. 359. — Rawhide Beetle and 
Larva ; a, the larva, enlarged — color, 
brown ; b, one of its hairs, enlarged ; 
c, the beetle, enlarged — colors, black 
and gray. 

Description of Beetle : Shape, ob- 
long-oval ; color, dark-brown or black- 
ish ; on the base of the wing-cases is a 
broad whitish or bufif-colored band, on 
which are some brown or black spots ; 
the under side of the body is blackish, 
and covered with a whitish-colored powder or scales ; length, 
four lines ; width, about two lines. This species feeds also on 
bacon, hams, etc. ; and several other species which belong to 
the same family are very destructive to furs. 

Remedy. — Use No. 91. 




i SECTS INFESTING DOMESTIC ANIMALS. 



The Black Horse-fly (Tahami^ atratus) 244 

The Horse Bot-fly (pestrua erjui) 245 

The Ox Bot-f\y {Uestru^ bovis) -^46 



CHAP. 

The Sheep Bot-fly (Oestrus nvis) 247 

The Scab Mite (PsoropUs eqiii) 248 

The Liver Fluke (Dutoina hepaficutn) 249 



CHAPTER CCXLIV. 

The Black Horse-fly. (Cal.) 

(7\(hctinis <ilrafu-'<. — Fal)riciiis.) 

Order, Diptera ; Family, Tabanid^. 

[Biting and annoying horses, cattle and other animals ; a 
large black two-winged fly, having the back of the thorax 
covered with a bluish-white poAvder, and the wings smoky 
dark brown or black.] 

Fig. 360.— Black 
Horse-fly, Larva 
and Pupa ; a, the 
larva — color, green- 
ish-white ; h, the 
pupa-color, brown; 
c, the fly — colors, 
black and bluish- 
white. 

The body of this 
fly (Fig. 360c) is 
about ten lines 
long, and the wings 
expand about two 

inches. Like the mosquito, it is only the females which 
attack animals ; the males are destitute of mandibles, and 




350 TJWSECTS INFESTING DOMESTIC ANIMALS. 

live upon the sweets of flowers. The larva of this fly (Fig. 
3fiOa)lives in the vicinity of fresh water streams; they have 
heen found beneath submerged stones in a small stream of 
running water, among floating pieces of wood, and on dry 
land less than a rod from a small permanent stream of water. 
It appears that a certain degree of moisture is necessary for 
their existence, although they are not strictly aquatic. They 
feed upon snails, and probably earth worms. These larvse 
measures from one inch and nine lines to two inches and 
three lines in length, and are nearly cylindrical, but taper at 
each end ; they are of a transparent greenish or yellowish 
color, and furnished above and below with large rounded 
sponge-like tubercles which are extended or retracted at the 
will of the insect. They reach their full size in mid-Summer, 
and then transform into pupfe (Fig. 3606), within their cells in 
the earth. In the course of a week or so they are changed 
into perfect flies. 

Several other horse-flies occur in this State ; the one often- 
est met Avith is known as the "green-headed horse-fly" — Taba- 
nus lineola — Fabr. ; and may easily be distinguished by having 
a whitish line on the back of the abdomen ; the head is usu- 
ally green. It is a much smaller species than the above. 



CHAPTER CCXLV. 

The Horse Bot-fly. 

( (Eatrus e(jiiA. — Fabricius.) 

Order, Dipteka ; Family, (Estbid.e. 

[Living in the stomach of the horse ; a 3^ellowish-red or 
whitish grub, thinly covered with small bristles or spines.] 

Fig. 861. — Horse Bot-fly, male — colors, 
grayish-yellow and black. 

The eggs from which these grubs hatch are 
deposited in patc-hes l»y the female fly, and 
each egg is attached to the hair by a sticky 
fluid which is deposited with it. In a few 
weeks the grub hatches, and is conveyed to 





INSECTS INFESTING DOMESTIC ANIMALS. 351 

the mouth by the horse licking or biting the place where the 
egg has been deposited ; it then passes down the horse's throat 
with the food. After reaching the stomach, it attaches itself 
to the inner lining by means of two curved hooks with which 
the head is provided. Here it remains until fully grown, 
when it lossens its hold and is carried onward and expelled 
with the excrements. Upon reaching the earth it at once 
buries itself, and soon contracts to a reddish-brown pupa, 
from which the perfect fly issues in the course of a few weeks. 

Fig. 362. — Horse Bot-fly, female — colors, 
gray, black and yellow. Fig. 362. 

The perfect Hy (Figs. 861 and 862) is of 
a pale yellowisli color, spotted with red, 
the thorax banded with l)lack or red, and 
the wings, which are only two in number, 
are of a whitish color reflecting a golden 
tint, and arc crossed by a dark band with 
two reddish spots at the tips. 

Figuier writes : " In fact, it is not in the egg state, but really 
in that of the larva, that the horse, as we shall explain, takes 
into his stomach these parasitical guests to which nature has 
allotted so singular an aliode. When licking itself the horse 
carries them into his mouth, and afterward swallows them 
with his food, by which means they enter the stomach. It is 
a remarkable fact that is sometimes seen, other insects, as the 
Tabani. for instance, that by their repeated stinging cause the 
horse to lick himself and thus to receive his most cruel enemy. 
In the perilous journey they have to perform from the skin of 
the horse to his stomach, many of the larvae of the (Estru><, 
as may be supposed, are destroyed — ground by the teeth of 
the animal, or crushed by the alimentary substance." 

Symptoms shown by a horse seriously infested by bots : He 
does not eat heartily, and therefore loses flesh, and has a stiff 
and staggering walk, and to use a common phrase, appears 
"consumptive." 

Remedies. — To prevent the eggs from reaching the liorse's 
mouth, clean oft' daily by scraping. There exists a vast dif- 
ference of opinion in regard to remedies ; some persons rec- 
ommend drenching with oils and bleeding ; others claim that 



352 



FN.SECTS INFESTING DOMESTIC ANIMALS. 



the animal is benefited by the presence of the bot. Conse- 
quently, I can only advise consulting a veterinary surgeon. 



CHAPTER CCXLVI. 

The Ox Bot-fly. 

((Esfrus ho CIS. — De Geer.) 

Order, Diptera; Family, CEstrid^. 

[Living in tumors on cattle; a whitish footless maggot.] 

Fig. 863. — Larva, or maggot of Ox Bot-fly — color, white. 

Fig. 364. — Ox Bot-fly, enlarged — colors, black, yellow and 

white. 

Fig. 363. Fig. 364. 





The parent fly deposits her eggs upon the backs of the cattle, 
or, according to some authors, she first punctures the skin, 
and then deposits therein a single egg ; the first hypothesis is 
the more reasonable one, and we may suppose, with very good 
reason, that the grub, or maggot (Fig. 363), as soon as 
hatched, burrows through the skin and takes up its abode just 
beneath it, where its presence results in the formation of a 
tumor, in which the maggot lives. After attaining its full size 
it deserts its former abiding place and falls to the ground, 
which it enters and soon contracts to a dark-brown pupa, 
from which the perfect fly issues in the course of a few weeks. 



INSECTS INFESTING DOMESTIC ANIMALS. 358 

The perfect fly (Fig. 304) is of a 1)lack color, thickly 
covered with hairs except on the thorax, which is twice 
broadly banded with yellow and white ; at the base of the 
abdomen is a white or yellow band, and at the tip is a band 
of reddish hairs. This species causes great annoyance to 
cattle in pastures. It is said that the buzzing noise made by 
the fly terrifies work oxen to such an extent that they at times 
become unmanageable. 

Hare, or Jack Rabbit. 

A species of CEstnirS attacks the hare, or jack rabbit: the 
habits and natural history of this oestrus are probably similar 
to that of the (vstru^ bori.^. 

Remedy. — The opening of the tumor may be enlarged with 
the point of a sharp knife, and the maggot extracted, or 
forced out ; this can be done without much pain to the animal. 



CHAPTER CCXLVII. 

The Sheep Bot-fly. 

( CEstrus ovi)>. — Liuiueuf!.) 

Order, Diptera ; Family, CEstrid^e. 

[Living in the heads of sheep ; a whitish footless maggot.] 
It is thought that the parent insects (Fig. 8()5, 1 and ^,) are 
viviparous, and that the maggots (Fig. 3()o, 4, o and 6,) are 
I)rought forth alive, and are deposited in or near the nostrils 
of the sheep, up which they crawl until reaching the frontal 
sinuses, Avhere they attach themselves by means of the hooks 
with which their heads are ])rovided. Here they remain until 
attainning their full size, when they loose their hold and make 
their way to the o])ening of the nostrils and then fall to the 
ground, which they enter, and soon contract to dark brown 
pupa (Fig. 365, <?,) from wbidi the ])erfect fly issues in a few 
weeks. 



354 



TJSrSECTS INFESTING DOMESTIC ANIMALS. 




Fig. 865.— Sheep Bot- Fig. 365. 

fly ; i, the fly with its 
wings closed ; ^, the same 
with its wings expanded 
— color, ashen-brown ; 3, 
the pupa — color, brown ; 
4 and 5, the maggot or 
grub — color, Avhitish ; a, 
the head ; 6, the anal 
plate ; 6, the young mag- 
got ; c, its spiracles or 
breathing pores. 

The fly (Fig. 365, I and 3,) is of a dirty ash color, with four 
black lines on the thorax, and the abdomen is spotted with 
black. The grubs or maggots sometimes make their way even 
into the brain, and to their presence is due the disease known 
as "grub in the head." 

Concerning this species, Figuier writes as follows : " Even 
at the sight of this insect the sheep feel the greatest terror. 
As soon as one of them appears the flock becomes disturbed ; 
the sheep that is attacked shakes its head when it feels the fly 
on its nostril, and at the same time strikes the ground 
violently with its forefeet. It then commences to run here 
and there, holding its nose near the ground, smelling the 
grass, and looking about anxiously to see if it is still pursued. 
It is to avoid the attacks of the (Estrvs that, during the hot 
days of Summer, sheep lie down with tlieir nostrils buried in 
dust,y ruts, or stand up with their heads lowered between their 
fore-legs and their noses nearly in contact with the ground- 
When these poor beasts are in the open country they are 
observed assembled with their nostrils against each other and 
very near the ground, so that those which occupy the outside 
are alone exposed." 

Remedies. — Use Nos. 93, 94 and 95. 

Note. — The above remedies have been used, with excellent 
resuls by Messrs Green and Trainer, of Sacramento, at their 
farms in Placer Count v. 



INSECTS INFESTING DOMESTIC ANIMALS. 



355 



CHAPTER CCXLVTTT. 
The Scab Mite. 

(Psoropfcs fqiii.) 

Class, Arachnida ; ^ t^ •, . 

c, 1 1 . Family, Acarid.i^:. 

Sub-class, AcARi.vA ; *i 

The following is taken from the Seventeenth Illinois Report 
by Professor Cyrus Thomas : 

" The scab mite of the sheep (Figs. 366 and o67), which is 
now believed to be the same species as that infesting the horse 
and ox, belongs to the family Acarid?e, and sub-family Sar- 
coptinae, which also contains the human itch mite, or mite 
that produce the disease in mnn known as the //r/j." 



Fig. 366. 



Fig. 367. 





Fig. ;566.— Scab Mite (adult), 
highly magnitied, ventral view — 
color, whitish. 

Fig. ;]()7. — Scab ]Mite (young), 
X^^ enlarged, ventral vieAV — color, 
^ Avhitish. 

" The seal), as all ai-e awar(% is a skin disease analagous to 
the mange in the horse and itch in man, and, like these, is 
produced by a very small mite. It was, for a very long time, 
supposed that this mite was produced spontaneously by an 
unbealtliy and unclean condition ol" the flocks, or from some 
insufficient or im])ro])er food, etc., and not from a preceding 
})arent. Our ])arasite has received various scientific names, 
according to the fancy or opinion of authors, but, as the 
further history of its classification is unnecessary now, I will 
mention but two of these. 



356 INSECTS INFESTING DOMESTIC ANIMALS. 

" First — Dermatodcctes ovis; sheep itch-mite of Gerlach, by 
whom it was considered as peciiHar to sheep ; but the most 
recent authority restores the name Psoroptes equi, horse itch- 
mite of Gervais, considering the species infesting the horse, 
cattle and sheep as identical. It is distinguished from the 
itch-mite of man (Sarcoptes scabei. — Latr.) by two or three 
important characters. The four anterior legs and two of the 
hind ones, at least in the males of each species, are furnished 
with sucking disks placed on comparatively long pedicels or 
stems. In the itch-mite of man, as far as I can ascertain, 
these pedicels are only one-jointed. But the most important 
difference is that the mouth of the human itch-mite is fur- 
nished with scissor-like jaws or nippers with which they can 
readily cut into the skin and form their subcutaneous burrows. 
The sheep mite is furnished with comparatively slender lan- 
cet-like mandibles, to the sides of which the little palpi or 
mouth feelers are glued, thus forming a sort of tube, one part 
of which is capable of piercing. But while this peculiar form 
of the oral apparatus enables them to pierce and suck, it 
deprives them of the power of cutting, and hence, notwith- 
standing the general opinion to the contrary, they are not 
subcutaneous in their habits and do not form true burrows, 
as the human itch-mite. It lays its egg on the surface of the 
skin, to which they adhere by a gluey matter. The length of 
time these require to hatch in such situations is not positively 
known, but some placed in a bottle and kept to the warmth 
of the body hatched in fourteen days. The young, which are 
produced from these have only six legs, but after several 
changes of skin or moultings they acquire eight, which is the 
normal number of this class. With the little sucking disks of 
their feet they are enabled to cling firmly to the skin of the 
sheep. By piercing the skin with their hmcet-like mandibles, 
irritation and a species of inflammation of the skin follows 
and an exudation takes place which ultimately forms 
the scab. As stated by a writer on this subject : ' Examina- 
tion will disclose spots on the skin white and hard, the 
center marked with yelloAV points of exudation which ad- 
heres to the wool, matting the fibres together. The wool 
may be firm on tliese spots and no scales are seen in this 



■ INSECTS INFESTING DOMESTIC ANIMALS. 357 

stage. Then the yelloAV moisture evaporates, giving phiee to 
a yellow scab which adheres firmly to the skin and wool.' 
Raw places appear at points which the animal can reach with 
its teeth and hind feet. The disease is aggravated in Summer 
by the presence of the larvas of the blow-fly, the maggot bur- 
rowing into the scab." 
Remedy. — Use No. 92. 



CHAPTER CCXLIX. 

The Liver Fluke. (Cal.) 
( Disto ma hepaticuvi. ) 

The following is taken from the Seventeenth Illinois Report, 
by Professor C3'rus Thomas : 

" Of the intestinal worms that attack sheep, we notice as the 
most important the Liver Fluke (Distoma hepaticum). This 
species belongs to the class Scolecida, order Tremoloda or ' Suc- 
torial worms,' as given above, inhabits the gall-bladder pr 
ducts of the liver in sheep and, it is believed, causes the disease 
known as the ' rot.' It derives its common name from its re- 
semblance in form to the flounder, of which ' fluke ' is a Scotch 
and old English name. It is somewhat broad and flattened, 
of an elongate-ovate form, somewhat pointed at each end and is 
usually nearh' an inch long, often much less, but occasionally 
more ; its breadth at the widest part, Avliich is toward the 
front, is about half its length. Its color is usually that of the 
organ in which it resides. It belongs to a very low type of be- 
ings, having neither eyes, true respiratory organs, heart, or any 
other organ of special sense. The sexes are not even distinct 
and the alimentary canal does not even pass through the body, 
but dividing and sub-dividing, permeates all parts of it, dis- 
tributing the imbibed nourishment, which needs little or no 
assimilation to adapt it to use in forming the materials of the 
body. It is proper to state, however, that Youatt and other 
writers on sheep distinctly affirm that flukes have eyes and 
even figure them. But what possible use they have for these 
organs, in the situation they occupy, it is impossible to say; 



358 INSECTS INFESTING DOMESTIC ANIMALS. 

and moreover, without nerves, of wliicli there are l)ut mere 
traces, these organs would be entirely useless, even if they 
were in the light. That they do possess eye-like spots at a 
certain stage of their life is true ; but there is nothing to show 
that these are organs of sight or eyes in any true sense. What 
this author considers the heart and circulatory system is prob- 
ably the water vascular system, found in these and all other 
animals belonging to this class, which is supposed by many to 
represent the respiratory S3'stem in the higher grades. He 
also supposes that the eggs or spores, after being cast off, re- 
main undeveloped until taken into the stomach by the sheep 
with its food, which, as will be seen, is aii error. 

" The species belonging to this order vary considerably in 
their transformations and habits, some passing through a cycle 
of six forms, while others present only three or four. Some 
infest the liver or hepatic ducts of vertebrates ; others infest 
the intestines of birds and batrachians, the gills of lishes or 
paunch of ruminants, while others are found imbedded in the 
vitreous humour and lens of the eyes of certain fresh water 
fishes, such as the perch. 

" The cycle of changes through which the liver fluke of the 
sheep passes has not been full}' traced, but the life-history of 
Distoina militare, another species of the same genus, which in- 
habits the intestines of water-birds, has been nearly completely 
traced and from it we may, with what we know of the life 
of the liver fluke, form a somewhat correct idea of the history 
of its transformations. 

"This species, as stated, in its perfect or mature state, re- 
sides in the intestines of certain water-birds. The ova or 
spore-like eggs which it produces are few', some eight or ten in 
number. From each egg issues a ciliated larva, which still 
retains something of the character of an egg, although active, 
as there is an outer envelope in which is the real aiiimal, or in 
which it developes, its history at this point of its life being yet 
imperfectly known. From this egg-like larva proceeds the 
second larva form, which is known as a Redia. Its mode of 
development in this form is not fully known. It is now found 
attached usually to the body of some water-snail (Paludina), 
the cilia of the first larva having now disappeared. When the 



INSECTS INFESTING DOMESTIC ANIMALS. :359 

Redid, ov second lava fonii, lias acquired its complete growth, 
it is somewhat of an arrow-h(>ad shape, consisting of a sac, 
within which is suspended a tiil)ular bag containing colored 
masses, which Huxley supposes are alimentary. The head is 
represented by a kind of a crown, and near the other extrem- 
ity are two lateral projections. In the body cavity, external 
to the tabular sac, vesicles now appear, which rapidly increase 
and assume the form of Cercarise, the name given to the third 
larval stage. The Redia now bursts and these new zooids 
escape. The multiplication at an intermediate and incomplete 
stage (before sexual characters have appeared) is very remark- 
able and introduces to our view a strange feature in animal 
life. 

" The Cercaria resembles a peanut, with a slender tail attached 
to one end ; it also has lateral membraneous attachments, by 
means of which it swims after the manner of a tadpole. After 
swimming free for a certain length of time, it finally fixes itself 
upon and usually bores its way into the body of a water-snail 
or some other mollusk. The tail then drops off and the body 
incloses itself in a cyst. The coronal booklets of the perfect 
form now appear. It now remains quiescent, unable to devel- 
op further in its present situation, awaiting for some water- 
bird to swallow the mollusk in which it is imbedded. 'As soon 
as this is done and the cyst is set free in the alimentary canal 
of the bird, further development begins and the complete or 
Distoma form is assumed. The body elongates and narrows 
anteriorly, the suckers move nearer the head and the circle of 
booklets being complete, it attaches itself by these to the walls 
of the intestine. Such is the strange life history of this intes- 
tinal worm ; and although that of the liver fluke may vary 
in some respects, yet it is doubtless similar in a general sense. 

" The following outline, given in my address before the Illi- 
nois Wool-growers Association, September 20, 1877, is prob- 
ably substantially correct : 

' They produce a kind of spore, or egg, but its subsequent 
progress, so far as it is at present known, presents one of those 
singular life histories occasionally met with in the lower order 
of animals. In some way, not well understood, this egg or 
germ spore makes its way to the external world ; its history 



360 INSECTS INFESTING DOMESTIC ANIMALS. 

from this time until it is hatched is unknown, but moisture in 
some form is probably necessary to its development. It is 
next found in the body of some mollusk, as the snail, or some 
aquatic insect, where its form is so different from that of its 
after-life that it was long considered as appertaining to an 
entirely different group of animals. From these, in some way 
not yet ascertained, it passes into the sheep. It probably 
escapes from the mollusk or insect to herbage in moist places, 
or water, and is taken into the stomach of the sheep with its 
food or drink, and passes through the lacteals, and makes its 
way into the ducts of the liver. 

' As sheep do not feed on moUusks as the water-birds do, it 
is difficult to imagine how the cercaria, if it becomes encysted 
in the body of the mollusk, makes its- way into the stomach of 
the sheep. It isjpossible this may be explained in one of two 
ways. First, as has been stated above, the cercaria is for a 
time a free swimmer, and hence may be taken into the 
stomach when drinking, or attached to herbage in damp 
places. Second, it has been ascertained by Van Beneden that 
some species of this group pass to the mature state directly 
from the redia stage without undergoing the intermediate or 
cercaria stage ; as these are free they may be taken into the 
stomach-in water or on damp herbage. 

' As before stated, these internal parasites are supposed to be 
the cause of rot in sheep, though many persons are inclined 
to believe they are a consequence rather than a cause of 
disease. But all appear to agree that this disease is connected 
with the condition of the soil, or the state of weather, moisture 
being the element most likely to produce it. This corre- 
sponds exactly with the theory of its life history which I have 
presented, and indicates the best means of preventing it, to 
wit : Give them well-drained, open, airy pastures, and proper 
protection in damp and rainy seasons. It is more probable 
the condition of sheep is often attributed to tins disease, when 
it is due to other causes.' " 



INSliCTS INFHSTIXG THH APIARY. 



The Bee Moth (Galleria cereatia) Chap. 'l^Q 



CHAPTER CCL. 

The Bee Moth. (Cal.) 

(Galleria cerenna. — Fabricius.) 

Order, Lepiuopter.v ; Family, Pyralid.^. 

[Living in silken tubes in bee-hives, and feeding upon the 
wax and young bees ; a small grayish worm.] 

Fig. 368. 




Fig. 368. — Bee Moth ; a, the worm or caterpillar — color, ash 
gray ; c, the pupa — color, brown ; d, the moth, with its wings 
expanded ; e, the same, with its wings closed — colors, gray and 
brown ; b, the cocoon — color, whitish. 

This is by far the worst enemy with which the bee-keeper 
has to contend. The female moth, if prevented from entering 
the hive, will deposit her eggs in cracks or any opening in the 
hives. As soon as hatched, the young worm (Fig. 368a) enters 
the hive, and at once protects itself l)y spinning around its 
body a silken tube ; as it increases in size it enlarges the tube, 
feeding the meanwhile upon the wax and young bees. When 
24 



362 MISCELLANEOUS INSECTS. 

fully grown, it creeps into some corner of the hive, or into 
some other sheltered place, and spins a tough white cocoon 
(Fig. 3686), intermingled with its own black excrements. 
The perfect moth (Fig. 368, d and e,) has dusky gray fore- 
wings, which are scalloped at the outer end, and are sprinkled 
and dotted with brown. 
Remedy. — Use No. 122. 



MISCELLANEOUS INSECTS. 



CHAPTER CCLI. 
What are they, Friends or Enemies? 

At various times during the last two years, I have received 
specimens of insects rej^orted to be feeding upon fruits, and I 
refer to some of them as follows : 

Fig. 369. — Larva of Lace-winged Fly — color, gray. Fig. 369. 

1st. Mr. Scott, residing near this city (Sacra- "i^ 

mento), brought me some ripe peaches in which v.^jpr/' 
were small insects, eating in holes made through WyW. 
the skin of the fruit. The holes were less than one ^3 

line in diameter, and from two to four lines in depth. ^ 

By removing the insects from the holes in the fruit, 
I found that the supposed new pest was the larva of a Chrys- 
opa (Fig. 369) or lace-winged fly. That they were feeding 
upon the fruit is beyond question ; but probably the open- 
ing had been made by a species of plant-bug, or by the striped 
cucumber beetle (D. rittata), which infested the trees. I could 
not find any plant-lice on the trees, therefore the larva of the 
Chrysopa may have entered the punctures made by some other 
insect to feed upon the fruit. 

2d. I have also received specimens of a species of lady- 
bird, said to attack cherries when ripe. It is the CocclneUa 
o-rwtata var. Californica. (Fig. 370, Plate 4.) 



MISCELLANEOUS INSECTS. 363 

Description: Form, ovate ; length, three lines ; color, head 
black, mth two white dots ; thorax black, with a white mark 
on each anterior angle ; wing-cases, light orange, with a minute 
white mark at each side of the scutellum. 

In answer to inquiries made by me, Mr. A. P. Crane, a prom- 
inent fruit grower at San Lorenzo, Alameda County, writes as 
follows, under date of June 12, 1883 : 

" Dear Sie : Yours of the ninth instant came to hand last 
evening. I send 3'ou specimens of lady-bird by this mail. 
They troubled our Black Tartarian Cherries some years ago. 
We allowed the fruit to become too ripe before picking, and the 
species I send 3^ou destroyed considerable. I have not noticed 
them to be so plentiful in three or four years past as they are 
this year (1888), but they are not doing any harm as yet that 
I can observe. Last Wednesday, while looking through our 
apple orchard, I found a large number of these lady-birds 
devouring the woolly aphis. This morning, in looking for 
these specimens which I send you, I could not find any on the 
trees near the house, neitlier any aphis, but found the lady- 
birds on boxes containing cherries. The lady-birds are often 
observed feeding upon ripe apricots, l)ut some growers think 
that the striped or spotted Diahrotica first punctures the fruit 
before the lady-bird ^\'ill touch it. I believe the lady-birds 
will puncture and eat the fruit, if it is soft and ripe. 

"A. P. Crane." 

od. Mr. Welty, whose orchard is located on the Sacramento 
River, a few miles below this city (Sacramento), brought me a 
specimen of a sand wasp, belonging to the genus Prioeneinis. 
(Fig. 371, Plate 4.) 

Description ; Length, nearly one inch ; color, body black, 
with bluish or greenish shades ; wings, brick-red, with black tips. 

Mr. Welty states that these insects have destroN'ed the crop 
of twelve peach trees (variety, "Alexander,") for two years in 
succession — 1881 and 1882. As soon as the fruit begins to get 
ripe, these pests attack it in such numbers as would destroy 
the entire crop if not picked before it is ripe. He also states 
that the other varieties of peaches are not attacked by this 
species. 



364 MISCELLANEOUS INSECTS. 

4th. Specimens of peach branches were brought me by Mr. 
Dye, of Walnut Grove, in thi.s county (Sacramento). On each 
branch were three or four mud nests (Fig. 372, Plate 4,) each 
one containing a larva feeding upon a species of small spider 
placed in the nest by the parent insect. They were placed in 
boxes. The wasps did not mature entirely, but nearly com- 
pleted their changes. One of the nests produced a golden- 
green fly, belonging to the Chrysididse — a beautiful specimen. 

Description : Length of body, nearly four lines ; color, 
ultramarine-blue ; ovipositor, blackish ; wings, hyaline (trans- 
parent). 

I do not think that this insect is injurious to fruit. 

5th. Bees. — A great difference of opinion exists among fruit- 
growers as to whether bees attack fruit and grapes. Some 
growers make jjositive assertion that they do attack fruit and 
grapes, while others are equally positive that they do not until 
the fruit or grapes are punctured by other insects, such as 
plant-bugs, wasps, etc. 

In my investigations, I found an orchard and vineyard 
located at least two miles from any other orchard or vineyard. 
In this place are kept a large number of bee-hives. The owner 
informs me that his grapes are used for making wines, and 
that the bees do not touch them until the picking of the grapes 
commences ; then they feed upon the broken berries and such 
as are attacked by other insects ; also, that they do not attack 
the fruit until it is punctured bj^ other insects. My informant 
gives this as the result of many years experience. 

Tji- 070 Fig. 37H. — Blapstintii< Iccontei; ventral and 

dorsal views — color, black. 

6th. In 1882, Mr. R. B. Blowers, of Wood- 
land, sent me specimens of a small dark-colored 
beetle (Fig. 373), about one third of an inch in length, found 
in some vineyards near Woodland, feeding upon the leaves 
and young growth of grapevines. I ascertained them to be 
Blapstinus lecontei. This species had not been reported as being 
injurious heretofore. It belongs to the same family as the 
following species — Tctiehriorndse. 





MISCELLANEOUS INSECTS. 366 

Fig. 374. — Elcodesi quddricnUi^ — Cok)r. black. Fig. 374. 

7th. Early in July, 1883, I received from 
J. ^y. Minturn, of >[adera, Fresno County, 
specimens of a black beetle (Fig. 374) — the 
Eleodi'ii quadriroUis of Leconte — about three 
fourths of an inch in length, reported to be 
feeding upon the foliage of grapevines. As 
this species is considered harmless,! doubted 
that the damage to grapevines was done by 
it, and wrote, asking that full investigation ])e made, to learn 
if the damage was not done by some other species of insect, 
and received the following answer, dated July 18th : " I have 
received your letter, and herewith return answer. As to those 
beetles eating the foliage of the vines, it is simply solved 
beyond any doubt, as far as I am concerned ; and it is more 
than probable that a majority of men would be quite satisfied 
on this point, had they been up the greater part of ten nights 
and seen on each vine that they came to from two to a dozen 
of these beetles, besides thousands of them on the ground 
over an area of one hundred acres. If further proof is required, 
I think the destruction of thirty-five acres within the above 
named time (there being no other insects, or rabbits, or 
squirrels to be found) would have the tendency of convincing 
any person. They have also appeared in some alfalfa fields, 
and I am informed by a gentleman lately returned from the 
Tejon Pass, that there they are in such numbers that they 
have completely devoured every green thing. Those that 
passed over my vine3'ard were traveling from east to west. 

" P. S. The gentleman above referred to tells me that the 
Mexicans over there say these beetles precede a very heavy 
winter, and that they have been seen in the same numbers 
many times before." 

In reply to further inquiries, the folloMang letter was received, 
dated July 27th : 

" The beetles, as nearly as I can remember, first came about 
the 5th of July ; within three days they had damaged some 
ten acres, and were evidently rapidly on the increase at this 
time. About the 8th or 9th inst. I discovered them at night. 
Until that time I had been at a loss to know what was eatinsj; 



366 MISCELLANEOUS INSECTS. 

my vines, as I liad u rabbit-proof fence around my field of 160 
acres, which i? looked after each day. As far as I know, they 
had not paired during the period that they were here, though 
during the day they seek the shade of clods of earth, holes in 
the checks, under some water gates that connect the checks, 
and in these places large numbers seem to congregate. For 
instance, this afternoon my brother turned up a couple of 
clods, each say four or five inches in diameter, and under 
them was at least sixty or seventy beetles. The greater part 
of the l^eetles have disappeared ; whether they have died or 
migrated I cannot be sure, but think the latter, for if they had 
died in such numbers I think I should have discovered them. 
In a slough that is used as a water channel there are pools of 
water somewhat stagnant, and at some of these I found thou- 
sands of dead beetles — still not anything like enough to ac- 
count for the disappearance of the army that was here." 

I sent a specimen of this beetle to Prof. Riley for determi- 
nation, but he being absent the specimen was referred to Prof. 
E. A. Schwarz, who replied as follows, under date of August 
7th: 

" The tenebrionid you send, and which has destroyed thirty- 
five acres of grapevines, is Eleodes quadricollis — Lee. ; a very 
common species in the more northern part of your vState. The 
species of that genus so numerous and al)undant in the region 
west of the Rocky Mountains are all known to feed upon 
decaying vegetable matter, and none have hitherto been re- 
ported as doing damage to cultivated plants. In fact your 
communication, if correct, would indicate a change of habit 
hitherto unprecedented in the history of economic entomol- 
ogy ; and unless further proof be brought forth, I can hardly 
believe that the species referred to is the real author of the 
damage to grapevines." 

8th. Ants. — Since the Spring of 1881, occasionally some 
fruit-growers would report that the ants were among the insect 
friends of the fruit-growers. In 1881, the late James B. Saul, 
of Oak Shade Orchard, Yolo County, wrote me that in his 
investigation he discovered that he was losing some larvse of 
the codlin moth, and could not account for the loss. The 
larvie were taken frcjm the apples and pears before they had 



MISCELLANEOUS INSECTS. 367 

attacked the scc(l-l)ag, or core of the fruit. 1 visits I tlie 
orchard, at his request, but could not fathom the mystery. A 
few weeks afterward ]\[r. Saul wrote me that he had detected 
the thief. That the larvae were taken from the fruit by ants. 
I wrote him to write a letter on the discovery, and I would 
have it published ; but the letter was not written before his 
sudden illness and death, which took place a short tinie after- 
ward. In 1SS2, in company with Mr. C. W. Reed, of Wash- 
ington, Voio County, I witnessed the ants taking the larvtt of 
the codlin moth from pears ; also carrying away larv{« placed 
on leaves. It is generally understood that the larva? of the 
codlin moth generally leaves the apple by eating a burrow in 
a different direction from the one by which it had entered the 
fruit. In noticing the absence of the larva" without finding 
the burrow for its escape, was what caused the investigation 
by Mr. Saul. Since that time I have detected the presence of 
the apple curculio, which may account for some such holes in 
apples, since the curculio does not attack the seed. 



REMEDIES 



REMEDY NO. 1. 

To mix sulphur with whale oil soap or home made soft soap : 

Boil the sulphur in water for ten or fifteen minutes (if con- 
centrated lye or other formulas are to he added they should be 
dissolved in water and added when the sulphur and water are 
boiled the required time, and allowed to boil for five minutes) ; 
then add the soap. 

Example. — To mix 10 lbs. of whale oil soap, 3 lbs. of sulphur 
and 1 lb. of No. 11, or 12, or 13 in 18 gallons of water. Boil 
say four gallons of water ; then add the sulphur and boil ten 
or fifteen minutes (the lye compound, Nos. 11, 12 or 13, 
should be dissolved in one gallon of water), then add the lye 
and boil for five minutes. The soap is then added and allowed 
to boil five minutes. When the mixture is boiled together as 
directed, it may be placed in a barrel, thirteen gallons of water 
added, and it is then ready for use. It should be applied to 
the trees at a temperature of 130° Fahrenheit. 

All mixtures with sulphur should be made at least one 
week before using ; the longer it is kept the more fetid it 
becomes — therefore, the nnore efficient. 



REMEDY NO. 2. 

Concentrated lye (American Lye Co. brand). The follow- 
ing analysis is given by Prof. Hilgard, of the State University 
of California : Caustic potash, 8.3 ; caustic soda and some 
carbonate of soda, 91.7 — 100.0. Taking the concentrated lye 
as a basis, one pound of the above brand dissolved in one 
gallon of watei- (tested by an alkalimeter for heavy liquids) 



REMEDIES. 369 

gives : density. 1074 ; alkalimeter. lU. Cost per case of 48 
lbs., $4.50, or about 9^ cents per pound. 

Cost of caustic soda (English), in drums, b\ cents per pound ; 
commercial potash, in drums, 9 cents per pound. 

Formula Xo. 1. 

One pound of caustic soda (Eng.) 

Two ounces of commercial potash (^ pound). 

Dissolved in one gallon of water (tested ^-ith the alkali- 
meter, as above) : density, 1090; alkalimeter, 12. 

This formula produces a solution of a higher density than 
the concentrated, lye at a cost of 

42f pounds of caustic soda, at o^ cts., $2.35. 

5^ pounds of commercial potash, at 9 cts., .48 — Total. $2.83. 
(Less than six cents per pound.) 

Formida No. 2. 

One pound of caustic soda (Eng.) 

Four ounces commercial potash (^ pound). 

Dissolved in one gallon of water (tested with alkalimeter as 
above) : density, 1094 ; alkalimeter, 12^. 

38^ pounds caustic soda (Eng.) at 5 cts., $2.12. 

9^ pounds commercial potash, at 9 cts., .85^ — $2.97^. (Less 
than 6^ cts. per pound.) 

This formula produces a solution of a higher density than 
either of the above, and is not only a superior insecticide, but 
a richer source of fertilization for the tree. 

XoTE. — The data from the alkalimeter is merely given to 
show the diflference in density as indicated by one instrument. 

To dissolve the above material thoroughly the time required 
is about forty-eight hours ; use boiling water. To make a 
certain quantity of Xo. 12, one ninth of the total weight of 
material required is potash and eight ninths caustic soda. 

Example. — To make forty-five gallons of solution No. 12 
(one pound to each gallon of water) it requires forty-five 
pounds of material (i. e., caustic soda and potash); ^ of 45 
pounds equals 5 pounds of potash : f of 45 pounds equals 40 
pounds, giving 5 pounds potash and 40 pounds caustic soda 
in 45 pounds of the mixture. 



370 



REMEDIES. 



To make 45 pounds of No. 13, one fifth of the total weight 
should be potash and four fifths caustic soda. 

Example. — \ of 45 pounds equals 9 pounds ; f of 45 pounds 
equals 36 pounds, giving 9 pounds of potash and 36 pounds 
of caustic soda in 45 pounds of the mixture. 

As many fruit-growers are not acquainted with the use of 
the alkalimeter, and mistakes are liable to occur in the use of 
the alkaline solutions, I recommend the following simple test 
which will at least be a partial protection against the use of 
solutions of sufficient density to injure the tree, or, on the 
contrary, deficient in density to give the result required : 

Fig. 375. Fig. 375 represents an egg 

(hen's egg). The circular 
lines marked i, ^, 3 and ^ are 
intended to show gauges of 
density of the solutions. 

In all cases the solution must 
he thoroughly stirred from the 
bottom, of the vessel in which it 
is dissolved, before testiiuj or 
taking away any portion of it 
to use on trees, etc. 

When the mixtvn'e is thor- 
oughly dissolved, stir well, 
and then test the density by 
placing in the solution the 
hen's egg. (In all tests of this 
kind tlic egg used should not be more than twenty-four hours 
laid, and as near to a globular form as possible.) If the 
surface of the egg above the solution is more than the size of 
No. 4, the solution is too strong for use. This can be reduced 
to 8^ by adding water. If the surface of the egg above the 
solution is equal to No. 3^ it is just the right strength, and ec{ual 
to Remedy No. 12. If the surface of the egg above the solution 
is the size of No. 3, it is equal to Remedy No. 11. If the egg 
just floats or shows a speck above the solution the size of No. 
H, it is equal to one pound of Remedy No. 12 to 1^ gallons of 
water. In lye made from wood ashes the egg will just float in 
a solution equal to one pound of lye to one and one quarter 




REMEDIES. 371 

gallons of water. Space above water equal to 8^ represents 
one pound of lye to each gallon of water. 

The above tests should be made with the solution at a tem- 
perature of 60° Fahrenheit. Should any fruit grower wish to 
get an alkalimeter, I will have one that is properly adjusted 
forwarded to liim on receipt of one dollar. 



REMEDY NO. 8. 

Home made soft soap, made with lye leached from wood 
ashes. One pound to each gallon of water used. Apply at a 
temperature of 130° Fahr. 

Note 1. — To mix with sulphur see No. 1. 

Note 2. — In making soft soap, if one ounce of glycerine is 
added to each gallon of soap, it will make an excellent insec- 
ticide. 



REMEDY NO. 4. 

Whale oil soap (residue from bleaching whale oil and sold 
by Allyne iV: White, Nos. 112 and 114 Front street. San Fran- 
cisco, in bai-rels, about 8^ cents or 4 cents ])er pound), one 
pound to each gallon of water used. Apply at a temperature 
of 180° Fahr. 

Note. — See Chapter IX. 



REMEDY NO. 5. 

One pound of whale oil soap and ^ of a pound of sulphur ; 
mix as directed in Remedy No. 1. One pound of this mixture 
to each gallon of water used. Apply at a temperature of 180° 
Fahr. 

Note 1. — The weight of the soap and sulphur used in mak- 
ing this solution must be added together in computing the 
quantity of water required. 

Note 2. — To procure genuine whale oil soap, see Remedy 
No. 4. 



372 REMEDIES. 

REMEDY NO. (3. 

One pound of whale oil soap ; one third of a pound of sul- 
phur ; one and one half ounces of Nos. 11 and 12 ; mix as de- 
scribed in Remedy No. 1. One pound of this mixture to each 
gallon of water used, and apply at a temperature of 130° Fahr. 

See notes in No. 5. . 



REMEDY NO. 7. 

One pound of the whale oil soap and sulphur mixture to 
each gallon of water used. (This mixture is manufactured and 
for sale by Allyne & White, Nos. 112 and 114 Front street, 
SanFrancis CO.) Apply at a temperature of 130° Fahr. 



REMEDY NO. 8. 

One pound of whale oil and parafhne soap to two gallons of 
water. Spray thoroughly. (Manufactured and sold by Allyne 
& White, Nos. 112 and 114 Front street, San Francisco.) 

Note. — Paraffine can be substituted for coal oil in Remedy 
No. 4A ; see also No. 77. 



REMEDY NO. 9. 

Boil thirty pounds of tobacco leaves in thirty gallons of 
water, and apply at a temperature of 130° Fahr. 

Note. — Every fruit-grower should grow a small patch of 
tobacco upon his premises. Mr. Ellwood Cooper, of Santa 
Barbara, grows all the tobacco he requires for insecticides, at a 
cost of about two cents per pound. Refuse tobacco can be 
bought at cigar manufactories, or nicotine of tobacco at Leibes 
Bros., Nos. 14 and 16 Fremont street, near Market, San Fran- 
cisco. 

See Remedy No. 123. 



REMEDIES. 878 



REMEDY XO. 10. 



Boil six pounds of arsenic in sixty gallons of water (or one 
pound of arsenic to ten gallons of water) until the arsenic is 
dissolved; when ready to use, add ninet}' gallons of water, 
making one hundred and fifty gallons in all, or one pound of 
arsenic to twenty-five gallons of water. (Spray the foliage.) 
One or two pounds of potash dissolved and boiled in water 
before putting in the arsenic, will make the arsenic dissolve 
quicker. For every one pound of potash used, five gallons of 
water can be added. 

Note. — In cases where trees or vines are seriously infested 
by canker-worms, beetles, etc., and the prospects of a crop 
Tuined, use No. 10, or No. 89. Thorough spraying will effec- 
tually destroy them. Care should be taken that this applica- 
tion should not be put on trees that the fruit is to be used for 
food in any way, as it is dangerous to those eating the fruit. 
Only use this remedy when all other means fail. See Reme- 
dies No. 22 and No. 123. Great care should be taken to keep 
children away from where this solution is prepared or used. 

See Remedv No. 123. 



REMEDY NO. 11. 

One pound of American concentrated lye to each gallon of 
water used. 

See Remedv No. 2. 



REMEDY NO. 12. 

One pound of caustic soda (Eng. brand) and two ounces of 
common potash. 

Note. — The weight of caustic soda and potash used in mak- 
ing this solution must be added together in computing the 
quantity of water required. 

See Remedy No. 2, directions for preparing solutions, and 
No. 123 ; or lye made from wood ashes ; should be boiled until 
it will float a hen's egg when cool. If the surface of the shell 



374 REMEDIES. 



above the liquid is of a larger size than a silver three cent 
piece, or ring No. 2, Fig. 375, reduce with water to that gauge ; 
then add one quart of water for every three quarts of lye ; 
apply to trees when dormant. (This equals No. 12). 



REMEDY NO. 13. 

One pound of caustic soda (Eng. brand) and four ounces of 
common potash. (See note No. 12.) 

See Remedy No. 2, directions for preparing solutions, and 
No. 123. 



REMEDY NO. 14. 
[Remedy for cottony grape scale. No. 14 should be No. 11.] 

Where the caterpillars infesting trees or vines are large (two 
and a half inches in length and upwards) and do not live in 
colonies, they can readily be destroyed by cutting in two with 
a pair of scissors. This is preferable to hand-picking. 

See Remedv No. 100 and No. 101. 



REMEDY NO. 15. 

All parings and other debris made by preparing apples, 
pears, etc., for drying, should be scalded or burned so as to 
destroy the larvae they contain. 

See Remedy No. 16. 



REMEDY NO. 16. 

Early in Winter, destroy by burning or scalding, all peach 
pits, apricot pits, etc., also the pearings, etc., left from drying 
fruit that has accumulated around the orchard and store- 
houses, as the larvie hibernate in such material. 

See Remedy No. 15. 



REMEDIES. 375 

REMEDY NO. 17. 

In store-rooms, packing-rooms, etc., infested by the dried- 
fruit moths, put shelves across the windows and dust them 
over with buhach ; renew the powder at least every second 
day, but better results will be obtained by renewing it daily. 



REMEDY NO. 18. 

For cleaning dried fruit infested by the larva? of the dried- 
fruit moth, various methods are used ; some place the fruit in 
ovens, others scald it. A practical plan used by extensive 
dealers, especially when the infested fruit is in sacks or boxes 
that are not moth-proof, is as follows : A cylinder about 
twelve feet in length, constructed of two circular ends eighteen 
inches in diameter, on which are nailed strips of wood twelve 
feet long, two inches wide and nearly one inch thick ; between 
the strips an opening of about three eights of an inch is left 
(the openings a.t the lower end are large enough to let the 
fruit pass through). The cylinder is placed on a frame, one 
end of which is a few inches lower than the other end ; it rests 
on a central shaft, to one end of which is attached a crank, by 
which the cylinder is turned around. The fruit is placed in 
the cylinder through an opening at the higher end ; by turn- 
ing the cylinder the worms (larvae) are shaken out of the fruit 
and fall through the openings between the slats. The excre- 
ments and webs of the worms is also cleaned oft' of the fruit. 
All larvae taken out of fruit in this way should be destroyed by 
scalding, or otherwise. 



REMEDY NO. 19. 

Ten pounds of fine sulphur and one pound of buhach ; mix 
thoroughly and apply with a sulphur duster after sunset. Or 
if the vines are not in bearing, and the attack is not of a 
serious nature, use No. 103, or No. 10, or No. 89. Read No. 
123 carefully. 

Note. — The sulphur, if applied with buhach, will prevent 
mildew. 



376 REMEDIES. 

REMEDY NO. 20. 

In orchards, vineyards, vegetable gardens, etc., grasses, 
weeds, and rubbish of every kind, including fallen leaves, 
should be carefully gathered off of the ground from around 
fences and buildings and burned early in the Fall, thus depriv- 
ing the insects of a shelter wherein to hibernate ; and the 
ground should be kept entirely clean of weeds, such as purs- 
lane, etc., in the Spring and Summer seasons. All grasses 
and weeds growing on the banks of sloughs, water ditches, etc., 
in or around orchards, vineyards, etc., should be burned, or 
otherwise destroyed. 

See Remedy No. 32, A and B. 



REMEDY NO. 21. 

A smooth bark, free from moss, etc., on fruit trees, grape- 
vines, etc., is an imperative necessity in a warfare against 
insect pests. This can be effected by scraping and using alka- 
line washes, such as Nos. 11, 12 or 13, when the tree is dor- 
mant ; or Nos. 3, 4, 5, 6 or 7 in Summer. In all cases the 
scrapings should be burned. 

Read Remedies Nos. 35, 123 and 124 carefully. 



REMEDY NO. 22. 

Early in the month of October wrap a band of thick paper 
(the thickness of medium building paper), from six to eight 
inches wide, around the base of the trunk. of the tree close to 
the ground, and fasten by a piece of baling rope passed around 
about the center of the band ; gather or mound the earth 
around the band below the rope. This is to prevent the wing- 
less female from depositing her eggs on the tree, under or 
below the band. Take some coal tar and spread on the upper 
part of the band, above the rope — two inches wide is suffi- 
cient. A little castor oil mixed in the tar will prevent it from 
hardening as rapidily as if only tar is used. The tar should 



REMEDIES. 377 

be renewed every two or throe days, as it is neeessnry to keep 
it moist to prevent the females from passing over it. Such of 
the females as will not go near the tar, and are prevent(^d from 
getting to the tree under the band, will deposit their eggs on 
the band. The bands should be kept on the trees until the 
apple trees begin to put forth their leaves, and should then be 
taken off and burned, ropes included. 

Note. — There are at least three species of canker worms in 
orchards at the present time, and as the natural history of all 
the species as regards dates of emerging from the ground is 
not known, it is the safest plan to put on the bands early in 
the season. Should the caterpillars appear on the trees, spray 
thoroughly with No. 64 ; at the same time it would be well to 
experiment with Nos. 83 and 85. 

See Nos. 10, 89 and 108. Read No. 123 carefullv. 



REMEDY NO. 23. 

Put around the tree, about two feet from the ground, a band 
of cloth, such as muslin butter cloth ; cover with tallow after 
it is placed on the tree, and put some lard over the tallow ; the 
lard will keep soft and prevent caterpillars from passing over 
it. When the caterpillars are swept off the tree they will creep 
up the trunk again until they reach the greased band ; they 
gather below the bands in large numbers, and can then be 
destroyed l)y the use of clubs, etc. 

See Chapter XXXIII. Read Remedies No. 35 and 124 care- 
fully. 

Note. — The caterpillars are swept ofl' the branches with 
brooms. 



REMEDY NO. 24. 

A large number of varieties of deciduous fruit trees, vines 
and plants are liable to be infested by the caterpillars of various 
species of moths, commonly known as "leaf-rollers." An 
excellent remedy for preventing the spread of these pests is to 
pick off the rolled leaves as soon as noticed, and destroy them 
25 



378 REMEDIES. 

by burning or otherwise. This can be prolitably done on young 
trees and nursery stock. In some cases the insect fastens the 
leaf to the branches, and hibernates in them throughout the 
Winter. All such nests should be gathered off the trees in the 
Winter season, and burned. 

Read Remedies Nos. 35 and 124 carefully. 



REMEDY NO. 25. 

Cut off and burn all branches showing punctures, swellings, 
etc., on vines, branches of trees, or stalks of any plant infested 
by larvse, grubs, or beetles. This pruning, combined with 
Remedy No. 20, will prevent the spread of various species of 
insects. 

See Remedies Nos. 26, 27, 60, 66 and 67. 



REMEDY NO. 26. 

Twig or branch pruning. Twigs and branches of peach, 
apricot, blackberry, raspberry, currant, etc., infested by the 
larvae of moths or grubs of beetles boring into the new growth, 
can be readily detected ])y their withered appearance, and 
should be cut off and burned or otherwise disposed of; in this 
manner the larvte or grul)s are destroj^ed. 

See Remedies Nos. 27, 28, 60, 66 and 67. 



REMEDY NO. 27. 

Branches and twigs of apple, apricot, peach, pear and olive 
trees, grapevines, etc., infested by the burrowing beetles, or 
twig-borers, P. confertus and B. hicaudatus, should be cut off' 
and burned. Great care should be taken to capture the beetles. 
Remember, in these species it is the perfect insect that attacks 
the trees. 

See Remedies Nos. 25, 26, 28, 60, 66 and 67. 



BEMEDIES. 379 

REMEDY NO. 2S. 

J)i-anch(.'.s and twigs of apple, almond, apricot, plum, etc. 
infested by the eggs of the Ijutlalo tree-hopper, or tree-eriekets, 
or Cicadas, should be well eut out in pruning and the prunings 
burned, and while the tree is dormant, thoroughly spray with 
No. 12 or lo — one pound to each gallon of water. In this 
manner many of the eggs will be destroyed. Early in July 
the branches should l)e sprayed with No. 5 or 7, to prevent the 
female from depositing her eggs therein. No. 4 is also very 
effective. 

See Remedies Nos. 25, 26, 27, 60, 66 and 67. 



REMEDY NO. 29. 

The eggs of certain species of moths are laid in rings encir- 
cling the new grow'th or branches ; in some species (as Fig. 54) 
they partly encircle the branch. These rings of eggs are gen- 
erally found on the branches of trees infested by tlie cater- 
pillars of the moths the previous Spring. 

To prevent the spread of such pests, immediately after the 
foliage has fallen off the trees the egg-rings should be col- 
lected and destroyed by pouring boiling water on them or by 
burning them. This work, if thoroughly done, will well repay 
the fruit-grower. (See Chapter XXXIII.) This also includes 
the eggs of the katy-did. (Chapter CXVTII.) 



REMEDY NO. 80. 

The egg-clusters of tlic tussock moth are generally found on 
the top of cocoons from which the wingless females emerged, 
and can readil}' be gathered and destroyed l)y burning, etc. 
The cocoons are found in the crotches and indents of trees in- 
fested l\v the caterpillars the previous Summer. 



380 REMEDIES. 



REMEDY NO. 31. 



The nests of the tent caterpinars may be destroyed by hold- 
ing a torch under them at a certain time of day when the cat- 
erpillars are not feeding, and are gathered in their tent or nest ; 
in this way the whole colony of caterpillars can be readily 
destroyed. A torch such as is used in torchlight processions 
is excellent for this work. 

See Remedy No. 29, and read No. 35 and No. 124. 



REMEDY NO. 32. 

For effective work the warfare against the grapevine-hop- 
pers should 1)6 commenced early in the Fall season : 

A. — By taking or scraping off all of the loose bark and thor- 
oughly spraying the trunk of the vine with Remedy No. 51, 
or 64, or 65 ; this will dislodge and destroy the insects, and at 
the same time destroy the fungus spores on the vine. As soon 
as this work is done, a flock of sheep should be placed in the 
vineyard to eat the fallen leaves and keep down the growth of 
alfilaria and grasses upon which the insects, such as may 
escape, will feed on warm days. Grasses and weeds around 
fences, etc., should be destroyed by burning or otherwise. 

B. — The vines should be cleaned as directed in section A, 
If sheep cannot be procured, the leaves should be raked in 
rows between the vines, that the vine-hoppers may lodge in 
them. When the leaves are perfectly dry, apply fire to the 
rows in places not more than eight or ten feet apart. Before 
lighting the fires the vines should be jarred, and the vine-hop- 
pers around them drove into the dry leaves. This method is 
very effective. 

See Remedies Nos. 20, 33 and 106, A. 



REMEDY NO. 3^ 



Mr. R. B. Blowers, of Woodland, Yolo County, California, 
has succeeded in conquering the vine-hoppers this season, and 
kindly furnishes me with the following information : 



REMEDIES. 381 

'' The mixture is as follows : In a fifty gallon Ijarrel put 
thirty pounds of whale oil soap and fifteen pounds sulphur, 
and mix it up thoroughly. Then add water until the ban-el is 
nearly full, and allow it to remain one day without anything 
else being done to it, except stirring it two or three times. 
The object of this is to allow the ingredients to be completely 
blended together, so as to form one homogeneous mixture. 
The next day take three pailfuls of this mixture and six of 
water, or in that proportion, until a barrel is filled containing 
forty or forty-five gallons. Then just previous to using add 
three quarters of a pound of buhach, and mix it thoroughly. 
After the addition of the buhach it should to be applied imme- 
diately. The best manner of conveying it to the vinej'ard is 
to place a barrel of it on a sled, so that it will not slop over. 
Apply this mixture to the vines with a fountain spray pump. 
Two men are necessary to do this successfully ; one man with 
a spray pump on each side of the vine. The men should 
stand about six feet from the vine when making the applica- 
tion, and they should both a})ply the spray at the same mo- 
ment. If they do not both make the application to the vine 
at the same moment, the insects may some of them escape on 
the opposite side of the vine from where the spray is applied. 
This is certain to destroy ninety eight per cent of the insects 
of any and every variety that may trouT)le vines or fruits or 
flowers.'' 

A few days later Mr. Blowers wrote me as follows : 

"Woodland. June od, 1883. 

" Deak Siii : The vine-hoppers were so plentiful this Spring 
that they destroyed many of the leaves on my vines before 
they were half-grown. Had 1 depended on my destroying the 
eggs and young hoppers, my entir(> croj) would have been 
ruined. The cold weather being favorable, I commenced the 
work of spraying as I wrote you in my last. The buhach 
retained its power longer as the solution did not dr}' so 
rapidly, the vines being small. I did not get over my entire 
vineyard before the warm weather came, and 1 found it neces- 
sary to stop spraying, as the sun woidd burn the leaves. 

"The balance T have given a heavy dose of poAvdered 



382 REMEDIES. 

sulphur aud buhach to kill the old hoppers, but sulphur 
effectually destroys the eggs ; the buhach is death to the 
young hoppers. All insects yielded to the effect of the spray, 
the sphinx moth (P. achemon) included. Yours, etc., 

"Pv. B. Blowers. 
" P. S. — The vineyard never looked better." 

I prefer mixing the whale-oil soap and sulphur, as in 
Remedy No. 1. 

REMEDY NO. 34. 

An effective way of destro3dng red and yellow spiders (or 
mites) is to spray the foliage of the tree or vine thoroughly 
with No. 5 or No. 7, one pound to each five quarts, or one gal- 
lon and one quarter of water used ; add one gallon of No. 9 to 
every eight gallons as soon as the mites appear on the leaves. 
The spraying should be repeated as often as they appear on 
the foliage. 

In cases where the tree or vine is bearing tender fruits, these 
pests can be prevented from spreading by thoroughly drench- 
ing the foliage with water. 

Either of the above can be applied to nursery stock infested 
by red or yellow spiders (mites). When the tree is dormant 
use No. 8 or 44 on the ova, and follow in twenty-four hours 
with No. 13. 

See Remedies No. 9 (in relation to tobacco), and also No. 20. 



REMEDY NO. 35. 

a. — 100 pounds of bone dust. 

b. — 50 pounds of commercial j^otash. 

c. — 75 pounds of new lime (unslacked). 

A. — Add to the potash just enough of water to liquify it (at 
first one half gallon to ten pounds of potash, then add as re- 
quired for fort3''-eight hours). 

B. — Use just enough water to slack the lime. 

C. — Prepare enough of barrels or bins to hold the whole 525 
pounds. 



REMEDIES. 388 

D. — Spread the bone dust on the floor. 

E. — Dampen the bone dust thoroughly with the liquid pot- 
ash, but be careful not to wet any part of it so that it will cake 
(which s])oils it) ; when thoroughly mixed, fill in barrels, etc., 
leaving about six indies on the top of each ])ackage to fill with 
the lime. 

F. — Let it rcniahi in th(^ barrels for ten days, then spread it 
on the ground around the vines or trees, say four hundred 
])ounds per acre. 

The above material, prepared as above described, makes an 
excellent fertilizer. Where a large ciuantity is re(pured, it can 
be prepared in large bins. 

(t. — Use from o50 j)Ounds to 500 pounds per acre, and even 
1,000 pounds if the vines or trees are seriously infested. 

H. — The combination of the potash and bone-dust produces 
annnonia, which is absorbed by the lime placed on top. 

I. — Fruit trees that have been infested by scale insects, 
woolly-aphis, etc., can l)e greatly improved by the use of this 
fertilizer. 

Wood Aslim. 

J. — Fruit-growers residing in the vicinity of any town or 
city, or any place where wood ashes can be secured at a nomi- 
nal cost, should collect every bushel available. The ashes 
should be thoroughly dampened and mixed with an equal 
quantity of bone-dust (bushel for bushel when dry), then 
placed about three feet deep in a bin, or enclosure of some 
kind, having the sides and bottom tight ; spread on to]) from 
four to six inches of fresh slacked lime. 

K.— If necessary, another layer of bone-dust and ashes, and 
one of lime, may be placed on top of the first layers. 

L. — Let it remain for three weeks, and an excellent fertilizer 
will be obtained. 

M. — Apply on orcliard or vineyard grounds wlicn thoroughly 
mixed. 

Note. — In Sacramento several hundred bushels of ashes are 
wasted daily, which could be collected at a very trifling cost. 
Remember, the ashes should not be alloAved to get wet before 
being gathered, as it then becomes partly leached, thus 
impairing its value. 



384 REMEDIES. 

Stable Mnmire. 

As to the effect of stable iiiauure, it may be approximated as 
regards its utility as a fertilizer for orchard or vineyard pur- 
poses. In some of the best authorities I find that one ton o^ 
stable manure contains about four pounds of phosphoric acid, 
eight to nine pounds of potash, and about eight pounds of 
nitrogen (ammonia and nitric acid). Stable manure for agri- 
cultural purpose is excellent, but for orchard or vineyard 
purposes it is deficient in restoring the ash constituents so 
much required by the trees. (See Remedy No. 124.) 

I have briefly mentioned the available fertilizers, and the 
necessity of their application to many of the orchards and 
vineyards, especially those planted in California in what is 
termed the "early days." 

To restore the producing power of exhausted lands, to 
strengthen and increase the growth of young orchards and 
vineyards that are backward in producing a good growth, to 
produce the highest yield from each and every acre planted. 

Read No. 123 and No. 124. 



REMEDY NO. 86. 

Early in the Spring, or as soon as the insects appear on the 
plants or vines, place loose straw, hay, or other like 
material, around or under plants or vines so that the insects 
can take shelter at night ; in the morning before sunrise 
remove the material laid down and burn it. 

I recommended this for the destruction of the false chinch 
bug on grapevines. The vine owner reported success, but he 
sprinkled some coal oil on some straw which he placed cm the 
ground under the straw taken from around the vines, and in 
this way prevented the insects from escaping into the ground 
while the straw was burning, making the application a com- 
plete success. 

Clean cultivation. — See No. 20 and No. 106, A. 

Read No. 35, No. 123, and No. 124. 



REMEDIES. 385 

REMEDY NO. 37. 

In all cases for preventing the spread of borers in fruit, orna- 
mental or forest trees, the coating of the trunk and larger limbs 
with soft soap, common bar soap, or whale oil soap and sul- 
phur, will prevent the female from depositing her eggs on the 
parts thus treated. Two pounds of soap to each gallon of 
water used ; appl}^ with a brush. 

Trees infested with the larva? or grubs of borers, the bur- 
rows should be searched for, and when found a wire should be 
forced into the burrow, and in this way destroy the larva or 
grub. 

Wounds or sunburned patches on the bark of trees should 
be dressed with some of the above soaps as soon as noticed. 

Note. — Some persons cut out the grubs with a knife ; such 
a method is not safe for the tree. 

See No. 60, for borers in branches. 



REMEDY NO. 38. 

A. — Spread a sheet or cloth under the tree at night, when 
the beetles are feeding ; by shaking the tree the beetles will 
fall off, and can then be gathered off of the sheet or cloth and 
destroyed. Some assert that early morning is the best time, 
as the beetles are not inclined so much to fly. See Remedy 
No. 102. 

B. — For such beetles as feed upon the foliage in daytime, 
the spreading of the sheet under the tree and shaking should 
either be done after sunrise, or al)t)ut noon. If the beetles in 
either instance are numerous, dipi)ing the sheet in coal oil will 
destro}'- such beetles as may fall upon it. 



REMEDY NO. 39. 

Early in the Fall season dig a trench around the tree, uncuv- 
ering the roots : in the trench put two or three shovelfuls of 
new lime if the tree is large, and less in proportion to smaller 



386 REMEDIES. 

trees ; add enough water to slack the lime, and cover up with 
earth. The Winter rains will convey the lime around the 
roots, and destroy the woolly aphis living upon them. Wood 
ashes and lime mixed together make an excellent apj^lication 
applied as above. 

See Remedies Nos. 40, 41, 42, 43, 45 and 58. 



REMEDY NO. 40. 

Early in the Fall season dig a trench around the tree and 
place in it dried tobacco leaves ; wet the leaves with a solu- 
tion consisting of one pound of saltpetre, dissolved in three 
gallons of water, and then cover the leaves with earth ; the 
Winter rains will carry the tobacco water around the roots and 
destroy the lice. Chimney soot makes an excellent mixture 
with the tobacco and saltpetre. 

See Remedies No. 9, in relation to tobacco; Nos. 89, 41, 42, 
43, 45 and 58. Read No. 47. 



REMEDY NO. 41. 

In a trench around the tree pour water heated to a tempera- 
ture of 130 degrees, in which is dissolved one pound of No. 12 
or 13 to each gallon of water used. (Nos. 39 and 40 are pref- 
erable to this. 

It is claimed that hot water (say 130°) poured around the 
roots, produce good results, but my experiments in using it 
did not warrant any recommendation. 

See Remedy No. 98. 



REMEDY NO. 42. 

Two pounds of home made soft soap to one and one half 
gallons of water poured around the roots of nursery stock 
(young apple trees), destroyed the woolly aphis, the earth be- 
ing first cleaned away from the trees. 

The roots of young apple trees should be dipped in one of 
the above solutions before planting. 

See No. 47 and No. 58. 



REMEDIES. 387 



REMEDY NO. 48. 



Early in February the tree should be thoroughly scrajHMl, 
and the crotches and crevices cleaned out, and the limbs and 
trunk thorough!}' washed with No. 44, and if the trees have 
been infested by the apple-leaf ai)his [AphiH malifolia), wash 
the l)ranches also ; then, in twenty-four hours, wash or spray 
with No. 11 or 12, using one gallon of water to each one pound 
in weight of the mixture, or No. 13, one pound to each five 
(|uarts of water used. 

See also Kemedy No. 77. 



REMEDY NO. 44. 

Dissolve two ounces of borax in four gallons of water ; the 
borax may be dissolved in two quarts of water, and then add 
enough water to make four gallons. To this add one quart of 
any kind of animal oil (i. e., lard oil, neatsfoot oil, etc., but 
whale oil is preferable), and one quart of coal oil ; stir up 
properly, and it is ready for use. See heading No. 77. Par- 
affine may be used instead of coal oil, but only the best grades 
of either should be used. See Remedy No. 44. Read Remedy 
No. 47. 



REMEDY NO. 45. 

Young apple trees with roots infested by wooll}' aphis, should 
be dug up and burned, as the}' will not mature healthy trees. 
If you find any swellings or knotty excrescences on the roots 
of nursery trees, do not buy them. See Remedy No. 47. 



REMEDY NO. 46. 

Young peach trees having swellings on the roots, will not 
mature healthy trees. If such are offered at any price, no mat- 
ter how low, do not buy them. See Remedy No. 47. 



388 REMEDIED. 

REMEDY NO. 47. 

The greatest care should be taken in procuring nursery stock 
that is not infested by woolly aphis, leaf aphis, scale insects, 
etc. In all cases, before planting, deciduous fruit trees should 
be dipped in No. 11 or 12 — one pound of the mixture to each 
one gallon of water used ; or No. 13 — one pound to each 1^ 
gallons of water used, excepting the roots, which should be 
dipped in No. 5 or 7 — one pound to each one gallon of water 
used. See Remedy No. 45. 



REMEDY NO. 48. 

To prevent the spread of the black scale, soft orange scale, 
red scale, cottony cushion scale, etc., on citrus trees, the branches 
should be thinned out, to give free access to light and air, and 
also to give an opportunity for thoroughly spraying. All 
prunings taken from the infested trees should be immediately 
burned. 



REMEDY NO. 49. 

The best season for destroying scale insects on citrus and 
evergreen trees is when the young larv* are just hatched, and 
are creeping over the fruit, foliage, etc. Then apply No. 5 or 
7, four pounds of the mixture to every five gallons of water 
used, excei^ting for red scale, when one pound of the mixture 
to each gallon of water used will be more effective. The sul- 
phur is necessary for destroying the black smut or fungus. 
The application should be repeated when the second brood of 
larvse appears. Effective results have been obtained by using 
No. 4. Care should be taken not to spray the trees in very 
warm weather, or in the heat of the day, as it may cause some 
of the foliage and fruit to fall off. But to get rid of the pests 
some inconvenience must be expected. Apply the above solu- 
tions at a temperature of 130° Fahr. 

See Remedy No. 77. 



REMEDIES. 389 



REMEDY NO. 50. 



In Januaiy or February, make a strong brine of salt and 
water, and spray the trees thoroughly ; repeat in two weeks. 
This will denude the trees of foliage, but will effectually 
destroy the red scale, etc. I have tried this, and found it an 
excellent remedy, and the tree threw out a new growth of 
leaves. To every six gallons of brine add one gallon of No. 
lo. This is the only effectual remedy for mealy-bugs on cit- 
rus trees. As soon as the leaves have fallen, spray thorough!}' 
with No. 4, 5 or 7. 

Read Remedy No. 52. 



REMEDY NO. 51. 

To thirty gallons of No. 9, add twenty pounds of No. 5 or 
7, dissolved in twenty gallons of water. If convenient, add 
one half pound of buhach by stirring it in the solution imme- 
diately before application. If whale oil soap is not at hand, 
or cannot be had, strong home made soft soa]) will do. See 
Remedy No. 3. Spray thoroughly. 

The application should be made and repeated when the 
young larva' are moving. This remedy can be used to good 
effect in AVinter, on the vine-hopper. See Remedy No. 33. 

Note. — In any case where this remedy should fail, use No. 
44, or 77, or 8. 



REMEEY NO. 52. 

After spraying as directed in No. 51, a small trench should 
be dug around the tree and filled with fresh slacked lime, 
mixed with strong wood ashes, and allowed to remain 
uncovered to prevent the insects falling on the ground, and 
those under the surface of the ground from ascending the tree 
(the lime and ashes will also be useful as a fertilizer). 



390 REMEDIES. 

REMEDY NO. Ti;! 

When the trees are dormant, spray thoroughly with No. 11 
or 12, one pound of the mixture to each gallon of water 
used ; or No. 13, one pound of the mixture to each five quarts 
of water used. 

Read Remedy No. 123 carefully. 



REMEDY NO. 54. 

When the tree is in leaf use No. 6, four pounds of the mix- 
ture to each five gallons of water used ; spray thoroughly. 
This solution will not injure the foliage or fruit and will effect- 
ually destroy mildew and young scale insects, and prevent the 
females of the codlin moth, curculios, etc., from depositing 
their eggs on the fruit. The spraying should be repeated in 
about two weeks. No. 5 or 7 may be used, one pound to each 
gallon of water. 

Note. — Pears on trees sprayed twice matured ten days 
earlier than the pears that were not sprayed in the same orchard. 

See Remedy No. 69, E. 



REMEDY NO. 55. 

Various remedies have been recommended for destroying 
wire w^orms. The following I consider the most praetieal. at 
least on farm lands in California : 

A. — In cases where garden flowers and plants, vegetable or 
grass-plots are infested, cut potatoes in two or more pieces, 
according to size, and cut out the eyes to prevent them from 
growing. In each piece of potato stick a piece of rod or 
pointed stick ; bury one or more pieces of potato near the 
roots of the infested plants, one or two inches below the sur- 
face of the ground. Examine every second day, and destroy 
the larvae or grubs eating the potato. This has been tried in 
this vicinity (Sacramento), and proved an excellent remedy. 
A patch of ground that was so badly infested by wire-worms 



REMEDIES. 391 

that lettuce could not be grown upon it, was cleaned in ten 
daj's so that it Adelded an excellent crop this season (I880). 

For the protection of field crops, summer-fallow and clean 
out the Aveeds. Applications of salt, soot, etc., have been rec- 
ommended, but probably the most practicable^ for large tracts 
is as follows : 

Dr. Fitch quoted an article from an English pa])er reporting 
the success of white mustard, which concluded as follows : 

" I am therefore under strong persuasion that the wire- 
worms may be successfully repelled and eradicated by care- 
fully destroying all weeds and roots, and drilling white mus- 
tard seed, and keeping the ground clean by hoeing." 

The writer also adds that after the mustard cro]) he raised 
the best crop of wheat he had in twenty-one years. 

Some of our California farmers express a doubt in regard to 
sowing mustard, and stating their fears that the remedy would 
be as troublesome to get rid of as the disease. I am credibly 
informed that such is not the fact. 

The following is taken from the Special Report on Wire- 
Worms, 1883, by Miss Eleanor A. Ormerod, F. M. S., Consult- 
ing Entomologist of the Royal Agricultural Society of Eng- 
land : 

1. " It has been found by practical experience that the 
growing and plowing of white mustard will get rid of the wire- 
worm.'" 

The following recommendations are reported by Miss 
Ormerod : 

" The use of nmstard as a growing manure crop is not 
sufficiently resorted to. 

"Charles Caswell, Peterborough." 

2. " Mustard sown thickly and allowed to grow to a con- 
siderable height, and then plowed in, has been found to be a 
good preventive, and at the same time adding considerably to 
the fertility of the land. Richt Hon. Earl of Porvis, 

'' Per Adam Lee." 

8. " Found mustard a good preventive, and sometimes the 
only safe crop to sow where wire-worms prevailed. 

" Right Hon. Viscount Portman, 
" Per J. Forester.'' 



392 REMEDIES. 

4. "For fallow after clearing, sow rape or mustard seed, 
about the end of July, and plow it under when about a foot or 
eighteen inches high. Jo Craio;." 

5. "The wire-worm has been known to disapj^ear after a 
crop of white mustard, of which one half was eaten on the 
ground by sheep. Joseph Paget." 

6. " I have no doubt of mustard being a good remedy where 
it can be applied so as to plowed under for the crop. 

"F. Fv. HULBERT." 

7. " White mustard sown and allowed to stand until it 
comes into flower, is a very useful preparation — where plowed 
in and pressed — for all corn, and I think prevents the wire- 
worm doing so much mischief. Joseph Addison." 

8. "I have never known wire-worms troublesome after 
mustard or vetches. M. Lock Blake." 

The following remedies are also discussed in this valuable 
report of Miss Omerod's : 

Rolling and treading the land with sheep. 

Salt and kainite. 

Kainite. 

Gas lime and alkali waste. 

Gas tarwater. 

Rape cake meal etc. 

Hand-picking. 

Application of sea-weed. 

Rooks, etc. 

The weight of testimony is in favor of mustard as a remedy, 
and it is probably the most practical for California. 



REMEDY NO. 56. 

Burn the stubble and loose straw, and all the weeds and 
grasses in and around fields that were infested, and also the 
surrounding fields. The burning should be done early in 
Autumn. This will apply to the joint-worm, wheat aphis, etc. 

See Remedies Nos. 20 and 106, A. 



REMEDIES. 393 



REMEDY X(). 57 



Fifty pounds of scrap iron thrown into a barrel containing 
tliirty gallons of water, twenty-five pounds of No. 11, 12 or lo, 
and two pounds of sulphur, makes an excellent solution for 
application to trees that are not healthy from the presence of 
the scale insects, gum disease, etc. This mixture should be 
allowed to stand fourteen days, and be applied when the tree 
is dormant. When the barrel is emptied of the liquid, fill 
again with water, and add one half the amount of No. 11, 12 
or 13 ; also of the sulphur. In fourteen days it will be ready 
for use. Lye leached from wood ashes is excellent, but care 
should be taken that it is not applied too strong ; test with the 
egg, carrying one and a half. See Remedy No. 2. 



REMEDY NO. o^. 

Dig the earth from around the roots of the vine or bush, 
and apply No. 4 or 8, four pounds of the mixture to each five 
gallons of water used : then fill the earth around the roots. 
This should be applied in May, when the eggs of the scale 
insects are hatching. If for woolly aphis, early in April. 

See Remedy No. 59. 



REMEDY NO. 59. 

In Summer dig the earth from around the collar of the tree, 
and apply No. 5 or 7, one pound of the mixture to each gal- 
lon of water used ; repeat ever}' four days, until the bark 
begins to heal. If the tree is dormant, use No. 13, one pound 
of the mixture to each five quarts of water used. This will 
destroy any insect attacking the tree under the surface of the 
ground, and also heal the l)ark destroyed by insects, alkali, or 
from any other cause. 

See Remedies Nos. 35, 123 and 124.. 

26 



394 REMEDTE8. 

REMEDY NO. 60. 

As soon as the stems are noticed beginning to wither, cut 
them out and destroy by Ijurning. The currant bushes should 
be sprayed thoroughly in the Spring, using No. 5 or 7, one 
pound to each gallon of water used. The top of the roots 
should be thoroughly saturated. The spraying is to prevent 
the females from depositing their eggs on the wood. 

See Remedies Nos. 25, 26, 27, 28, 60, 66 and 67. 



REMEDY NO. 61. 

As soon as the larvse appear on the leaves spray or thor- 
oughly drench the foliage with No. 5 or 7, four pounds of the 
mixture to each five gallons of water used ; add one pound of 
No. 11 or 12, dissolved in one gallon of water, to each eight 
gallons of the former. The object is to destroy the caterpillars 
and the unhatched eggs. Or use No. 6, one pound to each five 
quarts of water used. See Nos. 63, 62 and 65. Repeat the 
spraying as often as the larvae appear. 

Read Nos. 35, 123 and 124. 



REMEDY NO. 62. 

If solutions cannot be readily procured when the larvae or 
caterpillars appear on the leaves, build mounds of sand or 
fine earth around the tree. Early in the morning shake the 
branches and the caterpillars will fall off on the ground and 
cannot get to the tree over the mound. If material to make 
proper mounds is not convenient, put on bands as recom- 
mended in Remed}^ No. 23. (This Avill not apply to the pear- 
slug as regards the shaking.) 

See Remedv No. 63. Read Remedv No. 98. 



REMEDY NO. 63. 

In case solutions cannot be had when the slugs appear, fine 
dust of any kind thrown on them will prevent their maturing. 



REMEDIES. 395 

Sulphur and lime, mixed in tlie [)r()porti(ni of two pounds of 
slacked lime to one pound of sulphur, dusted on the foliage, is 
an excellent remedy, but disagreeable for application. 



REMEDY NO. B4. 

Use No. 5 or 7, one pound to each two gallons of water 
used ; or one pound of No. 8 or 4 to each one and one half 
gallons of water used. Mix in solution, when ready to use, 
one quarter of a pound of buhach to each ten gallons; appli- 
cation should be made in the cool of the evening ; drench 
thoroughly. This is especially applicable to plant-lice^ 
(Aphis) on flowers and plants. 



REMEDY NO. 65. 

Use mixture No. 5 or 7, one pound to each gallon of water 
used, and then add an equal quantity of No. ; mix together 
and spray thoroughly. Apply at a temj^erature of 130° Fahr. 

See Remedy No. 61. 

Note. — No. 6 may be used instead of No. o or 7. 



REMEDY NO. ()6. 

Cut out the infested canes early in the Spring and destroy 
by burning before the beetles escape. Thorough pruning out 
of infested canes will be necessary to prevent the spread of 
the beetles, etc. 

See Remedies Nos. 25, 26, 27, 28, 60 and 67. 



REMEDY NO. 67. 

Early in the Spring all branches of peach and other trees 
on which the buds are infested by larvae or beetles, should be 
pruned out and immediately burned, and also all new growth 
showing signs of withering at the outer end, should be cut off 



396 



REMEDIES. 



and burned. This should be done thoroughly, as the safety of 
the crop depends on the destruction of the early broods. 
See Remedies Nos. 25, 26, 27, 28, 60 and 66. 



REMEDY NO. 68. 

Where the plants are seriously infested, dig out all infested 
plants and burn them, and replace with plants not infested. 
(In this case "an ounce of prevention is worth a pound of 
cure.") 

See Remedy No. 104. 



REMEDY NO. 69. 

A. From observations it is evident that the destruction of 
this pest must be consummated while it is in the caterpillar 
state. 

At any time between the first day of November and the first 
day of March of each season, all the apple, pear and quince 
trees, in any orchard infested by codlin moth, should be care- 
fully scraped and all loose bark removed, as follows : 



Fig. 376. 



Provide some small ship scrapers 
and grind two of the edges to a con- 
cave curve (Fig. 376) so that they will 
fit the trunk of the tree better than a 
straight edge can (B and C, Fig. 376). 
Scrapers having a length of side of 
four inches will be large enough ; . use 
handles to suit. Procure a cloth made 
of old sacks, or any material conven- 
ient ; spread on the ground around 
the tree as far as the scrapings are 
likely to fall ; then commence on the 
tree as far up as there is any rough 
loose bark, and scrape it carefully off. 
Also examine and scrape all crevices in the bark or those 
formed in the crotches of the tree. Continue scraping until 




REJfEBIES. 397 

you reach the ground. This done, gather the scrapings care- 
fully off the cloth, so that they can be burned or otherwise 
destroyed immediately. 

Be careful that you do not neglect gathering carefully the 
scrapings and destroying them, as on this point depends a 
great deal of your success. By thus burning the debris taken 
from the trees the larvae hibernating in the debris are de- 
stroyed. 

B. After having completed scraping off the loose bark, the 
trunk and limbs should be thoroughly washed or sprayed 
(providing the tree is only treated against the codlin moth). 
If the woolly aphis or scale insects are present, the whole tree 
should be sprayed with No. 11 or No. 12, one pound of either 
mixture to each gallon of water used. If .properly applied, 
this will destroy any larvte on the tree, and also produce a 
new smooth bark. See No. 21. 

C. Not later than the 10th of May, bands should be placed 
on the trees as follows : 

Cut old grain sacks or cloth in strips from six to eight inches 
wide, and place a band on each tree near the ground. (It is 
expected that the rough bark has been scraped off between 
the band and the ground). The fastening cord or wire should 
be as near the upper edge as possible, allowing the lower edge 
to spread out from the tree, say a quarter of an inch or so. 
Paper will do for bands, but cloth is preferable. Pieces of old 
sack, or rags, should be placed in the crotches. The larva», 
after leaving the fruit, Avhen looking for a place in which to 
pass their transformations, will hide under the bands on the 
trees, or the rags in the crotches, and make their cocoons or 
nests. The bands and material in the crotches should be 
examined every seventh day, without fail, and all the larvae 
found on them picked ofi' and destroyed. 

D. Note. — Notwithstanding the fact that recommendations 
have been made that it is not necessary to examine the bands, 
etc., every seventh day, the following fact would seem to indicate 
otherwise ; a larva which I caught changed to a pupa on the 
28th of Juno, 1888, and the moth emerged from the pupa on 
July 6th ; length of time spent in the pupa state, less than 
eight days. 



398 REMEDIES. 

E. — As soon as the apples or pears are formed (say the size 
of marbles), spray the fruit and foliage with No. 6, four pounds 
of the mixture to each five gallons of water used ; repeat the 
spraying within twenty days. This will prevent the moth 
from depositing her eggs on the young fruit, and also destroy 
milde^Y and invigorate the tree. 

F. Note. — Infested fruit should be picked off of the tree 
and destroyed by boiling, or otherwise. Fruit falling off the 
trees should be gathered daily, and all that is infested de- 
stroyed. 

G. — The spraying should be repeated at regular intervals to 
protect late varieties of apples, pears, etc. 

H. — By following the above directions in a thorough man- 
ner, the codlin moth's ravages need not be feared. Half done 
work will have but little effect. 

See Remedv No. 54. 



REMEDY NO. 70. 

All empty fruit packages returned from market or used in 
shipping fruit in any manner, should be thoroughly disinfected 
before being taken to the orchard, by dipping in boiling water 
containing one pound of mixture No. 13, or one pound of 
commercial potash to each twenty gallons of water used — 
the packages to be left remaining in such solution at least two 
minutes. If only boiling water is used, the package should 
be kept in it at least three minutes. 

Note. — The necessity for the disinfection of return pack- 
ages is beyond question. (See Chapter IV.) 



REMEDY NO. 71. 

Empty fruit packages kept in store from the previous year 
should be thoroughly disinfected before the 1st day of April, 
as reconmiended for return packages. 

See Remedv No. 70. 



RI-'.MKDIKS. HW 



K^:.M^:l)^■ no. i-i. 



I''riiit-li(tuscs, jsturc-rooiiis, etc., in wliicli iVuit is sturi'd. 
pnckcd or sold, should be thoroughh' cleaned in the month of 
March of each year. In cases wliere they cannot he closed up, 
as described in (Muipter XI 1. ita,<!;e ."U), :i solution should be 
made 1)V saturin^ cliloridc ol' lime witb coal oil. all that it will 
take U|>. Ilu 11 tliiiiniii^ \\itli water until it can be used with a 
brush. All cracks, cri'vices, or seams in walls, skirtings, floors^ 
etc., should be thoroughly saturated with this solution. This 
will |K'iietralc the cocoons or nests, and efrcctually destroy the 
larva' and pupa- of the codliii moth. 

Sec Remedy No. 7"). 



REMEDY NO. To. 

.'\. — .\ most cH'cctiial remedy to prt'vent cut-worms from 
ascending a tree is to t'asteii a piece of tin or zinc around the 
tree, just above the ground. It should be cut out in a circular 
form, so that when i)laced on a tree it will be in the shape of 
an inverted funnel. The caterpillar cannot creep over the 
snu)t)th surface of the tin. It" the tin is not perfectly smooth, 
it should be made vvidi'r. 

\\. — It is also an e.xcelleiit tra[» to dig holes with perpendic- 
ular sides in the ground around the trees ; tiie caterpillars 
falling into the holes cannot g(>t out until captured. Holes 
made in the ground with a stick are sometimes use(l. They 
may also be ca])turc(l in the iiimmer recomiiieiide(| in Remedy 
No. 22. 

(". — Cabbage leaves sju'ead aroiiml the roots of [>lants in- 
t"ested by cut-Worms are excellent traps, as the |>ests take shel- 
ter under the leaves and do not enter the ground. Ry t>xam- 
ing the lea\'es in the morning the pest can be found and tlc- 
stroyed. 

1). — 1 lia\c lieeii very successful in destroying cut-worms by 
dusting, or applying in solution. Paris green, or London pur- 
ine, or arsenic, on the lower si(K' of cabbage leaves ])laeed on 
grounds infested b}' (;ut-worms, invariabl}' finding all that had 



400 REMEDIES. 

fed on the leaves dead. Where land is thoroughly cultivated, 
the cabbage leaves spread over the ground, prepared as above, 
is an excellent remedy; but great care should be taken that 
poultry, etc., be kept off of the grounds treated in this manner. 
Poisons such as Paris green, London purple and arsenic should 
be used only when all other remedies fail, and then the great- 
est care should be taken to prevent any accident. 

E. — Where plants are infested the cut-worm can be found 
close to the plant, three or four inches below the surface of the 
ground. Early in the Spring, Avhen the buds are opening, the 
cut-worms can be jarred off of the trees upon a sheet; about 
midnight is the best time for doing this. 

See Remedy No. 38. 



REMEDY NO. 74. 

For destroying aphis (plant-lice) on cabbage plants, etc., 
dust the plants with snuff" — Scotch snuflf is preferable — or dust 
with No. 80, or spray with No. 83 or No. 85 ; or with No. 5 or 
7, one pound to each one and one half gallons of water used ; 
or with No. 5 or 7, as above directed, adding an equal quantity 
of No. 9 ; mix well and apply. See No. 65. 

The spraying should be done in the evening, when the sun 
is near setting. 

REMEDY NO. 75. 

For cleaning granaries of weevil before storing grain in them, 
use No. 72 freely, and then whitewash. 
See Remedv No. 72. 



REMEDY NO. 76. 

A. — Grain in storehouses or granaries should be piled so as 
to allow a free circulation of air around the rows of sacks. 

B. — It is generally conceded that the grain weevil cannot 
breed if the ternperature is kept in the building or storehouse 
lower than 65° Fahrenheit. 



REMEDIES. 401 

fi. — Thorough ventilation is important, as T have reason to 
believe that at least part of the wheat is infested before it 
reaches the granary ; therefore the necessity of preventing the 
eggs from hatching. 

D. — Clean thoroughly, as directed in Remedy Xo. 75, and 
provide against a high temperature, and good results will follow. 

E. — Grain kept in bulk should be turned over occasionally 
by shoveling, to prevent becoming heated. 

F. — Stored grain should be kept free from damp, and kept 
perfectly covered, to prevent becoming wet from rains, etc. 



REMEDY NO. 77. 

Coal oil or kerosene emulsions. Personally, I am opposed 
to the use of mineral oils on trees or foliage, but deem it proper 
to give Professor C. V. Riley's remedy for scale insects, known 
as the " Kerosene Emulsion," which he reports as giving excel- 
lent results. It is- as follows : 

"The process of forming a perfectly stable emulsion of ker- 
osene and milk is comparable to that of ordinary butter-mak- 
ing, and is as follows : The oil and milk in any desired pro- 
portions are poured together and violently dashed or churned 
for a period of time varying with the temperature from fifteen 
to forty-five minutes. The churning, however, requires to be 
more violent than can be effected with an ordinary butter 
churn. 

" The Aquapult force-pump (the Gregory pump will answer 
this purpose. — M. C.) may be used satisfactorily for this pur- 
pose where moderate quantities are only required. The pump 
should be inserted in a tub or pail containing the liquid, which 
are then forced into union by continuous pumping back into 
the same receptacle through the fiexible hose or spray-nozzle. 
* * * On continual churning through the pumps, the 
liquid finally curdles and suddenly thickens, to form a white 
and glistening butter, perfectly homogeneous in texture, and 
stable. This kerosene butter mixes readil v in water, care being 
taken to thin it first with a small quantity of the liquid. * * 



402 REMEDIES. 

At a temperature of 60° the butter will be made in from thirty 
to forty-five minutes. * * At 75°, in about fifteen minutes. 

" The following proportions are recommended : 2 quarts of 
refined kerosene ; 1 quart of fresh cow's milk (but sour). This 
will make an emulsion of kerosene 66f per cent, cow's milk 
33^ per cent. Where cow's milk is not readil}^ obtained, con- 
densed milk can be used. A can of milk as sold in stores 
contains about twelve fluid ounces (three fourths of a pint). 
Kerosene, 2 quarts equals 4 pints — 64 per cent; condensed 
milk, 1 can equals f pints, water (double the quantity of con- 
densed milk), 2 cans equals H pints — 36 per cent. In appli- 
cations for scale insects on citrus trees it should be used at the 
rate of one part of butter to from tM'elve to sixteen parts of 
water, or, in other words, one part should Ijc diluted with 
water from twelve to sixteen times." 

Hee United States Agricultural Report for 1881 and 1882, 
pages 112 to 127. 

See Remedies Nos. 8 and 44. 



REMEDY NO. 78. 

By dusting London purple around the stems of trees and 
plants so that cut-worms or caterpillars will have to pass over 
it ; by licking their feet they are poisoned. I have also found 
that it has the same effect on beetles, where it gets upon their 
feet, antennae, etc. ; by cleaning it off their feet, mandibles, 
etc., it poisons them. London purple should not be used, in 
the Summer season on fruits or vegetables used for food, at 
least in California where there are no rains to|wash it off. 

See Remedies Nos. 79 and 103. 



REMEDY NO. 79. 

Paris green, dusted around the stems of trees and plants, 
produce the same effects upon insects, and the same objections 
are offered against its use in the Summer season as Nos. 78 
and 103. 



REMEDIES. 



403 



REMEDY NO. 80. 

Buhach is a powder made from the flower of Pi/ ir thrum 
cinerarisefolium (Fig. 377). 

Fig. 377. 




The ex])eriments I liave made witli this powder, and the 
results ohtained, have warranted me in recommending its use 
in many eases, for destroying insect pests of the household, 
orchard, vineyards, etc., without fear of injury to any pc^rson 
or animal. The plants from which this powder is made are 
grown on the farm of the Buhach Manufacturing Company, of 
Stockton, California. 

Letters addressed as above will be immediately answered, 
giving such information as may be required as to prices, etc. 

See Remedies Nos. 81, 82, 83, 84, 85, 118 and 123. 



REMEDY NO. 81. 

Dry Buhach powder can be dusted around a room to destroy 
mosquitos, house flies, etc., by a small bellows. ( Price, 25 cts.) 



404 REMEDIES. 

It can also be applied to plants infested by aphides in the 
same manner. Should it be required to be used extensively 
on the grounds, it should be thoroughly mixed, one pound of 
the buhach to five pounds of flour, and dusted as sulphur is 
applied on grapes. 

See Remedies Nos. 80, 82, 83, 84, 85, 118 and 123. 



REMEDY NO. 82. 

For fumigating clothes, etc., infested by moths, the buhach 
powder, or tobacco, or sulphur burns freely. If the former, 
such as is sold in cans, by wetting it, it burns slowly ; place 
the articles infested by moths in a tight box, or in a small, 
close room. By fumigating with the buhach, or tobacco, or 
sulphur, all insect life will be destroyed. However, thorough 
application is necessary, as the larvse of beetles are not so 
easily destroyed as insects of more delicate structure. Place 
a few pieces of burning charcoal in a pan, and on them dust 
the buhach, tobacco or sulphur as prepared, place in apart- 
ment to be fumigated, and close up tight. This is also appli- 
cable to rooms infested by mosquitoes, house flies, etc. 

See Remedies Nos. 80, 81, 83, 84, 85 and 123. 



REMEDY NO. 83. 

Mix the powder in water, one ounce to each one gallon of 
water used, and use immediately ; for caterpillars, plant-lice, 
etc., infesting trees, plants or flowers, apply in the evening, 
or in cloudy weather. In many cases the solution should be 
strained through a cloth, so as not to stain the. flowers, etc. 

See Remedies Nos. 80, 81, 82, 84, 85 and 123. 



REMEDY NO. 84. 

In a gallon of alcohol put six pounds of buhach, and cork 
up tightly ; this can be diluted with from ten to twenty parts 



REMEDIES. 405 



of water to one part of tlie mixture ; apply with spraying noz- 
zle. Strain if necessary. See No. 83. 

See Remedies Nos. 80, 81, 82, 83, 85 and 123. 



REMEDY NO. 85. 

Professor Hilgard, of the State University of California, 
obtained satisfactory results from a tea, or decoction made by 
pouring boiling water upon the buhach flowers (not ground), 
and covering as in making tea, it being found that boiling is 
injurious to the strength of the liquid. For plant-lice, etc., 
use one pound of the tea to twenty-four gallons of water. For 
beetles, one pound to every ten gallons. Apply with spray 
nozzle. The powdered buhach can be used . in this manner. 
Strain if necessary. See No. 83. 

See Remedies Nos. 80, 81, 82, 83, 84 and 123. 



REMEDY NO. 86. 

Dig a trench or ditch about twelve inches wide and twelve 
to fifteen inches deep between the invading army of worms 
and the fields to be protected, the side of the ditch next to the 
fields to be perpendicular, or dug under, if possible, to prevent 
the worms from creeping up. Every fifteen or twenty feet a 
deep hole should be dug in the bottom of the ditch, where the 
worms can collect. - In these holes they can easily be destroyed 
by pouring coal oil on them, or dusting them with buhach, or 
placing straw in the ditch and setting fire to it. A little coal 
oil sprinkled on the straw will make it burn more readily. 
This plan proved effectual in this vicinity (Sacramento) in 
1879. Effectual results were derived from plowing a fur- 
row eight inches dee}), and kept soft by dragging brush in it. 
But two or three furrows, some two or three feet apart, would 
be better, and the vegetation on the space between them dusted 
with Paris green or London purple, one pound of either (the 
former is preferable) mixed in twenty pounds of coarse flour 
and dusted on the vegetation, or one tablespoonful of either 



406 REMEDIES. 

mixed in a pail of water. This solution sprayed or sprinkled 
on vegetation will poison the caterpillars or worms eating it. 
These substances should be only used where there is no danger 
of poisoning stock, poultry, or other animals. On small patches 
of corn, etc., infested by the army-worm, No. 64 can be used 
effectually, by spraying. 

REMEDY NO. 87. 

Spread fresh-slacked lime, mixed with wood ashes, on the 
floor and around the pots and plants infested by these pests — 
slugs. They may be trapped by laying fresh cabbage and other 
leaves around the roots of flowers and plants ; the pests will 
feed upon them, and remain under cover until examined early 
in the morning .and destroyed. Plants have been protected 
from the ravages of snails and slugs, by spreading fresh wood- 
ashes on the ground around the roots. No. 72 or 78, or 
79 spread on the ground around the roots of plants, and also 
near the hiding places of the pests, will destroy them. No. 73 
is a sure remedy against slugs, etc. 



REMEDY NO. 88. 

Extract of buhach applied with a dropping tube or glass — 
one or two drops will destroy a small colony of insects, also 
the eggs. The extract should not be used on very tejider 
leaves. This will efl'ectually destroy mealy bugs in conserva- 
tories. 



REMEDY NO. 89. 

In places where plants, vines or trees are seriously infested, 
use one pound of arsenic perfectly dissolved by boiling in ten 
gallons of water ; then add fifteen gallons of water, making 
twenty-five gallons of water to each pound ; or, see No. 10. 
Especially in relation to young grapevines, one pound of whale 
oil soap dissolved in one gallon of water, and added to every 
ten gallons of the above will make the latter more effective. 

See Remedies Nos. 79, 103, 112 and 129. 



REMEDIES. 407 



REMEDY NO. 90. 



As soon as the moths appear, or ahout the middle of April, 
the contents of wardrobes, closets, etc., should be removed, 
carpets taken up, and tapestry, etc., removed and exposed to 
the air and sun for several hours, and then be thoroughly 
brushed and fumigated as directed in No. 82. In infested 
apartments all cracks or crevices in the floors and walls, in 
the wainscoting and shelving of closets, etc., should be 
brushed over with spirits of turpentine. Powdered black or 
cayenne pepper, or Scotch snuff, strewn under the edges of 
carjjcts, etc., will repel the moths. Sheets of paper saturated 
with turpentine, camphor in coarse powder, tobacco leaves 
or snufF, are said to be an excellent preventive for placing 
among cloths laid away for the Summer, or articles not in use. 
Chests or closets made of cedar wood are said to afford a pro- 
tection against clothes-moths, etc. Pieces of cedar wood placed 
among clothing, etc., is also effective. Carpets that will not 
be used during the Summer, when taken up and thoroughly 
cleaned, as directed, should be placed in boxes, and all seams 
or joints in the boxes pasted over with paper, to prevent the 
moths from entering. Cloth covering will do, if carefully 
folded, to prevent the moths from getting in through the folds. 
When carpets that cannot l)e taken up conveniently are in- 
fested, dampen it slightly with turpentine applied with a 
sponge. This will leave a disagreeable odor for a short time, 
but will destroy the larvae, etc. Fumigating as reconnnended 
in No. 82, will give excellent results. 



REMEDY NO. 91. 

In forty gallons of water boil fifty pounds of pt)tash until 
dissolved; then add one hundred pounds of arsenic, and boil 
until dissolved ; when cool, put in barrel and cork. To one 
gallon of this mixture add eight gallons of water, and sprin- 
kle the infested hides, etc., with a broom. This will effectually 
destroy all insect life upon hides, etc. 

See Remedv No. 1215. 



408 



REMEDIES. 



rii: 



Fig. 378. 



A 



d 



A 



B 



I\b 



yc 



D 



REMEDY NO. 92. 

To each sixty gallons of water used, add twenty pounds of 
sulphur and five pounds of lime, as follows : When the water 
is boiling, add the required proportion of sulphur ; let it boil 
for twenty-five minutes, then add the lime, and boil a short time. 

This water is emptied from the 
boiler or kettle (E, Fig. 378,) into 
the tank or trough, until sufficient 
is prepared to allow the sheep to 
float. 

Fig. 378 is a plan of the arrange- 
ments used by Messrs. Green & 
Trainor, of Sacramento, at their 
farm in Placer County. 

A A are two corrals, 10 by 12 feet, 
floored with tongue and grooved 
lumber, with fall to drain in center, 
allowing the wash dripping oft' of 
the sheep after dipping to drain 
into the dipping trough. 

B B are gates to the corrals. 

C. Bridge at end of dipping 
trough over which the sheep enter 
corrals. 

D D. Dipping trough, 38 feet 
long by 2 feet wide and 3 feet deep. 

E. Boiler, of a capacity of four 
hundred gallons. 

F. Pipe with faucet leading to 
dipping trough from boiler. 

G. Pump to supply boiler, etc., 
with water. 

H. Corral, 24 by 20 feet, into 
which the sheep are gathered before 
dipping. 

I. Pole, with outer-turned iron prongs, used for forcing the 
sheep under the surface of the Hquid when passing through 
the trough, D D. 



J^ 



D 



i£ 



o 
G 



H 



REMEDIES. 409 

AVhen the sheep are gathered in corral H, and the arrange- 
ments for dipping are completed, the sheep are forced into the 
trough, D D, (in Avhich the liquid is twenty-seven inches in 
depth, and kept at a temperature of 80° Fahr.) ; with the pole 
I, the animal is forced under the surface of the liquid. One of 
the gates B is open ; the animal reaches the bridge C and en- 
ters the corral through the open gate ; when this corral is 
filled with sheep the gate is closed and the gate of the other 
opened. During the time the second corral is being filled the 
sheep placed in the first are sufficiently dripped (or clear of 
the liquid), and are allowed to go to the pasture ; thus the cor- 
rals are filled and emptied alternately. A great many sheep 
can be dipped in a day in this way. The supply of liquid and 
temperature is kept up by the boiler E. Two hundred and 
seventy-five pounds of sulphur and 70 pounds of lime will 
make sufficient wash for 4,0(M) sheep after the tank is filled at 
first. 

By covering the trough D D, the wash can be kept from one 
season to another. 

If the above directions are complied with after each (dipping, 
it is an effectual remedy for the seal). 

It is not necessary to l»oil all the water required to make the 
solution. 

This industry should Ix' protected by legislation, by pre- 
venting infested flocks being driven from one section of the 
State to another, as beyond' doubt the scab is spread to all 
sheep grazing on lands over which infested flocks are driven. 

Such laws have been enacted in Australia, and have been of 
great benefit to sheep-raisers. 



REMEDY NO. 98. 

Spirits of turpentine injected into the nostrils with a syr- 
inge, will effectually destroy the maggot of the sheep bot-fly ; 
also,, maggot in the ears or any part of the body. 

27 



410 REMEDIES. 

REMEDY NO. 94. 

Placing Stockholm tar on the nose and inside the nostrils, 
will prevent the bot-tly from depositing her egg or larva in the 
nose of the sheejj. 

REMEDY NO. 95. 

Place Stockholm tar in the bottom of a trough to the depth 
of one inch, and cover with salt. In this way the tar gets 
on the nose and into the nostrils while the sheep is gathering 
the salt. 



REMEDY NO. 96. 

Use No. o or 7, one pound of the mixture to each gallon of 
water used, and add one gallon of No. 9 to each gallon of the 
solution used. See Remedv No. 52. 



REMEDY NO. 97. 

In all cases where caterpillars congregate on a branch an 
effective remedy is to cut ofl' the branch and destroy the cater- 
pillars by burning or otherwise. 



REMEDY NO. 98. 

A.— Mounding. '' In the .Spring, before the moth emerges 
(April), a bank of dirt about one foot deep is thrown around 
the tree and pressed firmly about the trunk. Each subsequent 
Spring a little more earth is placed on the mound and pressed 
around the trunk as before. Mr. B. Pullen, of Centralia, Illi- 
nois, states that they should not be mounded till after they are 
four years old, but examine them in April and September of 
each year previous to that age, and with a knife destroy all 
borers that can be found. This has been found an excellent 
prevention, but where the trees are already suffering from 



REMEDIES. 411 

them, the earth may be removed from the roots and a copious 
application of hot water made to the tree. This may be applied 
at any season, and will be very effectual in killing the larva? 
or any eggs that may be present." — Professor G. H. French. 

See Remedy No. 41. 

B. — Grapevines attacked by JEgeria polistiformis may be 
treated as above, although the mounds need not be so high. 

C. — Note. — In the latter end of April or early in May, the 
moth may be prevented from depositing her eggs by covering 
the stems of the squash plants with earth. 



REMEDY NO. 99. 

Hopvines, grapevines, and plants found withering or dying 
suddenly, should be carefully examined, and if the grub (Fig. 
14S) of any of the boring beetles or the larva? of moths are 
found, they should be destroyed at once ; or if found in hop- 
poles or rotten wood in the garden or field, they should in 
every instance be destroyed. (Hop-growers should examine 
their hop-poles carefully when taken from the ground for 
grubs, etc.) The beetle (Fig. 150) should be destroyed when- 
ever found. Grapevines, or hopvines, or fruit trees, should 
not be planted upon lands where decaying oak stumps are left 
in the ground, as there is danger of the trees or vines becom- 
ing infested by these grubs. 

See Remedy No. 107. 



REMEDY NO. 100. 

Mr. R. B. Blowers, of Woodland, succeeded in preventing 
the spread of vine-moths on his premises by capturing the 
moths that came into his flower garden from the vineyards in 
the evening, his men capturing several hundred in one evening. 

Also see Remedv No. 14. 



412 REMEDTEH. 

REMEDY NO. 101. 

To rid grounds infested by the pupa' of vine-moths (Figs. 
158 and 164), white grubs (Figs. 109a and 181ft), etc., early 
in the Spring inclose an area of ground by j^ortable fence, say 
from forty square rods to one acre ; in this inclosure place a 
number of hogs, and on the general principles of " root hog or 
die," the insects, in any state of their existence, within their 
reach, will be gathered clean ; then move the corral on new 
ground. 



REMEDY NO. 102. 

Make a frame, say three feet square (or any suitable size), 
leaving an opening to the centre on one side, so that it will 
allow the stem or trunk of the vine or plant to enter, the frame 
to be covered with muslin cloth. On one side of the open- 
ing tack a piece of cloth wide enough to cover the space not 
alread}^ covered. Saturate the cloth with kerosene and place 
the frame on the ground under the vine or plant ; cover the 
opening with a loose cloth, then jar the vine or plant; any in- 
sect falling upon the saturated cloth will die. This is used at 
night or in the daytime, according to the habits of the insect 
to be destroyed ; or a frame in the form of a parallelogram, 
covered with cloth, may be used (of any length required), one 
placed on each side of the vine or vines, etc., provision being 
made for covering the open space. This mode of warfare may 
api^ear as a tedious operation, but for destroying the larvae of 
saw-flies, grape flea-beetles, etc., it is a very eflfective remedy. 

See Remedy No. .38. 



REMEDY NO. 108. 

Use Paris green, onetablespoonful to two gallons of water. 
The Paris green should be first mixed in two quarts of water, 
then pour in the balance of two gallons and apply by 
spraying ; or one pound of Paris green mixed with fifteen 
pounds of flour. 



REMEDIES. 413 

The following precautions were suggested l)y Dr. Le Baron 
in relation to the application of Paris green : 

1. — "Always dilute the poison with at least ten times its 
bulk of flour. 

2. — " Apply it to the plants when wet with dew or rain. 

3. — " Never entrust its use to young or careless persons. 

4. — " Never use it near the house where young children resort. 

5. — " Apply it with a gauze bag or other sifter attached to 
the end of a pole. 

6. — " Let the operator always keep on the side from wliicli 
the wind is blowing. 

7. — "Do not apply it to a plant where it will come in con- 
tact with the fruit." 

Professor Cyrus Thomas writes : " Recent experience 
appears to give decided preference to the application in liquid 
solution, especially since improved methods of applying it in 
this form have been invented. This not only avoids the 
danger of inhaling the powder, but it has the advantage of 
rendering it more certain that the application will reach the 
insects." 

Great care should be taken in keeping such poisonous 
powders or mixtures where children cannot have access to them. 

Note. — When used for cotton worms, mix one ounce to each 
gallon of water and spray thoroughly ; but mixing ten pounds 
of No. 4 or 3 to each barrel (say forty gallons) will make the 
solution more effective. 

See Remedies Nos. 79, 112 and 123. 



REMEDY NO. 104. 

Where strawberries or other plants are infested by the grub 
or larva of the crown borer, peach moth, segeria moths, etc., 
dig out all infested plants and burn them, and replace with 
new plants. Better, dig out the whole bed and replant for a 
sure remedy. 

See Remedv No. 08. 



414 REMEDIES. 

REMEDY NO. 105. 

Sprinkle the leaves with fresh slacked lime when they are 
wet with dew or rain; or No. 19 after sunset. These remedies 
should be applied as soon as the beetles appear. 



REMEDY NO. 106. 

A. — All grasses, weeds, debris of hopvines, etc., in the hop- 
fields and around the surrounding fences, roads, etc., should 
be carefully gathered and burned as soon as possible after the 
crop is gathered. There are manj^ species of insects that feed 
upon the hopvine and pass the Winter (hibernate as perfect 
insects), taking shelter among grasses, weeds and hopvine 
debris that are allowed to remain on the grounds and around 
fences and roads that are located in or around the field. 
Therefore the necessity of cleaning and burning such shelter 
as they require to pass the Winter under. 

B. — All poles used the previous year in the hopfields should 
be thoroughly scalded before using. ( See Remedies Nos. 70 and 
71, excepting that one pound of potash should be used for 
every ten gallons of water.) 

C. — The necessity of scalding the poles arises from the fact 
that I have found the hop aphis hibernating in crevices and 
roughened portions of the poles. I have also found the Win- 
ter eggs of a species of plant-louse, but cannot say at present 
that they were the eggs of the hop aphis. 

D. — All willow poles should be scalded before using. I 
have found the plant-lice infesting willows at the time the 
poles were cut, feeding upon the hopvine. 

E. — I have also found the ova of red spiders on the hop- 
poles, after being taken from the ground in the Fall season. 

F. — Caution. — I have found the hop aphis in several hop 
fields this season (1883). One grower remarked that the}'- 
Avere harmless in this State. Do not depend on such state- 
ments ; prevent them from spreading, by all means in your 
power ; otherwise you may have the same experience of the 
hop-growers in some of the Eastern States, and also in Europe. 



REMEDIES. 415 

G. — The presence of the hop aphis, when in great nuniljers, 
is noticed by the black smut (Fumago salicina), which appears 
on the leaves, etc., of the vine. See black scale, Chapter 
LXXXIV. 

H. — Clean cultivation and alkaline solutions properly 
applied will protect the hop crop ; also, 

See Remedy No. 99 (root borers). 

See Remedy No. 55, A (wire worms). 

See Remedy No. 55, A (cut worms). 

See Remedy No. 73. 

I. — Should plant-bugs or any species of beetles attack the 
vines or foliage, use No. 19. " Eternal vigilance is the price 
of — a good hop crop. See Remed}^ No. 99. 



REMEDY NO. 107. 

Flowers, strawberries, plants, and grasses, often suddenly 
become withered. If the roots are examined it will, in at least 
a majority of cases, be found that the damage is caused by a 
grub, commonly called the white grub. It is difficult to cap- 
ture or destroy these pests. Carefully examining the roots of 
strawberries, flowers, etc., and digging around them, will cer- 
tainly bring some of the grubs to light ; at such times poultry are 
excellent accessories. In tields they are raided on by crows, 
blackbirds, etc. The larvae of the larger species of beetles that 
are leaf-eaters are known under the common name of white 
grubs. The only remedy tluit can be recommenced is hand- 
picking, as described above, with the assistance of poultry, 
birds, etc., and by capturing the beetles (perfect insects). See 
Remedy No. 38. 

For excellent illustrations of the so-called white grubs, see 
Fig. 109a, Fig. 181a, and Fig. 290, 2. 

See Remedv No. 911. 



416 REMEDIES. 



REMEDY NO. lOS. 



To destroy plant-lice where a large area of corn is infested, 
in a financial point of view it is questionable if it can l)e done 
profitably. If a field is infested, a rotation of crops may afibrd 
temporary relief, but small garden lots of sweet corn and 
other yarieties maybe saved by spraying with No. 3 or 4; one 
gallon of No. 9 added to every ten gallons of the solution used 
will make the solution more efficient. 

After the corn is harvested, the stalks and roots should be 
gathered in heaps and burned, and the grounds cleaned, as 
recommended in Nos. 20 and 106, A. Experiments should be 
made with Nos. 80 to 85. 



REMEDY NO. 100. 

Fortunately the fruit orchards of this State are free from the 
plum curculio at the present time. Professor C. H. Dwindle 
has furnished the following remedy : 

" Berkeley, August 23, 1883. 

" Mr. Matthew Cooke — Dear Sir : In accordance with your 
request I will give you some notes on fighting the plum cur- 
culio or weevil. 

" Some years ago I had charge of a number of plum trees at 
Rochester, N. Y. They were in their prime, and, as a rule, set 
full crops of fruit, which were as regularly destroyed by the 
plum curculio. The last season that I had to do with the 
trees I tried spraying them, when the fruit was about the size 
of small green peas, with a wash made after a recipe published 
in the New York Ohserrer, as follows : 

'• To one pound of whale oil soap add four ounces of flour 
of sulphur ; mix thoroughly and dissolve in twelve gallons of 
water. To one half peck of quick lime add four gallons of 
water, and stir well together. When fully settled, pour off the 
transparent lime water, and add to it the soaj) and sulphur mix- 
ture ; add to the same also, say four gallons of tolerably strong 
tobacco water. 



REMEDIES. 417 

" Apply this mixture, when thus incorporated, with a gar- 
den syringe (or spray pump) to your plum or other fruit 
trees, so that the foliage shall be well drenched. If no rains 
succeed for three weeks, one application will be sufficient. 
Should frequent rains occur, the mixture should be again ap- 
plied until the stone of the fruit becomes hardened, when the 
season of the curculio's ravages is past. 

" The mixture is good to destroy the slug, caterpillar, green 
fly, thrips, and a host of the enemies of vegetation. 

" It is my impression that I found the wash stronger than 
needed or desirable, and diluted it to a considerable extent, 
but how much I cannot remember. The application was made 
by means of a garden engine. As a result, the trees bore a 
full crop of perfect fruit, while that of my neighbors was de- 
stroyed as usual. 

" Respectfully yours, 

" C. H. DWIXELLE. 

" University of California, August 23, 1883.'' 



REMEDY NO. 110. 

In relation to the Remedy No. 109, which has proved so 
effective, and is recommended by Professor C. H. Dwinelle, 
Remedy No. 66 will probablv be equally effective should this 
pest appear in any orchard in this State. 



REMEDY NO. HI. 

As soon as the leaves of the cucumber vines appear above 
the ground, spray thoroughly with No. 5 or 7. Should plant - 
lice or the cucumber beetle appear on the foliage, spray thor- 
oughly with No. 4, and cut out and destroy all stems infested 
by the grub of the beetle ; or, use No. 65 ; but if the material 
is convenient, and the vines seriously infested. No. 51 is prefer- 
able. 

Note. — For aphis, No. 5 or 7 is sufficient, and will not 
destrov the natural enemies of these insects. 



418 REMEDIES. 

REMEDY NO. 112. 

In cases where beetles attack potato and other vmes, good 
results have been obtained by placing a dish or pan under the 
vines, and brushing the beetles off of the vines into the pan, 
dish, or tray ; if a little kerosene is placed in the bottom it 
will make short work of the pests. 

See Remedies No. 79, 103, 112 and 123; also. No. 78. 



REMEDY NO. 113. 

Nos. 5 and 7 mixed, one pound to two gallons of water; 
spray thoroughly at least once each week, from the time the 
plants appear above the ground until the latter part of May. 
If thoroughly sprayed, digging a trench along the plants is 
unnecessary. 

REMEDY NO. 114. 

In many cases good results follow the capturing of butter- 
flies and moths ; also gathering the pupse. Placing pieces of 
boards, cabbage leaves, etc., under plants, so that the night 
feeders take shelter under them, they can be easily captured 
in the morning. This will also apply to the squash bug and 
other species of jjlant bugs. 



REMEDY NO. 115. 

Great care should be taken in selecting peas, beans, and other 
seeds for planting that are liable to be attacked by weevils. 

By careful examination, infested seeds can be detected by a 
small blotch on the skin of the pea or bean a little darker in 
color than the rest of the surface. If a pea or bean is broken 
open, the grub, pupa, or beetle will be found under the discol- 
ored place. It is claimed by some writers that dipping the 
seed before planting, in boiling water, and letting it remain 
from thirty to fiftv-five seconds, that it will destroy any insect 



REMEDIES. 419 

life in the j)ea or bean. Otliers claim that if the peas or l)eans 
are put in water the infested ones Avill float. This is not cor- 
rect in all cases. A general remedy would be for the farmers 
in one locality not to plant any peas or beans for one season, 
but keep the seed from the previous year in closed vessels, so 
that any infested seed would mature the weevil, and the latter 
must perish, thus giving clean seed. 



REMEDY NO. 116. 

When this species of aphis appears, cut off the infested tops 
of stalks, and immediately destroy by burning or otherwise. In 
small garden patches, use No. 19, or spray with No. 64 ; or No. 
4, 5, or 7 will give good results; but No. 19 or 64 are prefer- 
able ; or use No. 83 or 85. 



REMEDY NO. 117. 

By scattering buhach with a small bellows (price twenty-five 
cents) in a room it will destroy insects, such as mosquitoes, 
house-flies, gnats, fleas, etc. ; and by dusting in crevices of 
bedsteads, furniture, and cracks in floors, walls, or ceilings, it 
will destroy bedbugs and the larva? of fleas, etc. Corrosive 
sublinuite Avill also destroy insect life in joints and cracks in 
bedsteads, furniture, clothes-chests, and places where clothes, 
etc., are kept ; it should be applied with a brush or feather. 
Great care should be taken if corrosive suljlimate is used or 
kept aroiuid the house, especially where there are children, as it 
is very poisonous. 

See Remedies Nos. 80, 81, 82, 83, 84, 85 and 118. 



REMEDY NO. 118. 

By rubl)ing the parts of the body exposed, sucli as the 
hands, face, etc., with the oil of pennyroyal, mosquitoes, gnats, 
etc., will not bite the parts to which it is ai)iilied ; a few drops 
will be sufficient. 

See Remedies Xos. SO to 85, and 117. 



420 REMEDIES. 

REMEDY NO. 119. 

To destroy weevils in coffee, rice, etc., fill into an air tight 
vessel, leaving a little space for a lamp or candle inside ; when 
the candle or lamp is lighted, fasten on the cover tight. If 
perfectly air tight the lamp will burn up all the oxygen in the 
vessel and will then go out, thus creating a vacuum in the 
vessel; open in two days and all the beetles (weevils) will be 
found on top dead. I noticed this in an English authority 
some time ago, and have tried several experiments with wheat, 
rice, middlings, etc., and found it very effective. 

Note. — A shipment of coffee was received in this city nearly 
two years ago seriously infested by weevil. 



REMEDY NO. 120. 

When flour or middlings, in sacks, are infested, place the 
sack in the sun, and as the beetles gather upon the outside 
sweep off and destroy. 



REMEDY NO. 121. 

Paris green dusted in and around infested places, etc., will 
effectually destroy cockroaches. No. 81 will also be effective 
if applied at intervals of twenty-four hours. Remember, great 
care should be taken in using Paris green where there are 
children, as it is a deadly poison. This caution also applies 
to the following : Arsenic mixed in corn meal and molasses, 
enough to form a dough ; or arsenic mixed in mashed pota- 
toes, laid in places that the roaches can reach, will effectually 
destroy them if repeated at intervals. 



REMEDIES. • 421 



REMEDY NO. 122. 



A. — ^^arioll8 designs of hives have heen made to prevent the 
bee moth from entering, but, so far, all are more or less defect- 
ive, and the best and surest remedy is to carefully examine 
the hives that are infested once every week, and collect all 
the nests, cocoons, etc., and destroy by burning; this should 
be done in the Spring and also in July and August. 

B. — Professor C. V. Riley recommends that " a good way to 
entrap the worms would be to raise the front of the hive on 
two small wooden blocks, and put a piece of woolen cloth be- 
tween the bottom board and the back of the hive. The worms 
(larvae) find a cosy place of resort under the rag, where they 
may be sought and killed from time to time." 

C. — Professor G. H. French writes : " With only moderately 
strong swarms of bees, vigilance, with properly constructed 
movable frame hives, is the only way to obtain inmiunity from 
their ravages." 

I have witnessed the successful cleaning of hives seriously 
infested as described above, but with C and D the work would 
probably be still more efi'ective. 

D. — A loose band of cloth placed around the top of the hive 
outside, is an excellent trap for the moths to hide under in 
the daytime, where they can be easily captured. 



REMEDY NO. 123. 

1. — In using whale oil soap and sulphur, the opening in the 
nozzle should be made a little larger than the opening used 
for lye, etc. 

2. — When buhach is used with any of the solutions recom- 
mended, it should be placed in a perfectly tight vessel and hot 
water poured on it and allowed to soak until the next day, or 
until ready for use, then strain and mix in solution and apply 
immediately. Calculation must be made so that only the 
original quantity of water recommended is used. 

3. — In all cases where buhach is applied in liquid form to 



422 REMEDIES. 

flowers, it should be strained before using, so as not to stain 
the petals, etc. 

4. — If possible, solutions for Summer use on trees, etc., 
should not be apjDlied on very warm days, as it may injure the 
foliage ; cloudy days and after sunset is the best time in hot 
weather. 

5. — By straining through a coarse cloth all liquids or solu- 
tions to be used in spraying, will save time in application. 

6. — Tobacco grown by fruit-growers is equal to so much 
money saved, as it is far superior to any refuse tobacco they 
can buy, and will make a solution fifty per cent, stronger ; or 
in other words, one and a half gallons of water can be used to 
each pound, instead of one gallon, as recommended. 

7. — Vineyardists should use one pound of buhach to every 
twenty pounds of sulphur (or one pound to every ten pounds 
if the vine-hoppers are numerous) when sulphuring their vines 
early in the Spring season ; this will be death to the vine-hop- 
pers, etc. The first sulphuring should be done when the 
shoots are from fifteen to twenty inches long. 

8. — To those not acquainted with using the lye solutions, at 
first there will be some inconvenience experienced, but it must 
be remembered that serious diseases require serious treatment. 

9. — If the owner of an orchard, vineyard, etc., cannot per- 
sonally attend to the application of the remedies recommended, 
it is an imperative necessity that only a reliable person be in- 
trusted with the charge of the work. Only thorough applica- 
tion will produce satisfactory results. 

10. — Be careful in using the remedies that are poisonous, such 
as arsenic, Paris green, London purple, corrosive sublimate, 
etc., especially where children are around the premises. Under 
no consideration are they to be applied to fruit, etc., that is to 
be used as food, as serious results might follow. 

11. — The soap and lye solutions recommended are excellent 
fertilizers, and produce smooth, healthy bark on the trees 
washed or sprayed. 



REMEDIES. 423 

REMEDY NO. 124. 

It niiist be admitted tliat proper attention has not been given 
in the i)ast to the proper treatment of fruit trees, grapevines, 
etc., as regards the fertilization of the grounds on which they 
are planted. Chemistry has demonstrated tlie elements of 
which the earth is composed, and a list of over sixty is given ; 
yet strange to say, the vegetable kingdom selects its food from 
only a few of these elements. That the virgin soil of Califor- 
nia abounded witli the elements necessary for the food of 
plant life, there can be no question ; but the growing of con- 
tinuous crops has deprived the earth of such ingredients as 
are principally required for the food of plants, namely : pot- 
ash, phosphorus, lime, ammonia, etc. When tlie supply of 
either of these elements falls below a fixed limit, the pLants 
will not produce as heretofore ; and if attacked by insect pests 
they will soon become worthless. Therefore the necessity of 
using the best known means of restoring the necessar}^ plant- 
food to the impoverished ground. As fruit trees and grape- 
vines require a large su])ply of potash and phosphorus, also 
some ammonia* and lime, these elements can be supplied by 
using the remedies described in No. 35. 



CONCLUSION. 

The measurements throughout this work above one twentieth 
of an inch, are given in inches and lines — a line being the 
twelfth part of an incli. Sec ilhistrations in Chapters XXII, 
XXIII, XLVIII, etc. 

The. insects are usually figured the natural size, and when 
enlarged the natural size is generally indicated by a line or by 
a cross. 

The remedies given are mostly the results of personal expe- 
rience ; in cases where remedies are recommended for insects 
not found in this State, they are given from analogy of insects 
belonging to closely allied species. 



424 REMEDIES. 

If new remedies are recommended, do not give up the use 
of those herein recommended, unless you find by repeated 
experiments that tlie new ones are more efficient. It is to be 
hoped that fruit-growers and others will carefully experiment 
with the remedies herein recommended, and give the results of 
their investigations in some horticultural publication, such as 
the Pacific Rural Press, Cuhivator''s Guide, etc., that others may 
be benefitted by their experience. 

In regard to beneficial insects, the reader is referred to my 
forthcoming work entitled " Insects ; In.iurious and Benefi- 
cial ; THEIR Natural History and Classification," which is 
shortly to issue from the press. 



EXPLANATION OF PLATE 1. 



Fig. 82. — (-iray Bark-eating Weevil — color, gray. 

Fig. 40. — Yellow Canker Worms — colors, yellow and l»lack. 

Fig. 41. — Female '^'ellow Canker Worm Motli — coloi's, white 
and black. 

Fig. 42. — ]Male Yellow Canker Worm Moth — colors, yellow- 
ish and brown. 

Fig. 51a. — Bracon Fly — colors, black and yellow. 

Fig. 64. — Red-humped Caterpillar — colors, yellow, white 
and black. 

Fig. 65. — Cocoon of Red-humped Caterpillar — color, whitish. 

Fig. (iQ. — Red-humped Caterpillar Moth — colors, light and 
dark Ijrown. 

Fig. 74. — Ten-lined Leaf-(>ater (male) — colors, grayish- 
brown and white. 

Fig. 75. — Ten-lined Leaf-eater (female) — colors, grayish- 
brown and -white. 



EXPLANATION OF PLATE 2. 



Fig. 78. — Robust Leaf-beetle — color, brown. 

Fig. 82. — Apple Maggot — color, white. 

Fig. 83. — Pupa of Apple Maggot — color, brown. 

Fig. 84. — Apple Maggot Fly — colors, black and white. 

Fig. 92. — Branch bored by the Branch and Twig Burrower. 

Fig. 93. — (xrape cane bored by the Branch and Twig 
Burrower. 

Fig. 94. — Branch and Twig Burrower entering a bi'anch. 

Fig. 95. — Branch and Twig l^urrower, enlarged — color, brown. 

Fig. 106. — Peach Moth and Larva ; upper figure, the moth 
— colors, gray and black ; low'cr figure, the larva — color, 
yellowish, tinged with pink. 

Fig. 107. — Peach infested by the larva of tlie Peach Moth. 

Fig. 110. — Red-bodied Saw-tiy, enlarged — coloi-s, reddish- 
brown and black. 

Fig. 111. — Apricot Leaf-roller; upper figure, the moth — 
colors, yellowish and brown ; lower figure, the larva — color, 
green. 

Fig. 112. — Striped Bud-beetle — colors, ])aleyt'llow tind Mai'k. 

Fig. 115. — Cherrv Worm — color, vellowish-white. 
28 



426 



Fig. 32. 



EXPLANATION OF FIGURES, PAGE 425. 

Fig. "42. 




For Figs. 78, 82, 83, 84, 92, 93, 94, 95, IOC, 107, 110, 111, 112 and 115, see Plate 2,] 



EXPLANATION OF FIGURES, PAGE 4'25. 



427 



Fig. 93. 




Fig. 112. 




Fig. 110. 



Fig. 115. 




428 EXPLANATION OF FIGURES, PLATE 3. 



EXPLANATION OF PLATE 3. 



Fig. 127. — Brown Strawl)errv Weevil — color, brown. 

Fig. 146. — Male Cottony Cushion Scale-insect — color, brown. 

Fig. 179. — Imported Grape Flea-beetle — color, black. 

Fig. 182. — California Grape-vine Hopper — colors, pale yel- 
low, orange and black. 

Fig. 184. — Male Yellow INIite, highly magnified — color, 
3"ellowish. 

Fig. 185. — Female Yellow Mite, highly magnified — color, 
yellowish. 

Fig. 220. — Branch l^ored by the Brown Chestniit-l;)ud Beetle. 

Fig. 221. — Brown Chestnut-bud Beetle — color, brown. 

Fig. 231. — Weeping Willow Borer Moth — colors, black, yel- 
low and brown. 

Fig. 230. — Weeping Willow Borer — color, whitish. 

Fig. 246. — Horned Flower Beetle — colors, brownish-yellow 
and black. . 

Fig. 277. — Eggs of Clover-stem Borer — color, yellowish. 

Fig. 278. — Larva of Clover-stem Borer — color, yellow. 

Fig. 279. — Pupa of Clover-stem Borer — color, 3'ellow. 

Fig. 280. — Clover-stem Borer— colors, blue-black and dull red. 



EXPLANATION OF FJOUREti, PAGE 428. 
Fig. 146. 



429 




Fig. 182. 




/fiii^^ 






i \ 



Fig. 184. 









Fig. 185. 




Fig. 221. 




Fig. 230. 



Fig. 127. 



Fig. 231. 



Fig. 220. 




If 




Fig. 246. 




Fig. 277. 




Fig. 280. 



KiiT. 279. 




430 EXPLANATION OF FIGURES, PLATE 4 



EXPLANATION OF PLATE 4. 



Fig. 297. — Melon Worm ; at the left, several of the worms 
on some leaves — color of worms, yellowish-green ; at the 
right, a moth — colors, black and white. 

Fig. 310.— Small Potato-beetle (No. 1)— color, black. 

Fig. 841. — Asparagus Beetle — colors, blue-black, yellow 
and red. 

Fig. 842. — Eggs of Asparagus Beetle on a stalk of as])aragus 
— color of eggs, blackish. 

Fig. 343. — Larva of Asparagus Beetle — color, grayish. 

Fig. 353. — Dried-fruit Moth— colors, whitish and rusty-brown. 

Fig. 354. — Dried-fruit Moth — colors, gray and brown. 

Fig. 355. — Grain Weevil — color, blackish. 

Fig. 858. — Bran and Flour Bug — color, brown. 

Fig. 371. — Wasp — colors, black, the wings reddish. 

Fig. 370. — California Lady-bird — colors, reddish-brown, 
black and white. 

Fig. 372. — Mud nests of a wasp. 



EXPLANATION OF FIGURES, PAGE 430. 



4:^1 



FiK. 297. 



Fig. 358. 




132 



CLASS IF TED ILL US TEA T IONS— BEETLES. 
Fig. 25. 



Fig. 26. 




433 



Fis. 156 




CLASSIFIED TILUsr RAT IONS- BEETLES. 

Fig. 201. Fiff.180 

AS 

Fig. 178. 



Fig. 150. 







Fig. 181. 



Fig. 204. 





Fi*-. 229. 



Fig. 298. 





434 



CLASSlFrED ILLUSTRATIONS-BEETLES. 

Fig. 216. 



Fig. 195,1 2 




CLASSIFIED ILLUSTRATIONS— BEETLES. 



435 



Fig. 282. 




Fig. 359. 



Ml)] 






J 



c 



iij|ir|'i \ 




Fig. 305, 




Fig. 309. Pig. 313 




436 



CLASSIFIED ILL US TRA T ION 8— BO T- FL lES 
Fig. 350. 





Fig. 373. 



-¥- 



Fig. 361. 



Fig. 362. 




Fig. 364. 





CLASSIFIED ILLUSTRATIONS— TRUE BUGS. 



437 



w^wm mw&m. 



Fig. 36. 





Fig. 183. 



Fig. 296. 



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Fig. 200. 




^ \/' . 




Fig. 383. 




Fig. 33. 





/i * 



438 CLASSIFIED ILLUSTRATIONS— PLANT-LICE. 

Fig. 11. 

Fig. 74. 




CLASSIFIED ILLUSTRATIONS-PLANT-LIC'E. 
Fig. 152. 




Illy 



Fig. 225. 




440 CLASSIFTED I LLUST RAT I OiSrS— SAW-FLIES. 

FifT. 384. 



Fig. 340. 




CLASSIFIED ILLUSTRATIONS— CATERPILLARS, ETC. 441 



Fig. 55. 




Fig. 27. 




Fig. 37. 





Fig. .58. 




Fig. 4:1 




442 CLASSIFIED ILLUSTRATT0N8-GATERPILLABS, ETC. 

Fig. 96. 




W^^' 



I I 



Fig. 148. 




Fi«r. 157, 




414 CLASSIFIED TLLITSTRATIONS-CATERPILLARS, ETC. 

Fig. 167. 




Figr. 174. 












Fig. 193. 




Fig. 202. 




CLASSIFIED ILLUSTRATIONS- CATEHriLLAliS, ETC. 445 

Fig. 210. Fig. 214. 




;3(W-«"'g,iS^.-^Ui..j^>;-iiJ-Jii:^ -_■ ^ 



Fig. 269. 



Fig. 283. 




Fig. 284. 




446 CLASSIFIED ILLUSTRATIONS-CATEHPILLABS, ETC. 

Fiff. 299. 



Fig. 286 




<^' "^ M ^ jM\ 



Fiff. 336 




Fig. 294. 




0LA88IFIEJ) TLLUSTIx'ATJoNS IHTTERh'lJ KS, ETC. 
Fig. :548. Fif,'. '^^^ ■ 



i47 




B'Orir^J^I^S^'Sii.ll^S AltOi IMlCI'ir'lX! 



Fig. 31). 



Fig. 48. 



^ V. 




ii^^?^ iyf^Mki.:.^ 



Fig. 49. 





<z e 







448 CLASSIFIED ILLUSTRATIONS— BUTTERFLIES, ETC. 

Fig. 68. Fig. 56. 




Fig. 63. 



Fig. 60 





Fig. 57. 




Fig. 53. 




CLASSIFIED ILLUSTRATIONS-BUTTERFLIES, ETC. 449 
Fiff. 71. 




450 CLAHSIFIEL) iLLVsTRATlONS^nVTrERFLTES, ETC, 






•*" 



a 









/' 




CLASSIFIED ILLUSTRATIONS— BUTTERFLIES^ ETC. 451 



Fig. 162. 







Fig. 168. 



Fi-. 173. 





Fig. 176. 



iViiHil^^^^ 



\ 



i'^ 
^ 






E*^ 




452 CLASSIFIED ILLUSTHATIONS-BUTTEHFLIES, ET< 



Fig. 177. 



Fig. 196. 



G. 



Fig. 199. 







Fig. 254. 



CLASSIFIED ILLUSTRATIONS— BUTTERFLIES, ETC. 453 

Fig. 291. 




454 CLASSIFIED TLLUSTRATTONS-BUTTERFLIES, ETC. 




CLASSIFIED ILLUSTRATIONS—BUTTERFLIES, ETC. 455 

Fig. 301. 





/ // f^V "v:--^ 



Fig. 326. 





Fig. 330. 




?^V ^^ 



Fig. 356. 



\—i \ 






CN.^- 



\ M^ 



456 CLASSIFIED ILLUSTRATIONS— BUTTERFLIES, ETC. 

Fiff. 331. 










Fig. 368. 





INDEX TO SCIENTIFIC NAMES. 



Page. 

Abraxias rbearia 222 

icrohasis nebulo 1)8 

Adoxus vitis — Imported (irapo Flea-beetle.. 11)4 

cEgeria cucurbitacea — Squash-vine Borer 21)9 

.Egeria exitiosa — Peach-tree Borer 126 

.Egeria polistifo7-mis — (Irape-root Borer 108 

.Egeria pyri — Pear-tree Borer 115 

.Egerin rubi — Raspberr3^-root Borer 208 

cEgeria tipuliformis — Currant Borer 216 

Agrilus ruficollis — Raspberry Borer 209 

Aletia nrgillacea — Cotton Worm 297 

AUorliina nitida 131 

Alyjiia octomaculata — Eight-spotted Forester 186 

Amphicerv.s (Bostrichus) bicaudatu.s 69 

Analcis fragariss — Strawberry Crown-borer 228 

Ana^sia lineatella — Peach Moth 128 

AnchyJopcra fragarife — Strawberry Leaf-roller 231 

Anisopteryx Autumnata— Fall Canker Worm 75 

Anisopteryx pometaria — Fall Canker Worm 75 

\nisopteryx vcruata — Spring Canker Worm 78 

Anfkomyia brassic-v — Cabbage Maggot 321 

[rithomyia ceparum — Onion Maggot 330 

{nthomyia raphani — Radish Maggot 328 

Xnthonomus prunicida — Plum Gouger 143 

\nthonomus quadr'igihbus — -Apple Curculio 109 

\nthrenvH Kcrophvlarin' — Carpet Beetle 340 

l;)/i?'s amygdali — Almond Aphis 236 

[phis avense — Grain Aphis 281 

iphh bramcK — Cabliage Aphis 327 

iphis diospyri — Persinnnon Aphis 146 

Aphis lanigera 56 

{phis mnidis — Corn Aphis 296 

iphis mali — Apple-tree Apliis 98 



458 INDEX TO 8CTENTIFIG NAMES. 

Page. 

Aphis malifolia — Apple-leaf Aphis 99 

Aphis nerii — Oleander Aphis 255 

Aphis pruni — Plum-tree Aphis 1H9 

Aphis prunifolia 1 89 

Aphis rumicis — Bean Aphis 385 

Aphis vihurni — Snowball Aphis 2G2 

Aplodes ruhivora — Raspberry Spanworni 210 

Asopia cost alls — Clover-hay Worm 289 

Aspidiotus aurantii — Red .Scale 158 

Aspidiot'us circularis 112 

Aspidiotus citrii 158 

Aspidiotus citricola IGI 

Aspidiotus conchiformis — Oyster-shell Bark-louse 58 

Aspidiotus convexus — AMllow Scale 248 

Aspidiotus cydonine — Quince Scale 124 

Aspidiotus ficus — Red Scale of Florida 156 

Aspidiotus juglaiis-r eg ix — Walnut Scale 282 

Aspidiotus nerii — Lemon-peel Scale 158 

Aspidiotus ostreseformis 112 

Aspidiotus ortholobus — San Bernardino Willow Scale 244 

Aspidiotus pergandi — Pergande's Orange Scale 160 

Aspidiotus perniciosus — San Jose Scale 60 

Aspidiotus perseae — Red Bay Scale 258 

Aspidiotus pomorum 58 

Aspidiotus pyrus-malus 58 

Aspidiotus rapax — Greedy Scale 68 

Aspidiotus uvse — Grape Scale 177 

Baridi'us trinotatus — Potato-stalk Weevil 806 

Bitoma opacidus — Decaying Wood Borers 178 

Blatta Germanica — Cockroach (■ 341 • 

Blapstinus Lccontei .364 

Bostrlch'us bicaudatus — Apple-twig Borer 69 

Brachytsenia malana — Many-dotted Caterpillar 95 

Bruchus fabse — Bean Weevil 334 

Bruchus ohsoletus — Bean AVeevil 384 

Bruchus pisi — Pea Weevil 882 

Bucculatrix pomifoliella — Apple Bucculatrix 97 

Bythoscopas clitellarius — Plum Leaf-hopper 140 



INDEX TO SCIENTIFIC NAMES. 459 

Calandra granaria — Grain Weevil 844 

Calandrn oryzse — Rice Weevil 845 

Cantharifi cinerea — Ash-colored Blister Beetle 810 

Cantharis vittata — Striped Blister Beetle 812 

Carpocapsa pomonella — Codlin Moth 102 

Cassida (lurichalcea — Golden Tortoise Beetle 810 

Cassida hirittita — Two-stri])('tl Tortoise Beetle 816 

Casdda (/vttata — Mottled Tortoise Beetle 81(5 

Cassida nigripes — Black-legged Tortoise Beetle ■■Al\ 

Cecidomyia destructor — Hessian Fly 274 

Cecidomyia grosxularix — Gooseberry Midge 227 

Ccresa Imhalvx — l^uffalo Tree-hopper 71 

Cc.tonia Inda — Indian Cetonia 180 

Chserocawpa pavipinatrir — Hog Caterpillar 1S8 

Chionaspis ortJwlobis — San Bernardino Willow Scale 244 

Ch ri/s()})()fji riis femorata — Flat-headed Apple-tree Borer 07 

Ch r t/so )irj iJi altis ficus loii 

Clisiocampa Aviericntia — Orchard Tent Caterpillar <S8 

Clisiocampa constricta — DeLong's Caterpillar 75) 

CUMiocampa Kylvatka — Forest Tent Caterpillar 85 

Clytvs Rohinise — Legless Locust Borer 240 

CoccineJla 5-notata var. Californica — California Lady-l)ird.802 

Coccotorus Scutellaria 148 

Coccus mali 5(5 

Coccvx pyrl 1 14 

Coccus vitis 1 7(5 

Ca'liodes imequalis — Cirape Curcnilio 204 

Coiiotrachelus cratiegi — Quince Curculio 124 

Conotrachclus nenuphar — Plum Curculio 140 

Cureus tristis — Squash Bug 800 

CorimelcTua 2)ulicaria — Negro Bug 212 

Cotalpa lanigera — Goldsmith Beetle 101 

Crioceris Asparagi — Asparagus Beetle 8,8(5 

Cru^sia persicana — Peach Leaf-roller 12U 

Dactylopius adonidum — Mealy Bug 268 

Dactylopius destructor — Destructive Mealy Bug 264 

Dactylopius longifilis — Mealy Bug with long threads 266 

J)acus olese — Olive Worm 150 



460 INDEX TO SCIENTIFIC NAMES. 

Page. 

Darapsa myron 183 

Datana ministra — Yellow-necked Caterpillar 89 

Deilephila lineata — White-lined Sphinx 184 

Dermestes lardarius — Rawhide Beetle o47 

Desmia maculaUs — Grape Leaf-folder 190 

Diahrotica vittata — Stri23ed Cucumber-beetle 302 

Diabrotica 12-p\mcta — Twelve-Spotted Dibrotica 135 

Diaspis ostreasformis — Oyster-formed Scale 112 

Diplosis tritici — Wheat Midge 285 

Diaspis rosx — Rose Scale 25B 

Diaspis carueli — Juniper Scale 251 

Dicerca divaricata — Cherry-tree Borer 136 

Dichoelia Calif orniana — Apricot Leaf-roller 133 

Distoma hepaticum — Liver Fluke 357 

Disonyche limhicolUs — Striped Bud-beetle 134 

Dolerus tejonicus — Red-bodied Saw-tly 132 

Doryphora 10-lineait — Colorado Potato Beetle 308 

Eccopsis pcnwandana 211 

Eleodes qaadricollis . ." 365 

Ellopia ribearia 222 

Emphytus macidatus — Strawberry Worm 230 

Epicauta vittata — Striped Blister-beetle 312 

Epitrix cucumeris 303 

Epitrix hirtipennis — Small Potato Beetle, No. 2 313 

Epitrix subcrinita — Small Potato Beetle, No. 1 312 

Eriococcus azalese — Azalea Bark-louse. 254 

Eriosoma lanigera 56 

Eriosoma mali 56 

Erythoneura comes — California Grape-vine Hopper 197 

Eudryas grata — Beautiful Wood Nymph 187 

Eufitchia ribearia — Currant Span-worm 222 

Eurytoma flavipes — Yellow-legged Barley-fly 279 

Eurytoma hordei — Black-legged Barley-fly 279 

Euryomia Inda 130 

Eurytoma secalis — Rye Fly 279 

Eurytoma tritici — Joint Worm 278 

Exartema permundana — Raspberry Leaf-Roller 211 

Forficida auricularia — Earwig Ill 



INDEX TO SCIENTIFIC NAMES. 461 

Page. 

Galeruca vittata — Striped Oueumber-beetle 302 

Galleria cereana — Bee Moth 861 

Gelechia cerealclla — Angoiimois (h-ain Moth ... .346 

Gortyna nitela — Stalk Borer 307 

Grapta interrogationis — Semicolon Butterfly 271 

Grapta progne — Progne Biitterll}- 223 

Gymnetis nitida — Green Fruit-beetle 131 

Haltica ckalybea — Grape-vine Flea-beetle 192 

Haltica cucumeris — Cucumber Flea-beetle 303 

Haltica vittata — Striped Flea-beetle 328 

Haltica. striolata 328 

Heliothis armigera — Corn-worm or Boll-Avorm 294 

Hibcrnia. tiliarla — Yellow Canker-worm 77 

Holocera glanduleUa — Acorn Moth 246 

Hylastes trifolU — Clover-root Borer 287 

Hylohius pales — Pales Weevil 248 

Hypena hnmidi — Hop-vine Snout Moth 270 

Hyphantria textor— Full Web Worm 86 

Iccrya pvrcJiasi — Cottony Cushion Scale 165 

Isosoma vitis — Grape-seed Maggot 205 

Lachnosterna quercina — White Grub 293 

Laaguria ■inozardi — Clover-stem Borer 288 

Lecanium heniispkericum. — Filbert Scale 237 

Lecaniuvi Ju'speriduin — Soft Orange Scale 163 

Lecanium olese — Black Scale 147 

Lecanium pyri — Pear-tree Scale 114 

Lecanium vitis — Cottony Grape Scale ■ 176 

Lema trilineata — Three-lined Potato Beetle 309 

Leptostylus aculiferHn — Prickly Bark-beetle 70 

LeiLcania unipuncta — Army Worm 282 

Listronotus Necadici(!:< — Brown Strawberry Weevil. . . 229 

Loxotrxmia ccrasivorana — Cherry Tortrix 137 

Loxot;i)iia rosaccana — Greater Leaf-roller 91 

Lytta cinerea 310 

Macrobasis unlcolor — Ash-colored Blister Beetle 310 

Macrodactylus subspinosus — Rose Chafer 195 



462 INDEX TO SCIENTIFIC NAMES. 

I'age. 

Maa'osila Carolina — Tomato Worm 318 

Macrosila 5-maculata — Tomato Worm 318 

Megoura solani — Tomato Aphis 320 

Microcentrum retinervis — Angular-winged Katydid 200 

Micropus leucopterus — Chinch Bug 280 

Mytilaspis citricola — Citrus Leaf and Fruit Scale 161 

Mytilaspis pomorum 58 

Mytilaspis pomicorticis 58 

Myzoxylus mali 56 

Myzus persicR' — Peach Aphis 130 

Myzns ribis — Currant Aphis 224 

Neimitus — Pear-leaf Caterpillar 120 

Neiiiaius ventricosus — Imported Currant Worm 219 

Nolophana malana 95 

Notodonta concinna — Red-humped Caterpillar 90 

Notoxus inonodon — Horned Flower Beetle 259 

Nysivs dcstructoi — False Chinch Bug 198 

Obcrea fripuiictata — Blackberry Cane Borer 214 

(Ecanthux nireiis — Snowy Tree-cricket 203 

(EcantJius latipenm's — Cray Tree-cricket 145 

(Edipoda atrox — California Locust 284 

(Estras bovis—Ox Bot-tiy 352 

(Edritx eqtii — Horse Bot-Hy 350 

(Estrm ovis — Sheep-Bot-fly 353 

Orygia leucostigma — Tussock Moth 87 

l\ileacrii(i vernata ^8 

Papilio aster i as — Parsley Worm 337 

Papilio turnvs — Turnus Butterfly 95 

Parlatoria Pergandii — Pergande's Orange Scale KiO 

Pelidnota punctata -Spotted Pelidnota 196 

Pempelia grossidari;r — Cooseberry Fruit Worm 226 

Pcntphigus pyri -^6 

Penthina oculana — Bud Worm 94 

Phacellara hyalinitaUs — Melon Worm 301 

Phacellura nitidaUs — Pickle Worm 304 

Philampelis achemon — Achemon Sphinx 179 

Philampclis pandorus ^^^ 



INDEX TO SCIENTIFIC NAMES. 463 

• I'a^e. 

I'hiltiiiipclix HdtcVUia — Satellite Sphinx 1<S() 

Phorodou huinull — Hop Aphis '27l2 

Phoxopteris fragdriie 2;>1 

Phyritd nchtdo — Apple-leaC ('runi[)k'r 91) 

Phi/llopli<((/(( fiixcd — White (iriih 29o 

Phi/llo.fcra cdxtatrix — (Irape-root Louse 171 

Pieris protodice — Southern Cabbage Butterfly 321 

Picris rapx — Imported Cabbage Butterfly 32o 

Pissoden strobi — Pine Weevil 247 

Pityophthoras pubipcnnis — Brown Chestnut Bud Beetle . . .23o 

Plusia balluca — Hop-vine Plusia 269 

Plusia brassicse — Cabbage Plusia 324 

Pcuciioptera pruinosa — Frosted Leaf-hopper 225 

Polycnoii confertu!< — Branch and Twig Burrower 110 

Polyphylla lO-linedta — Ten-lined Leaf-eater 100 

Prioaus imbricornu — Tile-horned Prionus 171 

Prionas laticollis — Broad-necked Prionus 169 

Pfiatophora grossidariiv — Native Currant Worm 221 

Procris Americana — American Procris 1<S9 

Psenocerus supernotatus — American ('urrant Borer 217 

Psoroptis equi — Scab Mite 355 

PsycJtomorpha epimenis — Grape-vine Epimenis 18<S 

Psylld pyri — Pear-tree Psylla 117 

Pterophorvs perit<cdiddctyJt(i< — Grapevine Illume 191 

Ptycholoma, persicdiid 129 

Pyyu'i'd iniith^trd 89 

Rhodi(c>< rddiciiin — Ras)))>erry-r()ot (iall-Hy 209 

RhvpdloHiphviii didiithi — Carnation Aj)his 261 

Bhopdhmphiviit tiifijnv — Tulip A]>his 262 

Sapcrdd btrittdtn ()5 

Sapcrdd cdndida — Rouml-headed Apple-tree Borer ()5 

Schizoneurd lanigerd — Woolly Aphis 56 

Sciapteron robiniH' — Weeping Willow Borer 242 

Scot yt as pyri — Pear-tree Seolytus 115 

Selandria ccraxi — Pear Slug 118 

Selandria ro.vc — Rose Slug-worm 259 

Sonasia prruiriana — Plum Motli 144 



464 INDEX TO SCIENTIFIC NAMES. 

Page" 

Serica valida — Robust Leaf-beetle 101 

Serica robusta 101 

Silvanus quodricollis and »S'. srinnamrnsu — Bran and Flour 

Bugs 347 

Sinoxylon basillare — Red-shouldered Grape-vine Borer .... 207 

Sipha rubifolii — Blackberry Aphis 215 

Siphonophora avenx — Grain Aphis 281 

Siphonophora cucurbitse — Cucumber Aphis 304 

Siphonophora lactucm — Lettuce Aphis 331 

Siphonophora pisi — Pea Aphis 332 

Siphonophoria rosit — Rose Aphis 258 

Siphonophora rubi — Raspberry Aphis 212 

Siphonophora verbenpp — Verbena Aphis 261 

Siphonophora viticola — Grape-vine Aphis 198 

S^rilonota, oculana 94 

Spilomnia Virginica — Yellow Bear 325 

Strachia histrionica — Harlequin Cabbage Bug 326 

Tabamts atratus — Black Horse-fly 349 

Tetra7i.ychuii telarius — Red Spider 234 

Thricolepis simulator — Gray Bark-eating Weevil 71 

Thyreus Abbotii — Abbot's Sphinx 182 

Tinea flavifrontella— Clothes Moth 338 

Tinea gra.nella — Grain Moth 346 

Tinea tapetzella — Carpet Moth 339 

Trypeta pomonella — Apple Maggot 108 

Tyroglyphus ribis — Currant Mite 218 

Uhleria araucarim — Norfolk Island Pine Scale 248 

Xylev.tns robiii/m — I^egged Locust Borer 239 



INDEX TO COMMON NAMES. 



Page. 

Abbot's Si)hinx — Thyreus Abbot ii 182 

Achemon iSphinx — PhilampcUs achemon 179 

Acorn Moth — Holocera glanduleUn 246 

Almond Aphis — Aphis amygdali 236 

American Currant Borer — Psenocerus supernotatm. . . 217 

American Procris — Procri-'i Americana 189 

Angoiimois Grain Moth — Gelechia cerealella 346 

Angular-winged Katydid — Mlcrocentrum rctinervis 200 

Ants .^ 366 

Apple Bucculatrix — Bucciilatrix pomifoliella 97 

Apple Curculio — Anthonomus quadrigibhus 109 

Apple-leaf Aphis — Aphis malifolia 99 

Apple-leaf Grumpier — Phycita nebulo 93 

Apple Maggot — Trypeta pomonella 108 

Apple-tree Aphis — Aphis mali 98 

Apple-twig Borer — Bustrichns bicaudatus 69 

Apple Worm 102 

Apricot Leaf-roller — Dichcdia Culiforniana 133 

Arnw ^^^orm — Leucania unijnuictd 282 

Ash-colored Blister Beetle — Cantharis cinerea 310 

Asparagus Beetle — Crioceris Asparagi .'536 

Azalea Bark-louse — 'En'ococcus azaJcx 254 

Bean Aphis — Aphis ruin ids 335 

Bean Weevil— Bruch us fabiv 334 

Beautiful Wood Xymph — Eudryus grata 187 

Bee Moth — Galleria cereana 361 

Bees 364 

Blackl)erry A])his — Sipha rubifolii 215 

Blackberry Cane Borer — Obcrea tripunctata 214 

Black Horse-fly — Tabanus atratus 349 

Black-legged Barley-fly — Eurytoma hordei 279 

Black-legged Tortoise Beetle — Cassida nigriptes 316 



466 INDEX TO COMMON NAMES. 

Page._ 

Black Scale — Lecanmm olese 147 

Boll Worm — Heliothis armigera 294 

Bran and Flour Bugs — Silvanus qiiadricollis and S. suri- 

namensis 347 

Branch and Twig Burrower — Polycaon confertus 116 

Broad-necked Prionus — Prionus laticollis 169 

Brown Chestnut Bud Beetle — Pityophthorus jntbipeimis . . . 233 

Brown Strawberry Weevil — Listronotus Nevadicus 229' 

Bud Worm — Penthina oculana 94 

Buffalo Tree-hopper — Ceresa hubalus 71 

Cabbage Aphis — Aphis brassier 327 

Cabbage Maggot — Anthomyia brassicse 321 

Cabbage Plusia — Plusia brassicse 324 

California Grape-vine Hopper — Erythoneura comes 197 

California Lady-bird — Coccinella o-notata var. Californica .dQ2 

California Locust — (Edipoda atrox 284 

Canker Worms 74 

Carnation Aphis — Rhopalosiphum dianthi 261 

Carpet Beetle — Antlirenus scrophidarix 340 

Carpet Moth — Tinea tapctzella 339 

Cherry-tree Borer — Dicerca divaricata 136 

Cherry-tree Tortrix — Loxotsenia cerasivorana 137 

Cherry Worm 137 

Chinch Bug — Micropus leucopterus 280 

Cicada or Harvest-fly 72 

Citrus Leaf and Fruit Scale — Aspidiotus citricola 161 

Clothes Moth — Tinea flavifrontella 338- 

Clover-hay Worm — Asopia costalis 289 

Clover-root Borer — Hylastes trifolii 287 

Clover-stem Borer — Languria mozardi 288 

Cockroach — Blatta Germanica 341 

Codlin Moth — Ca7'pocapsa pomonella 102 

Colorado Potato Beetle — Doryphora 10-lineata 308 

Common Mealy Bug — Dactylopius adonidum 263 

Corn Aphis — Aphis maidis 296 

Corn-worm or Boll-worm — Heliothis armigera 294 

Cottony Cushion Scale — Icerya purchasi 165 

( 'Ottony Grape Scale — Lccanium vitis 176 



INDEX TO COMMON NAMES. 467 

Page. 

Cotton V^OYxn—Aletia argillacea 297 

Crane Flies 273 

Cucumber Aphis — Siphonophora cucurhitas 304 

Cucumber Flea-beetle — Haltica cucumeris 303 

Currant Aphis — Myzus ribis 224 

Currant Borer — ^Egeria tiimliformis 216 

Currant Mite — Tyroglyphus ribis 218 

Currant Span-worm — Evfitchia ribearia 222 

Cut Worms 292 

Decaying Wood Borers — Bitoma opaculus 178 

DeLong's Caterpillar — Clisiocampa constricta 79 

Destructive Mealy Bug — Dactylopius destructor 264 

Dried Fruit Moth , 342 

Earwig — Forficula auricularia Ill 

Eight-spotted Forester — Alypia octomaculata 186 

Elm and Locust Scale 245 

Fall Canker Worm — Anisopteryx pometaria 75 

Fall Web Worm — Hyphantria textor 86 

False Chinch Bug — Nysius destructor 198 

Filbert Scale — Lecanium hemisphericum 237 

Flat-headed Apple-tree Borer — Chrysobothrus femorata 67 

Forest Tent Caterpillar — Clisiocampa syhatica 85 

Frosted Leaf-hopper — Poeciloptera pruinosa 225 

Golden Tortoise Beetle — Cassida aurichalcea 316 

Goldsmith Beetle — Cotalpa lanigera 101 

Gooseberry Fruit Worm — Pempelia grossularise 226 

Gooseberry Midge — Cecidomyia grossidarise 227 

Grain Aphis — Aphis avenx 281 

Grain Moth — Tinea granella 346 

Grain Weevil — Calandra granaria 344 

Grape Curculio — Ca^liodes inssqualis 204 

Grape Leaf-folder — Desmia maculalis 190 

Grape-leaf Roller 206 

Grape-root Borer — ^Egeria polistiformis 168 

Grape-root Louse — Phylloxera vastatrix 171 

•Grape Scale — Aspidiotus uvse 177 



468 INDEX TO COMMON NAMES. 

Page. 

Grape-seed Maggot — Isosoma vitis 205 

Grape-vine Aphis — Siphonophora viticola 198 

Grape-vine Epimenis — Psychomorpha epimenis 188 

Grape-vine Flea-beetle — Haltica chalyhea 192 

Grapevine Plume — Pterophorus periscelidactylus 191 

Gray Bark-eating Weevil — Thricolepis simulator 71 

Gray Tree-cricket — (Ecanthus latipennis 145 

Greater Leaf-roller — Loxotmnia rosaceana 91 

Greedy Scale — Aspidiotus rapax 63 

Green Fruit-beetle — Gymnetis nitida 131 

Harlequin Cabbage Bug — Strachia histrionica 326 

Harvest Fly 72 

Hessian Fly — Cecidomyia destructor 274 

Hog Caterpillar — Chserocampa pampnnatrix 183 

Hop Aphis — Phorodon humuli 272 

Hop-vine Plusia — Plusia halluca 269 

Hop-vine Snout Moth — Hypena humuli 270 

Horned Flower Beetle — Notoxus monodon 259 

Horse Bot-fly — (EstruS equi 350 

Imported Cabbage Worm — Pieris rapse 323 

Imported Currant Worm — Nematus ventricosus 219' 

Imported Grape Flea-beetle — Adoxus vitis 194 

Indian Cetonia — Cetonia Inda 130' 

Joint Worm — Eurytoma tritici 278 

June Bug — Lachnosterna quercina 293 

Juniper Scale — Diaspis carueli 251 

Katydid — Platyphyllum concavum 202 

Lace-winged Fly 362 

Legged Locust Borer — Xyleutus rohiniee 239 

Legless Locust Borer — Clytus Rohinise 240 

Lemon-peel Scale — Aspidiotus nerii 158 

Lettuce Aphis — Siphonophora lactucse 331 

Liver Fluke — Di stoma hepaticum 357 

Locust Carpenter Moth — Xyleutus rohinise. 239' 



INDEX TO COMMON NAMES. 469 

Page. 

Many-dotted Caterpillar — Brachytxnia malana 95 

Mealy Bug with long threads — Dactylojnus lonyijilis 266 

Melon Worm — Phacelluria hyaJintalis 801 

Millipedes 291 

Mosquito 341 

Mottled Tortoise Beetle — Cassida guttata 316 

Native Currant Worm — Pridophora yrosmlarUe 221 

Negro Bug — Corimelsena pulicaria 212 

Norfolk Island Pine Scale — Uhleria araucaruv 248 

Oleander Aphis — Aphis ncrii 255 

Olive Worm — Dacus olese 150 

Onion Maggot — Anthomyia ccparum 330 

Orchard Tent Caterpillar — Clislocampa Americana 83 

Ox Boi-^x—CEstrus hovls 352 

Oyster-formed Scale — Diaspis ostinvfonnis 112 

Oyster-shell Bark-louse — Aspidiotus concliiformis 58 

Pales Weevil — Hylohius pales 248 

Parsley Worm — Papilio asterias 337 

Pea Aphis — Siphonophora pin 332 

Peach Aphis — Myzus persicx 130 

Peach Leaf-roller — Crasia persicana 129 

Peach Moth — Anarsia lineatella 128 

Peach-tree Borer — ^HJgeria exitiosa 126 

Pear-leaf Caterpillar — Nematus 120 

Pear Slug — Selandria cerasi 118 

Pear-tree Borer — ^Egeria pyri 115 

Pear-tree Psylla — Psyllu pyri 117 

Pear-tree Scale — Lecanium pyri 114 

Pear-tree Scolytus — Scolytus pyri 115 

Pea Weevil — Bruchus pisi 332 

Pergande's Orange Scale — Aspidiotus pergandi 160 

Pernicious Scale — Aspidiotus perniciosus 60 

Persimmon Aphis — Aphis diospyri 146 

Pickle Worm — Phacellnra nitidalis 304 

Pine Weevil — Pissodes strohi 247 

Plum Curculio — Conotrachelus 'nenuphar 140 

Plum Gouger — Anthonomus prunicida 143 



470 INDEX TO COMMON NAMES. 

Page. 

Plum Leaf-hopper — Bythoscopus cliteUarius 140 

Plum INIoth — Semasia pruniana 144 

Plum-tree Aphis — Aphis pruni 139 

Potato-stalk Weevil — Baridius trinotatus 306 

Potato Moth 313 

Potato Worm — Macrosila 5-maculata 318 

Prickly Bark-beetle — Leptostylus aculiferus 70 

Progne Butterfly — Grapta pjrogne 223 

Quince Curculio — Conotrachclus crataegi 124 

Quince Scale — Aspidiotus cydonife 124 

Radish Maggot — Anthomyia raphani 328 

Raspberry Aphis — Sipho)iophora rubi 212 

Raspberry Borer — Agrilus ruficollis 209 

Raspberry Leaf-Roller — Exartema permundana 211 

Raspberrj'-root Borer — J^geria rubi 208 

Raspberry-root Gall-fly — Rhodites radicum 209 

Raspberry- Spanworm — Aplodes rubivora 210 

Rawhide Beetle — Dermestes lardarius 347 

Red Bay Scale — Aspidiotus persese 253 

Red-bodied Saw-fly — Dolerus tejonicus 132 

Red-humped Caterpillar — Notodonta concinna 90 

Red Scale — Aspidiotus aurantH 153 

Red Scale of Florida — Aspidiotus ficus 156 

Red shouldered Grape-vine Borer — Sinoxylon basilare 207 

Red Spider — Tetranychus telarius 234 

Rice Weevil — Calandra oryzse 345 

Robust Leaf-beetle — Serica valida 101 

Rose Aphis — Siphonophora rosx 258 

Rose Chafer — Macrodactylus subspinosus 195 

Rose Scale — Dia8p)is rosse 256 

Rose Slug-worm — Selandria rosx 259 

Round-headed Apple-tree Borer — Sajjerda Candida 65 

Rye Fly — Eurytoma secalis 279 

San Bernardino Willow Scale — Aspidiotus ortholobus 244 

San Jose Scale — Aspidiotus perniciosus 60 

Santa Cruz Scale — Aspidiotus rapax 63 

Satellite Sphinx — Philampelis satellitia 180 



INDEX TO COMMON NAMES. 471 

Page. 

Scab Mite — Psoroptis eqiii 355 

Semicolon Butterfly — Grapta interrogationi--^ 271 

Sheep-Bot-fly — OEstrus ovis 853 

Slugs or Snails 267 

Small Potato Beetle, No. 1 — Epitrix subcrinita 312 

Small Potato Beetle, No. 2 — Epitrix hirtipennis 313 

Snowball Aphis — Aphis vibiirni 262 

Snowy Tree-cricket — (Ecanthus niveus 203 

Soft Orange Scale — Lecanium hesperiduin 163 

Southern Cabbage Worm — Pien's protodice 321 

Spotted Pelidnota — Pclidnota punctata. . . , 196 

Spring Canker Worm — Anisojjteryx vernata 78 

Squash Bug — Coreus tristis 300 

Squash-vine Borer — xEgeria cucurbitfe 299 

Stalk Borer — Gortyna nitela 307 

Steel-blue Flea Beetle — HaJtiea chahjhca 192 

Strawberry Crown-borer — Analcis fragarise 228 

Strawberry Leaf-roller — Anchylopera fragaria; 231 

Strawberry Worm — Einphytus macidatus 230 

Striped Blister Beetle — Cantharis vittata 312 

Striped Bud-beetle — Disonyche limbicoUis 134 

Striped Cucumber-beetle — Diabrotica vittata 302 

Striped Flea-beetle — Haltica vittata 328 

Ten-lined Leaf-eater — Polyphylla 10-lincata 100 

Thousand-legged Worms 291 

Three-lined Potato Beetle — Lema trilineata 309 

Thrips 122 

Tile-horned Prionus — Prionus ivibricornis 171 

Tobacco Worm — Macrosila Carolina 318 

Tomato Aphis — Megoura solani 320 

Tomato Worm — Macrosila Carolina 318 

Tortoise Beetles 315 

Tulip Aphis — Rliopcdosiphum tidipse 262 

Turnus Butterfly — Papilio turnus 95 

Tussock jNIoth — Orygia leucostigma 87 

Twelve-Spotted Diabrotica — Diabrotica 12-punctata 135 

Two-striped Tortoise Beetle — Cassida bivittata 316 



472 INDEX TO COMMON NAMES. 

Page. 

Verbena Aphis — Siphonophora verbeair 261 

Walnut Scale — Aspuiiotus juglans-regiae 232 

Wasps 363, 364 

Wax Worm — Galleria cereana 361 

Weeping Willow Borer — Sciapteron rohinuv 242 

Wheat Midge — DijAosis tritici 285 , 

White Grub — Lachnosterna quercina 293 

White-lined Sphinx — Deilephila lincata 184 

White Scale — Diaspis rosse 256 

Willow Scale — Aspidiotus convexus 243 

Wire Worms 290 

Woolly Aphis — Schizoneura lanigera 56 

Yellow Bear Caterpillar — Spilosoma Virginica 325 

Yellow Canker-worm — Hlbernia tiliaria 77 

Yellow-legged Barley-fly — Eurytoma flavipes 279 

Yellow Mite ...I ." 199 

Yellow-necked Caterpillar — Datana ministra 89 




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